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---1 Finnish Lexical Paradigms
---
--- Aarne Ranta 2003
---
--- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
--- for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming
--- expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
---
--- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
--- accessed through the resource syntax API, $resource.Abs.gf$.
---
--- The main difference with $morpho.Fin.gf$ is that the types
--- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
--- had the design principle of always having existing forms as string
--- arguments of the paradigms, not stems.
---
--- This is the path to read the grammar from the same directory.
---# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude
---
--- The following modules are presupposed:
-
-resource ParadigmsFin = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, SyntaxFin, Finnish in {
-
---2 Parameters
---
--- To abstract over gender, number, and (some) case names,
--- we define the following identifiers.
-
-oper
- human : Gender ;
- nonhuman : Gender ;
-
- -- singular : Number ;
- -- singular : Number ;
-
- nominative : Case ;
- genitive : Case ;
- partitive : Case ;
- inessive : Case ;
- elative : Case ;
- illative : Case ;
- adessive : Case ;
- ablative : Case ;
- allative : Case ;
-
---2 Nouns
-
--- Worst case: give ten forms and the semantic gender.
--- In practice just a couple of forms are needed, to define the different
--- stems, vowel alternation, and vowel harmony.
-
-oper
- mkN : (talo,talon,talona,taloa,taloon,taloina,taloissa,talojen,taloja,taloihin
- : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- Nouns with partitive "a"/"ä" are a large group.
--- To determine for grade and vowel alternation, three forms are usually needed:
--- singular nominative and genitive, and plural partitive.
--- Examples: "talo", "kukko", "huippu", "koira", "kukka", "syylä", "särki"...
-
- nKukko : (kukko,kukon,kukkoja : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- A special case are nouns with no alternations:
--- the vowel harmony is inferred from the last letter,
--- which must be one of "o", "u", "ö", "y".
-
- nTalo : (talo : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- Foreign words ending in consonants are actually similar to words like
--- "malli"/"mallin"/"malleja", with the exception that the "i" is not attached
--- to the singular nominative. Examples: "linux", "savett", "screen".
--- The singular partitive form is used to get the vowel harmony. (N.B. more than
--- 1-syllabic words ending in "n" would have variant plural genitive and
--- partitive forms, like "sultanien"/"sultaneiden", which are not covered.)
-
- nLinux : (linuxia : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- Nouns of at least 3 syllables ending with "a" or "ä", like "peruna", "tavara",
--- "rytinä".
-
- nPeruna : (peruna : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- The following paradigm covers both nouns ending in an aspirated "e", such as
--- "rae", "perhe", "savuke", and also many ones ending in a consonant
--- ("rengas", "kätkyt"). The singular nominative and essive are given.
-
- nRae : (rae, rakeena : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- The following covers nouns with partitive "ta"/"tä", such as
--- "susi", "vesi", "pieni". To get all stems and the vowel harmony, it takes
--- the singular nominative, genitive, and essive.
-
- nSusi : (susi,suden,sutta : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- Nouns ending with a long vowel, such as "puu", "pää", "pii", "leikkuu",
--- are inflected according to the following.
-
- nPuu : (puu : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- One-syllable diphthong nouns, such as "suo", "tie", "työ", are inflected by
--- the following.
-
- nSuo : (suo : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- Many adjectives but also nouns have the nominative ending "nen" which in other
--- cases becomes "s": "nainen", "ihminen", "keltainen".
--- To capture the vowel harmony, we use the partitive form as the argument.
-
- nNainen : (naista : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- The following covers some nouns ending with a consonant, e.g.
--- "tilaus", "kaulin", "paimen", "laidun".
-
- nTilaus : (tilaus,tilauksena : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- The following covers nouns like "nauris" and adjectives like "kallis", "tyyris".
--- The partitive form is taken to get the vowel harmony.
-
- nNauris : (naurista : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- Separately-written compound nouns, like "sambal oelek", "Urho Kekkonen",
--- have only their last part inflected.
-
- nComp : Str -> N -> N ;
-
--- Nouns used as functions need a case, of which by far the commonest is
--- the genitive.
-
- mkFun : N -> Case -> Fun ;
- fGen : N -> Fun ;
-
--- Proper names can be formed by using declensions for nouns.
-
- mkPN : N -> PN ;
-
-
---2 Adjectives
-
--- Non-comparison one-place adjectives are just like nouns.
-
- mkAdj1 : N -> Adj1 ;
-
--- Two-place adjectives need a case for the second argument.
-
- mkAdj2 : N -> Case -> Adj2 ;
-
--- Comparison adjectives have three forms. The comparative and the superlative
--- are always inflected in the same way, so the nominative of them is actually
--- enough (except for the superlative "paras" of "hyvä").
-
- mkAdjDeg : (kiva : N) -> (kivempaa,kivinta : Str) -> AdjDeg ;
-
-
---2 Verbs
---
--- The fragment only has present tense so far, but in all persons.
--- The worst case needs five forms, as shown in the following.
-
- mkV : (tulla,tulen,tulee,tulevat,tulkaa,tullaan : Str) -> V ;
-
--- A simple special case is the one with just one stem and no grade alternation.
--- It covers e.g. "sanoa", "valua", "kysyä".
-
- vValua : (valua : Str) -> V ;
-
--- With two forms, the following function covers a variety of verbs, such as
--- "ottaa", "käyttää", "löytää", "huoltaa", "hiihtää", "siirtää".
-
- vKattaa : (kattaa, katan : Str) -> V ;
-
--- When grade alternation is not present, just a one-form special case is needed
--- ("poistaa", "ryystää").
-
- vOstaa : (ostaa : Str) -> V ;
-
--- The following covers
--- "juosta", "piestä", "nousta", "rangaista", "kävellä", "surra", "panna".
-
- vNousta : (nousta, nousen : Str) -> V ;
-
--- This is for one-syllable diphthong verbs like "juoda", "syödä".
-
- vTuoda : (tuoda : Str) -> V ;
-
--- The verbs "be" and the negative auxiliary are special.
-
- vOlla : V ;
- vEi : V ;
-
--- Two-place verbs need a case, and can have a pre- or postposition.
--- At least one of the latter is empty, $[]$.
-
- mkTV : V -> Case -> (prep,postp : Str) -> TV ;
-
--- If both are empty, the following special function can be used.
-
- tvCase : V -> Case -> TV ;
-
--- Verbs with a direct (accusative) object
--- are special, since their complement case is finally decided in syntax.
-
- tvDir : V -> TV ;
-
--- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
--- hidden from the document.
---.
- -- singular defined in types.Fin
- -- plural defined in types.Fin
-
- human = Human ;
- nonhuman = NonHuman ;
-
- nominative = Nom ;
- genitive = Gen ;
- partitive = Part ;
- inessive = Iness ;
- elative = Elat ;
- illative = Illat ;
- adessive = Adess ;
- ablative = Ablat ;
- allative = Allat ;
-
- mkN = \a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k ->
- mkNoun a b c d e f g h i j ** {g = k ; lock_N = <>} ;
-
- nKukko = \a,b,c,g -> sKukko a b c ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- nTalo = \a,g -> sTalo a ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- nLinux = \a,g -> sLinux a ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- nPeruna = \a,g -> sPeruna a ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- nRae = \a,b,g -> sRae a b ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- nSusi = \a,b,c,g -> sSusi a b c ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- nPuu = \a,g -> sPuu a ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- nSuo = \a,g -> sSuo a ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- nNainen = \a,g -> sNainen a ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- nTilaus = \a,b,g -> sTilaus a b ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- nNauris = \a,g -> sNauris a ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
-
-
- nComp = \s,n -> {s = \\c => s ++ n.s ! c ; g = n.g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- mkFun = \n,c -> n2n n ** {c = NPCase c ; lock_Fun = <>} ;
- fGen = \n -> mkFun n genitive ;
- mkPN n = mkProperName n ** {lock_PN = <>} ;
-
- mkAdj1 = \x -> {s = x.s ; lock_Adj1 = <>} ;
- mkAdj2 = \x,c -> mkAdj1 x ** {c = NPCase c ; lock_Adj2 = <>} ;
- mkAdjDeg x y z = regAdjDegr x y z ** {lock_AdjDeg = <>} ;
-
- mkV a b c d e f = mkVerb a b c d e f ** {lock_V = <>} ;
- vValua v = vSanoa v ** {lock_V = <>} ;
- vKattaa v u = vOttaa v u ** {lock_V = <>} ;
- vOstaa v = vPoistaa v ** {lock_V = <>} ;
- vNousta v u = vJuosta v u ** {lock_V = <>} ;
- vTuoda v = vJuoda v ** {lock_V = <>} ;
- vOlla = verbOlla ** {lock_V = <>} ;
- vEi = verbEi ** {lock_V = <>} ;
-
- mkTV = \v,c,p,o -> v ** {s3 = p ; s4 = o ; c = c ; lock_TV = <>} ;
- tvCase = \v,c -> mkTV v c [] [] ;
- tvDir v = mkTransVerbDir v ** {lock_TV = <>} ;
-} ;