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---# -path=.:../nabstract:../../prelude
-
---1 English Lexical Paradigms
---
--- Aarne Ranta 2003
---
--- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
--- for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming
--- expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
---
--- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
--- accessed through the resource syntax API, $resource.Abs.gf$.
---
--- The main difference with $MorphoEng.gf$ is that the types
--- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
--- had the design principle of always having existing forms as string
--- arguments of the paradigms, not stems.
---
--- The following modules are presupposed:
-
-resource ParadigmsEng = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, SyntaxEng, ResEng in {
-
---2 Parameters
---
--- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
-
-oper
- human : Gender ;
- nonhuman : Gender ;
-
--- To abstract over number names, we define the following.
-
- singular : Number ;
- plural : Number ;
-
-
---2 Nouns
-
--- Worst case: give all four forms and the semantic gender.
--- In practice the worst case is just: give singular and plural nominative.
-
-oper
- mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
- nMan : (man,men : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- Regular nouns, nouns ending with "s", "y", or "o", and nouns with the same
--- plural form as the singular.
-
- nReg : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- dog, dogs
- nKiss : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- kiss, kisses
- nFly : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- fly, flies
- nHero : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- hero, heroes (= nKiss !)
- nSheep : Str -> Gender -> N ; -- sheep, sheep
-
--- These use general heuristics, that recognizes the last letter. *N.B* it
--- does not get right with "boy", "rush", since it only looks at one letter.
-
- nHuman : Str -> N ; -- gambler/actress/nanny
- nNonhuman : Str -> N ; -- dog/kiss/fly
-
--- Nouns used as functions need a preposition. The most common is "of".
-
- mkFun : N -> Preposition -> Fun ;
-
- funHuman : Str -> Fun ; -- the father/mistress/daddy of
- funNonhuman : Str -> Fun ; -- the successor/address/copy of
-
--- Proper names, with their regular genitive.
-
- pnReg : (John : Str) -> PN ; -- John, John's
-
--- The most common cases on the top level havee shortcuts.
--- The regular "y"/"s" variation is taken into account in $CN$.
-
- cnNonhuman : Str -> CN ;
- cnHuman : Str -> CN ;
- npReg : Str -> NP ;
-
--- In some cases, you may want to make a complex $CN$ into a function.
-
- mkFunCN : CN -> Preposition -> Fun ;
- funOfCN : CN -> Fun ;
-
---2 Adjectives
-
--- Non-comparison one-place adjectives just have one form.
-
- mkAdj1 : (even : Str) -> Adj1 ;
-
--- Two-place adjectives need a preposition as second argument.
-
- mkAdj2 : (divisible, by : Str) -> Adj2 ;
-
--- Comparison adjectives have three forms. The common irregular
--- cases are ones ending with "y" and a consonant that is duplicated;
--- the "y" ending is recognized by the function $aReg$.
-
- mkAdjDeg : (good,better,best : Str) -> AdjDeg ;
-
- aReg : (long : Str) -> AdjDeg ; -- long, longer, longest
- aFat : (fat : Str) -> AdjDeg ; -- fat, fatter, fattest
- aRidiculous : (ridiculous : Str) -> AdjDeg ; -- -/more/most ridiculous
-
--- On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is
--- just to use a one-place adjective.
-
- apReg : Str -> AP ;
-
-
---2 Verbs
---
--- The fragment now has all verb forms, except the gerund/present participle.
--- Except for "be", the worst case needs four forms: the infinitive and
--- the third person singular present, the past indicative, and the past participle.
-
- mkV : (go, goes, went, gone : Str) -> V ;
-
- vReg : (walk : Str) -> V ; -- walk, walks
- vKiss : (kiss : Str) -> V ; -- kiss, kisses
- vFly : (fly : Str) -> V ; -- fly, flies
- vGo : (go : Str) -> V ; -- go, goes (= vKiss !)
-
--- This generic function recognizes the special cases where the last
--- character is "y", "s", or "z". It is not right for "finish" and "convey".
-
- vGen : Str -> V ; -- walk/kiss/fly
-
--- The verbs "be" and "have" are special.
-
- vBe : V ;
- vHave : V ;
-
--- Verbs with a particle.
-
- vPart : (go, goes, went, gone, up : Str) -> V ;
- vPartReg : (get, up : Str) -> V ;
-
--- Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object.
--- Notice that a particle can already be included in $V$.
-
- mkTV : V -> Str -> TV ; -- look for, kill
-
- tvGen : (look, for : Str) -> TV ; -- look for, talk about
- tvDir : V -> TV ; -- switch off
- tvGenDir : (kill : Str) -> TV ; -- kill
-
--- Regular two-place verbs with a particle.
-
- tvPartReg : Str -> Str -> Str -> TV ; -- get, along, with
-
--- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
--- hidden from the document.
---.
-
- human = Hum ;
- nonhuman = NoHum ;
- -- singular defined in types.Eng
- -- plural defined in types.Eng
-
- nominative = Nom ;
-
- mkN = \man,men,man's,men's,g ->
- mkNoun man men man's men's ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
- nReg a g = addGenN nounReg a g ;
- nKiss n g = addGenN nounS n g ;
- nFly = \fly -> addGenN nounY (Predef.tk 1 fly) ;
- nMan = \man,men -> mkN man men (man + "'s") (men + "'s") ;
- nHero = nKiss ;
- nSheep = \sheep -> nMan sheep sheep ;
-
- nHuman = \s -> nGen s Hum ;
- nNonhuman = \s -> nGen s NoHum ;
-
- nGen : Str -> Gender -> N = \fly,g -> let {
- fl = Predef.tk 1 fly ;
- y = Predef.dp 1 fly ;
- eqy = ifTok (Str -> Gender -> N) y
- } in
- eqy "y" nFly (
- eqy "s" nKiss (
- eqy "z" nKiss (
- nReg))) fly g ;
-
- mkFun = \n,p -> n ** {lock_Fun = <> ; s2 = p} ;
- funNonhuman = \s -> mkFun (nNonhuman s) "of" ;
- funHuman = \s -> mkFun (nHuman s) "of" ;
-
- pnReg n = nameReg n ** {lock_PN = <>} ;
-
- cnNonhuman = \s -> UseN (nGen s nonhuman) ;
- cnHuman = \s -> UseN (nGen s human) ;
- npReg = \s -> UsePN (pnReg s) ;
-
- mkFunCN = \n,p -> n ** {lock_Fun = <> ; s2 = p} ;
- funOfCN = \n -> mkFunCN n "of" ;
-
- addGenN : (Str -> CommonNoun) -> Str -> Gender -> N = \f ->
- \s,g -> f s ** {g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
-
- mkAdj1 a = regAdjective a ** {lock_Adj1 = <>} ;
- mkAdj2 = \s,p -> regAdjective s ** {s2 = p} ** {lock_Adj2 = <>} ;
- mkAdjDeg a b c = adjDegrIrreg a b c ** {lock_AdjDeg = <>} ;
- aReg a = adjDegrReg a ** {lock_AdjDeg = <>} ;
- aFat = \fat -> let {fatt = fat + Predef.dp 1 fat} in
- mkAdjDeg fat (fatt + "er") (fatt + "est") ;
- aRidiculous a = adjDegrLong a ** {lock_AdjDeg = <>} ;
- apReg = \s -> AdjP1 (mkAdj1 s) ;
-
- mkV = \go,goes,went,gone -> verbNoPart (mkVerbP3 go goes went gone) **
- {lock_V = <>} ;
- vReg = \walk -> mkV walk (walk + "s") (walk + "ed") (walk + "ed") ;
- vKiss = \kiss -> mkV kiss (kiss + "es") (kiss + "ed") (kiss + "ed") ;
- vFly = \cry -> let {cr = Predef.tk 1 cry} in
- mkV cry (cr + "ies") (cr + "ied") (cr + "ied") ;
- vGo = vKiss ;
-
- vGen = \fly -> let {
- fl = Predef.tk 1 fly ;
- y = Predef.dp 1 fly ;
- eqy = ifTok (Str -> V) y
- } in
- eqy "y" vFly (
- eqy "s" vKiss (
- eqy "z" vKiss (
- vReg))) fly ;
-
- vPart = \go, goes, went, gone, up ->
- verbPart (mkVerbP3 go goes went gone) up ** {lock_V = <>} ;
- vPartReg = \get, up ->
- verbPart (regVerbP3 get) up ** {lock_V = <>} ;
-
- mkTV = \v,p -> v ** {lock_TV = <> ; s3 = p} ;
- tvPartReg = \get, along, to -> mkTV (vPartReg get along) to ;
-
- vBe = verbBe ** {s1 = [] ; lock_V = <>} ;
- vHave = verbP3Have ** {s1 = [] ; lock_V = <>} ;
-
- tvGen = \s,p -> mkTV (vGen s) p ;
- tvDir = \v -> mkTV v [] ;
- tvGenDir = \s -> tvDir (vGen s) ;
-
-} ;
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.39.1) at 2026-08-06 20:02:40 +0000