From e7d1aa58f764651fc676c95b23f43457b1b91dfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: aarne Date: Fri, 27 Jun 2008 11:21:49 +0000 Subject: removed obsolete items from doc --- doc/ParadigmsRus.tex | 424 --------------------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 424 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 doc/ParadigmsRus.tex (limited to 'doc/ParadigmsRus.tex') diff --git a/doc/ParadigmsRus.tex b/doc/ParadigmsRus.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 950c88965..000000000 --- a/doc/ParadigmsRus.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,424 +0,0 @@ -This is an API for the user of the resource grammar for adding -lexical items. It gives functions for forming expressions of open -categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs. - -Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are -accessed through the resource syntax API, {\tt Structural.gf}. - -The main difference with {\tt MorphoRus.gf} is that the types -referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover -had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather -than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms. - -The structure of functions for each word class {\tt C} is the following: -first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all -regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function {\tt mkC}, which serves as an -escape to construct the most irregular words of type {\tt C}. -%However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a -%separate module {\tt IrregularEng}, which covers all irregularly inflected -words. - -The following modules are presupposed: -\begin{verbatim} - resource ParadigmsRus = open - (Predef=Predef), - Prelude, - MorphoRus, - CatRus, - NounRus - in { - - flags coding=utf8 ; -\end{verbatim} - -\textbf{Parameters} - -To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. -\begin{verbatim} - oper - Gender : Type ; - - masculine : Gender ; - feminine : Gender ; - neuter : Gender ; -\end{verbatim} - -To abstract over case names, we define the following. -\begin{verbatim} - Case : Type ; - - nominative : Case ; - genitive : Case ; - dative : Case ; - accusative : Case ; - instructive : Case ; - prepositional : Case ; -\end{verbatim} - -In some (written in English) textbooks accusative case -is put on the second place. However, we follow the case order -standard for Russian textbooks. -To abstract over number names, we define the following. -\begin{verbatim} - Number : Type ; - - singular : Number ; - plural : Number ; - - Animacy: Type ; - - animate: Animacy; - inanimate: Animacy; -\end{verbatim} - -\textbf{Nouns} -Best case: indeclinabe nouns: {\cyr kofe}, {\cyr -pal\cyrsftsn{}to}, {\cyr VUZ}. -\begin{verbatim} - mkIndeclinableNoun: Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> N ; -\end{verbatim} - -Worst case - give six singular forms: -Nominative, Genetive, Dative, Accusative, Instructive and Prepositional; -corresponding six plural forms and the gender. -May be the number of forms needed can be reduced, -but this requires a separate investigation. -Animacy parameter (determining whether the Accusative form is equal -to the Nominative or the Genetive one) is actually of no help, -since there are a lot of exceptions and the gain is just one form less. -\begin{verbatim} - mkN : (nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instSg, preposSg, - nomPl, genPl, datPl, accPl, instPl, preposPl: Str) - -> Gender -> Animacy -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -({\cyr \em muzhchina, muzhchinu, muzhchine, muzhchinu, -muzhchino\cyrishrt{}, muzhchine} - -\noindent {\cyr \em muzhchin\cyrery{}, muzhchin, muzhchinam, -muzhchin, muzhchinami, muzhchinah}) - -\vspace{5mm} - -The regular function captures the variants for some popular nouns -endings from the list below: -\begin{verbatim} - regN : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} - -Here are some common patterns. The list is far from complete. - -\subsubsection{Feminine patterns} - -\noindent feminine, inanimate, ending with "-a", Inst -"{\cyr -mashin-o\cyrishrt{}}": -\begin{verbatim} - nMashina : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -feminine, inanimate, ending with "-a", Inst -"{\cyr -edinic-e\cyrishrt{}}": -\begin{verbatim} - nEdinica : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -feminine, animate, ending with "-a": -\begin{verbatim} - nZhenchina : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -feminine, inanimate, ending with "{\cyr g\_k\_h-a}": -\begin{verbatim} - nNoga : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -feminine, inanimate, ending with "-{\cyr -iya}": -\begin{verbatim} - nMalyariya : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -feminine, animate, ending with "{\cyr -ya}": -\begin{verbatim} - nTetya : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -feminine, inanimate, ending with "-{\cyr \cyrsftsn{}}"(soft sign): -\begin{verbatim} - nBol : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} - -\subsubsection{Neuter patterns} - -\noindent neutral, inanimate, ending with "-ee": -\begin{verbatim} - nObezbolivauchee : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -neutral, inanimate, ending with "-e": -\begin{verbatim} - nProizvedenie : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -neutral, inanimate, ending with "-o": -\begin{verbatim} - nChislo : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -neutral, inanimate, ending with "-{\cyr oe}": -\begin{verbatim} - nZhivotnoe : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} - -\subsubsection{Masculine patterns} - -\noindent Ending with consonant: - -\noindent masculine, inanimate, ending with "-{\cyr el}"- "{\cyr -pep-la}": -\begin{verbatim} - nPepel : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -animate, "{\cyr brat-\cyrsftsn{}ya}": -\begin{verbatim} - nBrat : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -same as above, but inanimate: -\begin{verbatim} - nStul : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -"{\cyr malyshe\cyrishrt{}}": -\begin{verbatim} - nMalush : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -"{\cyr potol-ok, potol-ka}" -\begin{verbatim} - nPotolok : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -the next four differ in plural nominative and/or accusative -form(s): - -\noindent {\cyr bank-i}(Nom=Acc): -\begin{verbatim} - nBank : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -same as above, but animate: -\begin{verbatim} - nStomatolog : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -"{\cyr adres-a}" (Nom=Acc): -\begin{verbatim} - nAdres : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -"{\cyr telefony}" (Nom=Acc): -\begin{verbatim} - nTelefon : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -masculine, inanimate, ending with "{\cyr \cyrsftsn{}}" (soft -sign): -\begin{verbatim} - nNol : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} -masculine, inanimate, ending with "{\cyr -en\cyrsftsn{}}": -\begin{verbatim} - nUroven : Str -> N ; -\end{verbatim} - -Nouns used as functions need a preposition. The most common is with Genitive. -\begin{verbatim} - mkFun : N -> Prep -> N2 ; - mkN2 : N -> N2 ; - mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ; -\end{verbatim} - -\subsubsection{Proper names} - -{\cyr Ivan, Masha}: -\begin{verbatim} - mkPN : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> PN ; -\end{verbatim} -\begin{verbatim} - nounPN : N -> PN ; -\end{verbatim} - -On the top level, it is maybe {\tt CN} that is used rather than {\tt N}, and -{\tt NP} rather than {\tt PN}. -\begin{verbatim} - mkCN : N -> CN ; - mkNP : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> NP ; -\end{verbatim} - -\textbf{Adjectives} -Non-comparison (only positive degree) one-place adjectives need 28 -(4 by 7) forms in the worst case: (Masculine | Feminine | Neutral -| Plural) * (Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative Inanimate -| Accusative Animate | Instructive | Prepositional). Notice that 4 -short forms, which exist for some adjectives are not included in -the current description, otherwise there would be 32 forms for -positive degree. - -The regular function captures the variants for some popular -adjective endings below. The first string agrument is the -masculine singular form, the second is comparative: -\begin{verbatim} - regA : Str -> Str -> A ; -\end{verbatim} - -\noindent Invariable adjective is a special case: {\cyr haki, -mini, hindi, netto}: -\begin{verbatim} - adjInvar : Str -> A ; -\end{verbatim} - -Some regular patterns depending on the ending. - -\noindent ending with "{\cyr y\cyrishrt{}}": -\begin{verbatim} - AStaruyj : Str -> Str -> A ; -\end{verbatim} -ending with "{\cyr i\cyrishrt{}}", Gen - "{\cyr -malen\cyrsftsn{}k-ogo}": -\begin{verbatim} - AMalenkij : Str -> Str -> A ; -\end{verbatim} -ending with "{\cyr i\cyrishrt{}}", Gen - "{\cyr horosh-ego}": -\begin{verbatim} - AKhoroshij : Str -> Str -> A ; -\end{verbatim} -ending with "{\cyr o\cyrishrt{}}", plural - "{\cyr molod-ye}": -\begin{verbatim} - AMolodoj : Str -> Str -> A ; -\end{verbatim} -ending with "{\cyr o\cyrishrt{}}", plural - "{\cyr kak-ie}": -\begin{verbatim} - AKakoj_Nibud : Str -> Str -> Str -> A ; -\end{verbatim} - -Two-place adjectives need a preposition and a case as extra arguments. - -"{\cyr delim na}": -\begin{verbatim} - mkA2 : A -> Str -> Case -> A2 ; -\end{verbatim} - -Comparison adjectives need a positive adjective (28 forms without -short forms). Taking only one comparative form (non-syntactic) and -only one superlative form (syntactic) we can produce the -comparison adjective with only one extra argument - non-syntactic -comparative form. Syntactic forms are based on the positive forms. - -\begin{verbatim} - mkADeg : A -> Str -> ADeg ; -\end{verbatim} -On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case -is just to use a one-place adjective. -\begin{verbatim} - ap : A -> IsPostfixAdj -> AP ; -\end{verbatim} - -\textbf{Adverbs} -Adverbs are not inflected. %Most lexical ones have position after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. {\it always}). -\begin{verbatim} - mkAdv : Str -> Adv ; -\end{verbatim} - -\textbf{Verbs} - -In our lexicon description ({\it Verbum}) there are 62 forms: 2 -(Voice) by { 1 (infinitive) + [2(number) by 3 -(person)](imperative) + [ [2(Number) by 3(Person)](present) + -[2(Number) by 3(Person)](future) + 4(GenNum)(past) ](indicative)+ -4 (GenNum) (subjunctive) } Participles (Present and Past) and -Gerund forms are not included, since they fuction more like -Adjectives and Adverbs correspondingly rather than verbs. Aspect -is regarded as an inherent parameter of a verb. Notice, that some -forms are never used for some verbs. %Actually, the majority of verbs do not have many of the forms. -\begin{verbatim} - Voice: Type; - Aspect: Type; - Tense : Type; - Bool: Type; - Conjugation: Type ; -\end{verbatim} -"{\cyr gulya-Esh\cyrsftsn{}, gulya-Em}": -\begin{verbatim} - first: Conjugation; -\end{verbatim} - -\noindent Verbs with vowel "{\cyr \cyryo}": "{\cyr -da\cyryo{}sh\cyrsftsn{}}" (give), "{\cyr -p\cyrsftsn{}\cyryo{}sh\cyrsftsn{}}" (drink): -\begin{verbatim} - firstE: Conjugation; -\end{verbatim} - -\noindent "{\cyr vid-Ish\cyrsftsn{}, vid-Im}": -\begin{verbatim} - second: Conjugation; -\end{verbatim} -"{\cyr hoch-Esh\cyrsftsn{}, hot-Im}": -\begin{verbatim} - mixed: Conjugation; -\end{verbatim} -irregular: -\begin{verbatim} - dolzhen: Conjugation; - - true: Bool; - false: Bool; - - active: Voice ; - passive: Voice ; - imperfective: Aspect; - perfective: Aspect ; -\end{verbatim} - -The worst case need 6 forms of the present tense in indicative -mood ({\cyr ya begu}, {\cyr ty bezhish\cyrsftsn{}}, {\cyr on -bezhit}, {\cyr my bezhim}, {\cyr vy bezhite}, {\cyr oni begut}), a -past form (singular, masculine: {\cyr ya bezhal}), an imperative -form (singular, second person: {\cyr begi}), an infinitive ({\cyr -bezhat\cyrsftsn{}}). Inherent aspect should also be specified. -\begin{verbatim} - mkVerbum : Aspect -> (presentSgP1,presentSgP2,presentSgP3, - presentPlP1,presentPlP2,presentPlP3, - pastSgMasculine,imperative,infinitive: Str) -> V ; -\end{verbatim} - -Common conjugation patterns are two conjugations: first - verbs -ending with {\cyr -at\cyrsftsn{}/-yat\cyrsftsn{}} and second - -{\cyr -it\cyrsftsn{}/-et\cyrsftsn{}}. Instead of 6 present forms -of the worst case, we only need a present stem and one ending -(singular, first person): {\cyr ya l\cyryu{}bl\cyryu{}}, {\cyr ya -zhdu}, etc. To determine where the border between stem and ending -lies it is sufficient to compare first person from with second -person form: {\cyr ya l\cyryu{}bl\cyryu{}}, {\cyr ty -l\cyryu{}bish\cyrsftsn{}}. Stems should be the same. So the -definition for verb {\cyr l\cyryu{}bit\cyrsftsn{}} looks like: -\texttt{regV Imperfective Second }"{\cyr l\cyryu{}b}" "{\cyr -l\cyryu{}}" "{\cyr l\cyryu{}bil}" "{\cyr l\cyryu{}bi}" "{\cyr -l\cyryu{}bit\cyrsftsn{}}"; -\begin{verbatim} - regV : Aspect -> Conjugation -> (stemPresentSgP1, - endingPresentSgP1,pastSgP1,imperative,infinitive: Str) -> V ; -\end{verbatim} - -For writing an application grammar one usually doesn't need the -whole inflection table, since each verb is used in a particular -context that determines some of the parameters (Tense and Voice -while Aspect is fixed from the beginning) for certain usage. The -{\it V} type, that have these parameters fixed. We can extract the -{\it V} from the lexicon. -\begin{verbatim} - mkV : Verbum -> Voice -> V ; - mkPresentV : Verbum -> Voice -> V ; -\end{verbatim} - -Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object. Notice -that a particle can be included in a {\tt V}. - -\noindent "{\cyr vo\cyrishrt{}ti v dom}", "{\cyr v}", accusative: -\begin{verbatim} - mkV2 : V -> Str -> Case -> V2 ; -\end{verbatim} -{\cyr slozhit\cyrsftsn{} pic\cyrsftsn{}mo v konvert}: -\begin{verbatim} - mkV3 : V -> Str -> Str -> Case -> Case -> V3 ; -\end{verbatim} -"{\cyr videt\cyrsftsn{}}", "{\cyr l\cyryu{}bit\cyrsftsn{}}": -\begin{verbatim} - dirV2 : V -> V2 ; - tvDirDir : V -> V3 ; -\end{verbatim} - -The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are -hidden from the document. -- cgit v1.2.3