From f5461eb3d4eb2605b546a4ed202c12bcdaa1f4e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "john.j.camilleri" Date: Mon, 16 Sep 2013 07:17:27 +0000 Subject: Remove contribs and examples Everything has now been moved to a separate repository at https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-contrib The contents of the examples folder are build during SetupWeb --- examples/SUMO/Elements.gf | 929 ---------------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 929 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 examples/SUMO/Elements.gf (limited to 'examples/SUMO/Elements.gf') diff --git a/examples/SUMO/Elements.gf b/examples/SUMO/Elements.gf deleted file mode 100644 index 0a1131c2d..000000000 --- a/examples/SUMO/Elements.gf +++ /dev/null @@ -1,929 +0,0 @@ -abstract Elements = Merge ** { - - -- Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to - -- group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac_227, has a - -- half_life of 217 years. Ac_228 (half_life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in - -- nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and - -- having very short half_lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a - -- source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899. - fun Actinium : Class ; - fun Actinium_Class : SubClass Actinium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery_white lustrous metallic element of group - -- 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin - -- transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many - -- alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up - -- 8.1 percent of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. - -- Oersted. - fun Aluminum : Class ; - fun Aluminum_Class : SubClass Aluminum ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, - -- belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am_243 is the most stable - -- isotope, with a half_life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T. - -- Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding - -- {uranium}_238 with alpha particles. - fun Americium : Class ; - fun Americium_Class : SubClass Americium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. - -- The stable form of antimony is a blue_white metal. Yellow and black - -- antimony are unstable non_metals. Used in flame_proofing, paints, - -- ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. - -- First reported by Tholden in 1450. - fun Antimony : Class ; - fun Antimony_Class : SubClass Antimony ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93 percent of the - -- air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord - -- Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894. - fun Argon : Class ; - fun Argon_Class : SubClass Argon ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Metalloid element of group 15. There are three - -- allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated - -- oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been - -- the first to isolate the element in 1250. - fun Arsenic : Class ; - fun Arsenic_Class : SubClass Arsenic ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally - -- from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At_210, the - -- most stable, has a half_life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear - -- bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the - -- University of California. - fun Astatine : Class ; - fun Astatine_Class : SubClass Astatine ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery_white reactive element, belonging to group - -- 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely - -- poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by - -- Humphry Davy. - fun Barium : Class ; - fun Barium_Class : SubClass Barium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. - -- Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk_247, - -- has a half_life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg - -- and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium_241 with alpha - -- particles. - fun Berkelium : Class ; - fun Berkelium_Class : SubClass Berkelium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic - -- table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows - -- high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and - -- A.A. Bussy in 1828. - fun Beryllium : Class ; - fun Beryllium_Class : SubClass Beryllium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs - -- to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal - -- conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead_free bismuth - -- compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air - -- and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that - -- it was different from lead. - fun Bismuth : Class ; - fun Bismuth_Class : SubClass Bismuth ElementalSubstance ; - - -- An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There - -- are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron - -- is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad - -- conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. - -- Boron_10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was - -- discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay_Lussac and L.J. - -- Thenard. - fun Boron : Class ; - fun Boron_Class : SubClass Boron ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room - -- temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. - -- Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and - -- throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard. - fun Bromine : Class ; - fun Bromine_Class : SubClass Bromine ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the - -- periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically - -- similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered - -- in 1817 by F. Stromeyer. - fun Cadmium : Class ; - fun Cadmium_Class : SubClass Cadmium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery_white metallic element belonging to - -- group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid - -- at room temperature. Cs_133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. - -- Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold - -- water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the - -- strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline - -- and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses - -- include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some - -- organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by - -- Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically. - -- Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum. - -- The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium - -- should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even - -- more toxic. - fun Caesium : Class ; - fun Caesium_Class : SubClass Caesium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of - -- the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, - -- zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms. - fun Calcium : Class ; - fun Calcium_Class : SubClass Calcium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. - -- Belongs to actinoid series. Cf_251 has a half life of about 700 years. - -- Nine isotopes are known. Cf_252 is an intense {neutron} source, which - -- makes it an intense {neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron} - -- activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. - -- First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950. - fun Californium : Class ; - fun Californium_Class : SubClass Californium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic - -- table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and - -- fullerite. Carbon_14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon - -- occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon - -- has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, - -- and a wide variety of other elements. - fun Carbon : Class ; - fun Carbon_Class : SubClass Carbon ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery metallic element, belongs to the - -- lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive - -- isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare_earth alloys. The - -- oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H. - -- Klaproth in 1803. - fun Cerium : Class ; - fun Cerium_Class : SubClass Cerium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Halogen element. Poisonous greenish_yellow gas. - -- Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly - -- with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by - -- Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in - -- 1810. - fun Chlorine : Class ; - fun Chlorine_Class : SubClass Chlorine ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Hard silvery transition element. Used in - -- decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin. - fun Chromium : Class ; - fun Chromium_Class : SubClass Chromium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Light grey transition element. Some meteorites - -- contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. - -- Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt_60, an artificially - -- produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer - -- and cancer_treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737. - fun Cobalt : Class ; - fun Cobalt_Class : SubClass Cobalt ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Red_brown transition element. Known by the Romans - -- as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, - -- ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist - -- conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside. - fun Copper : Class ; - fun Copper_Class : SubClass Copper ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs - -- to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm_247 has a half_life of - -- 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in - -- 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding - -- americium_241 with {neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie. - fun Curium : Class ; - fun Curium_Class : SubClass Curium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Metallic with a bright silvery_white lustre. - -- Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at - -- room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving - -- hydrogen. It is found in from rare_earth minerals. There are seven - -- natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy_154 being the - -- most stable with a half_life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a - -- neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It - -- was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its - -- name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain. - fun Dysprosium : Class ; - fun Dysprosium_Class : SubClass Dysprosium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Appearance is unknown, however it is most - -- probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic - -- transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es_254 has the longest - -- half_life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by - -- Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb - -- explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es_232 were - -- separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient - -- amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard. - fun Einsteinium : Class ; - fun Einsteinium_Class : SubClass Einsteinium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the - -- lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial - -- isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It - -- is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. - -- Mosander in 1843. - fun Erbium : Class ; - fun Erbium_Class : SubClass Erbium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the - -- lanthanoids. Eu_151 and Eu_153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of - -- which are {neutron} absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William - -- Crookes. - fun Europium : Class ; - fun Europium_Class : SubClass Europium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs - -- to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm_257 with a - -- half_life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates - -- in the debris of the first hydrogen_bomb explosion in 1952. - fun Fermium : Class ; - fun Fermium_Class : SubClass Fermium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging - -- to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most - -- chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, - -- causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was - -- identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886. - fun Fluorine : Class ; - fun Fluorine_Class : SubClass Fluorine ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the - -- periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes - -- are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr_223. Its existence was - -- confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey. - fun Francium : Class ; - fun Francium_Class : SubClass Francium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the - -- lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to - -- eleven artificial isotopes. Gd_155 and Gd_157 and the best neutron - -- absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. - -- Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880. - fun Gadolinium : Class ; - fun Gadolinium_Class : SubClass Gadolinium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 - -- of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga_69 and Ga_71. - -- Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half_lives. - -- Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals - -- by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de - -- Boisbaudran in 1875. - fun Gallium : Class ; - fun Gallium_Class : SubClass Gallium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to - -- group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic - -- compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 - -- by Winkler. - fun Germanium : Class ; - fun Germanium_Class : SubClass Germanium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and - -- ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five - -- radioisotopes of gold, Au_195 being the most stable with a half_life of - -- 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, - -- electronics. Au_198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical - -- conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold - -- comes from the Anglo_Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the - -- Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, - -- however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some. - fun Gold : Class ; - fun Gold_Class : SubClass Gold ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. - -- Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a - -- neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally - -- established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923. - fun Hafnium : Class ; - fun Hafnium_Class : SubClass Hafnium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element. - -- Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all - -- elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no - -- known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer. - fun Helium : Class ; - fun Helium_Class : SubClass Helium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Relatively soft and malleable silvery_white - -- metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It - -- oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the - -- lanthanoids. A rare_earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and - -- gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural - -- isotope, Ho_165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being - -- Ho_163 with a half_life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal - -- alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per - -- Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium - -- comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium - -- compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to - -- indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is - -- a fire hazard. - fun Holmium : Class ; - fun Holmium_Class : SubClass Holmium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element. - -- Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and - -- in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. - -- Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776. - fun Hydrogen : Class ; - fun Hydrogen_Class : SubClass Hydrogen ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the - -- periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In_115, which has a - -- half_life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in - -- 1863 by Reich and Richter. - fun Indium : Class ; - fun Indium_Class : SubClass Indium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group - -- 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace - -- element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I_127 exists, in - -- addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive - -- of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. - -- Discovered in 1812 by Courtois. - fun Iodine : Class ; - fun Iodine_Class : SubClass Iodine ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition - -- element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly - -- colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by - -- any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes - -- of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir_192 with a - -- half_life of 73.83 days. Ir_192 decays into {platinum}, while the other - -- radioisotopes decay into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature - -- apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. - -- Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from - -- the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally - -- non_toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should - -- be considered highly toxic. - fun Iridium : Class ; - fun Iridium_Class : SubClass Iridium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition - -- element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the - -- earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in - -- hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces - -- hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements. - fun Iron : Class ; - fun Iron_Class : SubClass Iron ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble - -- gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001 percent by volume. It can be extracted - -- from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but - -- used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, - -- and five radioactive isotopes. Kr_85, the most stable radioactive - -- isotope, has a half_life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission - -- reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with - -- {fluorine}. - fun Krypton : Class ; - fun Krypton_Class : SubClass Krypton ElementalSubstance ; - - -- (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) - -- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and - -- oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare_earth - -- minerals. Twenty_five natural isotopes exist. La_139 which is stable, - -- and La_138 which has a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other - -- twenty_three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids - -- chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should - -- be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander. - fun Lanthanum : Class ; - fun Lanthanum_Class : SubClass Lanthanum ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Appearance unknown, however it is most likely - -- silvery_white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare_earth - -- metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr_262 - -- with a half_life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half_life of lawrencium, - -- and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by - -- Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding - -- californium with boron ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature, - -- the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the - -- cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would - -- pose a radiation hazard. - fun Lawrencium : Class ; - fun Lawrencium_Class : SubClass Lawrencium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to - -- group 14. Used in building construction, lead_place accumulators, bullets - -- and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and - -- fusible alloys. - fun Lead : Class ; - fun Lead_Class : SubClass Lead ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of - -- the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine. - fun Lithium : Class ; - fun Lithium_Class : SubClass Lithium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery_white rare_earth metal which is - -- relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare_earth - -- metal. Its found with almost all rare_earth metals, but is very difficult - -- to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. - -- Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are - -- two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable - -- being Lu_174 with a half_life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium - -- from {ytterbium} was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was - -- discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The - -- name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris. - fun Lutetium : Class ; - fun Lutetium_Class : SubClass Lutetium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of - -- the periodic table (alkaline_earth metals). It is essential for living - -- organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very - -- reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and - -- burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen - -- and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828. - fun Magnesium : Class ; - fun Magnesium_Class : SubClass Magnesium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Grey brittle metallic transition element. - -- Rather electropositive, combines with some non_metals when heated. - -- Discovered in 1774 by Scheele. - fun Manganese : Class ; - fun Manganese_Class : SubClass Manganese ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Half_life of approximately 5ms. The creation - -- of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used - -- to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy - -- Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor - -- of Lise Meitner the Austrian physicist. - fun Meitnerium : Class ; - fun Meitnerium_Class : SubClass Meitnerium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. - -- Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md_256 has a - -- half_life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert - -- Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name {unnilunium} has been - -- proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri - -- Mendeleev. - fun Mendelevium : Class ; - fun Mendelevium_Class : SubClass Mendelevium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to - -- the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific - -- apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace - -- hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury - -- compounds. - fun Mercury : Class ; - fun Mercury_Class : SubClass Mercury ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery_white, hard metallic transition - -- element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids. - -- It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and - -- four radioisotopes, Mo_93 being the most stable with a half_life of 3500 - -- years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high_strength steels, it has - -- nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered - -- in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in - -- 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos - -- which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known - -- forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly - -- toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects. - fun Molybdenum : Class ; - fun Molybdenum_Class : SubClass Molybdenum ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to - -- the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd_144 being the only - -- radioactive one with a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial - -- radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to - -- color class a shade of violet_purple and make it dichroic. One of the - -- more reactive rare_earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some - -- rare_earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's - -- glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets - -- (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885 - -- by separating didymium into its elemental components {praseodymium} and - -- neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words 'neos didymos' which means - -- 'new twin'. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence - -- would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye - -- irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard. - fun Neodymium : Class ; - fun Neodymium_Class : SubClass Neodymium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the - -- periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and - -- comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a - -- distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. - -- It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir - -- William Ramsey and M.W. Travers. - fun Neon : Class ; - fun Neon_Class : SubClass Neon ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, - -- belongs to the actinoids. Np_237, the most stable isotope, has a - -- half_life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The - -- other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through - -- 241. Np_236 has a half_life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M. - -- McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940. - fun Neptunium : Class ; - fun Neptunium_Class : SubClass Neptunium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition - -- element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751. - fun Nickel : Class ; - fun Nickel_Class : SubClass Nickel ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft, ductile grey_blue metallic transition - -- element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase - -- strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees - -- celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by - -- Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally. - fun Niobium : Class ; - fun Niobium_Class : SubClass Niobium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to - -- group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78 percent of the atmosphere - -- and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial - -- purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. - -- Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in - -- electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford. - fun Nitrogen : Class ; - fun Nitrogen_Class : SubClass Nitrogen ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs - -- to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being - -- No_254 with a half_life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty - -- by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been - -- proposed as an alternative name. - fun Nobelium : Class ; - fun Nobelium_Class : SubClass Nobelium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Hard blue_white metallic transition element. Found - -- with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium. - fun Osmium : Class ; - fun Osmium_Class : SubClass Osmium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging - -- to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element - -- present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8 percent of the - -- Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid - -- air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, - -- and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found - -- as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in - -- 1774. - fun Oxygen : Class ; - fun Oxygen_Class : SubClass Oxygen ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft white ductile transition element. Found - -- with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal - -- temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 - -- by W.H. Wollaston. - fun Palladium : Class ; - fun Palladium_Class : SubClass Palladium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Non_metallic element belonging to group 15 of - -- the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element - -- for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669. - fun Phosphorus : Class ; - fun Phosphorus_Class : SubClass Phosphorus ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Attractive greyish_white metal. When pure, it is - -- malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric - -- and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. - -- {Hydrogen} and {oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum. - -- There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable - -- being Pt_193 with a half_life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, - -- laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti_pollution - -- devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. - -- Platinum_{cobalt} alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the - -- definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de - -- Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word - -- platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health - -- concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be - -- considered highly toxic. - fun Platinum : Class ; - fun Platinum_Class : SubClass Platinum ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic - -- element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu_244 is the most stable isotope with - -- a half_life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu_239 is - -- the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is - -- hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is - -- monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by - -- Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in - -- 1940. - fun Plutonium : Class ; - fun Plutonium_Class : SubClass Plutonium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to - -- group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of - -- all elements. Po_209 has a half_life of 103 years. Possible uses in - -- heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of - -- pitchblende. - fun Polonium : Class ; - fun Polonium_Class : SubClass Polonium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group - -- 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and - -- a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its - -- behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807. - fun Potassium : Class ; - fun Potassium_Class : SubClass Potassium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the - -- lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr_141 which is not radioactive. - -- Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in - -- rare_earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach. - fun Praseodymium : Class ; - fun Praseodymium_Class : SubClass Praseodymium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the - -- lanthanoids. Pm_147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a - -- half_life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but - -- all have very short half_lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. - -- Pm_147 is of interest as a beta_decay source, however Pm_146 and Pm_148 - -- have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. - -- Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in - -- 1947. - fun Promethium : Class ; - fun Promethium_Class : SubClass Promethium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the - -- actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa_231 has a half_life of 2.43*10^4 - -- years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical - -- applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto - -- Hahn. - fun Protactinium : Class ; - fun Protactinium_Class : SubClass Protactinium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs - -- to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra_226 has a - -- half_life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from - -- pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie. - fun Radium : Class ; - fun Radium_Class : SubClass Radium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to - -- the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn_222 - -- with a half_life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of - -- {Radium}_226. Radon itself decays into {polonium}. Used in radiotherapy. - -- As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been - -- synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray. - fun Radon : Class ; - fun Radon_Class : SubClass Radon ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery_white metallic transition element. - -- Obtained as a by_product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium_molybdenum - -- alloys are superconducting. - fun Rhenium : Class ; - fun Rhenium_Class : SubClass Rhenium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery white metallic transition element. Found - -- with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, - -- dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston. - fun Rhodium : Class ; - fun Rhodium_Class : SubClass Rhodium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 - -- of the periodic table. Rb_97, the naturally occurring isotope, is - -- radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other - -- elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered - -- spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff. - fun Rubidium : Class ; - fun Rubidium_Class : SubClass Rubidium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Hard white metallic transition element. Found - -- with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in - -- fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and - -- oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus. - fun Ruthenium : Class ; - fun Ruthenium_Class : SubClass Ruthenium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the - -- lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm_147 is the only radioisotope, and - -- has a half_life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed - -- in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. - -- Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. - -- The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces - -- permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by - -- any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in - -- 1879. - fun Samarium : Class ; - fun Samarium_Class : SubClass Samarium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to - -- group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are - -- radioactive and have short half_lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, - -- isolated by Nilson in 1879. - fun Scandium : Class ; - fun Scandium_Class : SubClass Scandium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the - -- periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles - -- sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius. - fun Selenium : Class ; - fun Selenium_Class : SubClass Selenium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the - -- periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's - -- crust, making up 25.7 percent of it by weight. Chemically less reactive - -- than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in - -- 1823 by Berzelius. - fun Silicon : Class ; - fun Silicon_Class : SubClass Silicon ElementalSubstance ; - - -- White lustrous soft metallic transition element. - -- Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery, - -- tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically. - fun Silver : Class ; - fun Silver_Class : SubClass Silver ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 - -- of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing - -- in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. - -- It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807. - fun Sodium : Class ; - fun Sodium_Class : SubClass Sodium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to - -- group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr_90 is - -- present in radioactive fallout and has a half_life of 28 years. - -- Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry - -- Davy. - fun Strontium : Class ; - fun Strontium_Class : SubClass Strontium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 - -- of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, - -- needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many - -- proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion. - fun Sulphur : Class ; - fun Sulphur_Class : SubClass Sulphur ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Heavy blue_grey metallic transition element. - -- Ta_181 is a stable isotope, and Ta_180 is a radioactive isotope, with a - -- half_life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. - -- Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and - -- isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius. - fun Tantalum : Class ; - fun Tantalum_Class : SubClass Tantalum ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive metallic transition element. Can - -- be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made - -- by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them - -- Tc_97. Tc_99 is the most stable isotope with a half_life of 2.6*10^6 - -- years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used - -- in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and - -- manganese. - fun Technetium : Class ; - fun Technetium_Class : SubClass Technetium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight - -- natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and - -- to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}. - -- Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller. - fun Tellurium : Class ; - fun Tellurium_Class : SubClass Tellurium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery metallic element belonging to the - -- lanthanoids. Tb_159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen - -- artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843. - fun Terbium : Class ; - fun Terbium_Class : SubClass Terbium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery_white - -- and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn - -- bluish_grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut - -- with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, - -- Tl_204 being the most stable with a half_life of 3.78 years. Thallium - -- sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity - -- changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared - -- detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name - -- comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and - -- its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer. - fun Thallium : Class ; - fun Thallium_Class : SubClass Thallium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to - -- actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US. - -- Thorium_232 has a half_life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear - -- fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium_232 captures slow {neutron}s and - -- breeds uranium_233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829. - fun Thorium : Class ; - fun Thorium_Class : SubClass Thorium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the - -- lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm_169, and seventeen artificial - -- isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered - -- in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve. - fun Thulium : Class ; - fun Thulium_Class : SubClass Thulium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group - -- 14 of the periodic table. Twenty_six isotopes are known, five of which - -- are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine - -- and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. - fun Tin : Class ; - fun Tin_Class : SubClass Tin ElementalSubstance ; - - -- White metallic transition element. Occurs in - -- numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion_resistant alloys. - -- Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by - -- Gregor in 1789. - fun Titanium : Class ; - fun Titanium_Class : SubClass Titanium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- White or grey metallic transition element, - -- formerly called {wolfram}. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be - -- oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de - -- Elhuyer in 1783. - fun Tungsten : Class ; - fun Tungsten_Class : SubClass Tungsten ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Half_life of approximately 10ms. Reported in - -- 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany. - fun Unnildecium : Class ; - fun Unnildecium_Class : SubClass Unnildecium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Half_life of 0.9 +/_ 0.2 s. Discovered by the - -- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974. - -- Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and - -- Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974. - fun Unnilhexium : Class ; - fun Unnilhexium_Class : SubClass Unnilhexium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive transition metal. - fun Unniloctium : Class ; - fun Unniloctium_Class : SubClass Unniloctium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive transactinide element. Half_life - -- of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven - -- isotopes have been discovered. - fun Unnilpentium : Class ; - fun Unnilpentium_Class : SubClass Unnilpentium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive transactinide element. Expected - -- to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf_260 - -- was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) - -- in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq_257 and Unq_258 in - -- 1964. - fun Unnilquadium : Class ; - fun Unnilquadium_Class : SubClass Unnilquadium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Radioactive transition metal. Half_life of - -- approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear - -- Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists - -- at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt. - fun Unnilseptium : Class ; - fun Unnilseptium_Class : SubClass Unnilseptium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- White radioactive metallic element belonging to - -- the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U_238, U_235 and U_234. - -- Uranium_235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons. - -- Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789. - fun Uranium : Class ; - fun Uranium_Class : SubClass Uranium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good - -- resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It - -- oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes - -- of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V_49 having the longest half_life at 337 - -- days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding - -- titanium to steel, and vanadium_gallium tape is used to produce a - -- superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of - -- Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, - -- Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was - -- isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from - -- {Vanadis}, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery_white metallic - -- transition element. Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and - -- chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and - -- vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung - -- cancer if inhaled. - fun Vanadium : Class ; - fun Vanadium_Class : SubClass Vanadium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on - -- the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven - -- radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble_gas - -- compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found - -- since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898. - fun Xenon : Class ; - fun Xenon_Class : SubClass Xenon ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. - -- Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in - -- certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878. - fun Ytterbium : Class ; - fun Ytterbium_Class : SubClass Ytterbium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Silvery_grey metallic element of group 3 on the - -- periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y_89, - -- there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the - -- lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in - -- 1828 by Friedrich Wohler. - fun Yttrium : Class ; - fun Yttrium_Class : SubClass Yttrium ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Blue_white metallic element. Occurs in multiple - -- compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes - -- have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and - -- other non_metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen. - fun Zinc : Class ; - fun Zinc_Class : SubClass Zinc ElementalSubstance ; - - -- Grey_white metallic transition element. Five - -- natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear - -- reactors for a {neutron} absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, - -- isolated in 1824 by Berzelius. - fun Zirconium : Class ; - fun Zirconium_Class : SubClass Zirconium ElementalSubstance ; - -} -- cgit v1.2.3