From f496c49263c0eecd9e7288d8aeea48fac489bb5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: aarne Date: Thu, 12 May 2005 16:12:03 +0000 Subject: index and tutorial --- doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial2.html | 168 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 150 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) (limited to 'doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial2.html') diff --git a/doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial2.html b/doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial2.html index 18e5342ab..51b300cd1 100644 --- a/doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial2.html +++ b/doc/tutorial/gf-tutorial2.html @@ -11,15 +11,18 @@ 3rd Edition, for GF version 2.2 or later -

+

Aarne Ranta -

aarne@cs.chalmers.se -

+ +

+ +12 May 2005 + @@ -29,12 +32,13 @@ The term GF is used for different things:

-This tutorial is about the GF program and the GF programming language. +This tutorial is primarily about the GF program and +the GF programming language. It will guide you

+ -

The GF program

+

Getting the GF program

The program is open-source free software, which you can download from the GF Homepage:
@@ -60,8 +65,8 @@ There you can download
  • grammar libraries and examples If you want to compile GF from source, you need Haskell and Java -compilers. But normally you don't have to compile, and you don't -need to know Haskell or Java to use GF. +compilers. But normally you don't have to compile, and you definitely +don't need to know Haskell or Java to use GF.

    @@ -127,7 +132,7 @@ you imported. Try parsing something else, and you fail > p "hello world" No success in cf parsing no tree found -

    +
    @@ -183,6 +188,7 @@ generate ten strings with one and the same command: To generate all sentence that a grammar can generate, use the command generate_trees = gt. 
    +  > generate_trees | l
   this louse laughs
   this louse sleeps
   this louse swims
@@ -197,12 +203,13 @@ You get quite a few trees but not all of them: only up to a given
 depth of trees. To see how you can get more, use the
 help = h command,
 
    -  h gr
+  help gr
 
    
 Quiz. If the command gt generated all
 trees in your grammar, it would never terminate. Why?
 
 
+
 
 
    More on pipes; tracing
    
 
@@ -509,10 +516,38 @@ Each module is compiled into a .gfc file.
 
 Import PaleolithicEng.gf and try what happens
 
    -
+  > i PaleolithicEng.gf
 
    
-Nothing more than before, except that the GFC files
-are generated.
+The GF program does not only read the file 
+PaleolithicEng.gf, but also all other files that it
+depends on - in this case,  Paleolithic.gf.
+
+
    
+
+For each file that is compiles, a .gfc file
+is generated. The GFC format (="GF Canonical") is the
+"machine code" of GF, which is faster to process than
+GF source files. When reading a module, GF knows whether
+to use an existing .gfc file or to generate
+a new one, by looking at modification times.
+
+
+
+
+
    Multilingual grammar
    
+
+The main advantage of separating abstract from concrete syntax is that
+one abstract syntax can be equipped with many concrete syntaxes.
+A system with this property is called a multilingual grammar.
+
+
    
+
+Multilingual grammars can be used for applications such as
+translation. Let us buid an Italian concrete syntax for
+Paleolithic and then test the resulting 
+multilingual grammar.
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -554,17 +589,39 @@ lin
 
 Import without first emptying
 
    -
+  > i PaleolithicEng.gf
+  > i PaleolithicIta.gf
 
    
 Try generation now:
 
    +  > gr | l
+  un pidocchio uccide questo ragazzo
 
+  > gr | l -lang=PaleolithicEng
+  that louse eats a louse
 
    
 Translate by using a pipe:
 
    -
+  > p -lang=PaleolithicEng "the boy eats the snake" | l -lang=PaleolithicIta
+  il ragazzo mangia il serpente
 
    
-Inspect the shell state (print_options = po):
+
+
+
+
    The multilingual shell state
    
+
+A GF shell is at any time in a state, which 
+contains a multilingual grammar. One of the concrete
+syntaxes is the "main" one, which means that parsing and linearization
+are performed by using it. By default, the main concrete syntax is the
+last-imported one. As we saw on previous slide, the lang flag
+can be used to change the linearization and parsing grammar.
+
+
    
+
+To see what the multilingual grammar is (as well as some other
+things), you can use the command
+print_options = po:
 
       > print_options
   main abstract :     Paleolithic
@@ -574,11 +631,86 @@ Inspect the shell state (print_options = po):
 
 
 
-
    Extending the grammar
    
+
    Extending a grammar
    
+
+The module system of GF makes it possible to extend a
+grammar in different ways. The syntax of extension is
+shown by the following example.
+
    +  abstract Neolithic = Paleolithic ** {
+    fun
+      Fire, Wheel : CN ;
+      Think : V ;
+  }
+
    
+Parallel to the abstract syntax, extensions can
+be built for concrete syntaxes:
+
    +  concrete NeolithicEng of Neolithic = PaleolithicEng ** {
+    lin
+      Fire  = {s = "fire"} ;
+      Wheel = {s = "wheel"} ;
+      Think = {s = "thinks"} ;
+  }
+
    
+The effect of extension is that all of the contents of the extended
+and extending module are put together.
 
-Neolithic: fire, wheel, think,...
 
 
+
+
    Multiple inheritance
    
+
+Specialized vocabularies can be represented as small grammars that
+only do "one thing" each, e.g.
+
    +  abstract Fish = {
+    cat Fish ;
+    fun Salmon, Perch : Fish ;
+  }
+
+  abstract Mushrooms = {
+    cat Mushroom ;
+    fun Cep, Agaric : Mushroom ;
+  }
+
    
+They can afterwards be combined in bigger grammars by using
+multiple inheritance, i.e. extension of several grammars at the
+same time:
+
    +  abstract Gatherer = Paleolithic, Fish, Mushrooms ** {
+    fun 
+      UseFish     : Fish     -> CN ;
+      UseMushroom : Mushroom -> CN ;
+    }
+
    
+
+
+
+
+
    Visualizing module structure
    
+
+When you have created all the abstract syntaxes and
+one set of concrete syntaxes needed for Gatherer,
+your grammar consists of eight GF modules. To see how their
+dependences look like, you can use the command 
+visualize_graph = vg,
+
    +  > visualize_graph
+
    
+and the graph will pop up in a separate window. It can also
+be printed out into a file, e.g. a .gif file that
+can be included in an HTML document
+
    +  > pm -printer=graph | wf Gatherer.dot
+  > ! dot -Tgif Gatherer.dot > Gatherer.gif
+
    
+The latter command is a Unix command, issued from GF by using the
+shell escape symbol !. The resulting graph is shown below.
+
+
    
+
+
 
 
 
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