From f7f0112256b738a7c640c37d5bcbfc8a33bdb307 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: krasimir <krasimir@chalmers.se>
Date: Wed, 17 Feb 2010 11:07:24 +0000
Subject: added examples/SUMO

---
 examples/SUMO/Geography.gf | 3062 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 3062 insertions(+)
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diff --git a/examples/SUMO/Geography.gf b/examples/SUMO/Geography.gf
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+abstract Geography = open Merge, Mid_level_ontology, Transportation in {
+
+
+
+
+fun AcidRainIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+--  AcidRainfall is the subclass of 
+-- Raining in which the precipitate contains harmful amounts of 
+-- sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide. The standard for acid rain 
+-- is below 5.6 pH.
+fun AcidRainfall : Class ;
+fun AcidRainfall_Class : SubClass AcidRainfall WeatherProcess ;
+
+-- Acidification is the process of 
+-- lowering soil and water pH due to acid rain or other types of 
+-- acid deposition. Potential harmful effects include killing 
+-- freshwater fish and plants.
+fun Acidification : Class ;
+fun Acidification_Class : SubClass Acidification Combining ;
+
+fun AcidificationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- AerosolParticulate is a 
+-- Substance that includes aerosol_dispersed particles 
+-- that are mixed with air, gas, or smoke. A form of Pollution.
+fun AerosolParticulate : Class ;
+fun AerosolParticulate_Class : SubClass AerosolParticulate Substance ;
+
+fun AerosolParticulateIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- Afforestation is the process of 
+-- planting trees and plants on spaces that are either empty or in 
+-- agricultural use.
+fun Afforestation : Class ;
+fun Afforestation_Class : SubClass Afforestation Planting ;
+
+fun Africa : Ind Continent ;
+
+-- Aftershock is the subclass of EarthTremors 
+-- that occur after the main tremor(s) of an Earthquake.
+fun Aftershock : Class ;
+fun Aftershock_Class : SubClass Aftershock EarthTremor ;
+
+-- Agreement is the class of 
+-- Propositions that express the contents of agreements 
+-- entered into by CognitiveAgents. Agreement includes 
+-- treaties, contracts, purchase orders, pledges, marriage 
+-- vows, etc. An Agreement may be written down in a document 
+-- or other ContentBearingObject.
+fun Agreement : Class ;
+fun Agreement_Class : SubClass Agreement Proposition ;
+
+-- (AgreementOrganizationFn ?AGR) 
+-- denotes the official Organization established by the Agreement ?AGR 
+-- to administer or enforce the terms of that agreement.
+fun AgreementOrganizationFn : El Agreement -> Ind Organization ;
+
+
+fun AgriculturalChemicalsIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun AgriculturalExpansionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- Agriculture is a class of Processes 
+-- in which land, plants, or animals are cultivated in order to produce 
+-- food or other organic products.
+fun Agriculture : Class ;
+fun Agriculture_Class : SubClass Agriculture Maintaining ;
+
+-- AirPollution is the subclass of 
+-- Pollution processes in which air is contaminated.
+fun AirPollution : Class ;
+fun AirPollution_Class : SubClass AirPollution Pollution ;
+
+fun AirPollutionConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun AirPollutionIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;
+
+fun AirPollution_NitrogenOxidesProtocol : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun AirPollution_PeristentOrganicPollutantsProtocol : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun AirPollution_Sulphur85Protocol : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun AirPollution_Sulphur94Protocol : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun AirPollution_VolatileOrganicCompoundsProtocol : Ind Agreement ;
+
+-- AirStream is the class of FlowRegions that consist of air.
+fun AirStream : Class ;
+fun AirStream_Class : SubClass AirStream (both Air FlowRegion) ;
+
+
+-- The area below the AntarcticCircle, which is
+-- 66 degrees 33 minutes and 38 seconds south latitude. It is dark
+-- for at least 24 hours at some point during the year, with an
+-- increasing period of yearly continuous darkness as one gets closer
+-- to the South Pole.
+fun AntarcticArea : Class ;
+fun AntarcticArea_Class : SubClass AntarcticArea LandArea ;
+
+fun AntarcticCircumpolarCurrent : Ind WaterMotion ;
+
+fun AntarcticSealsConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun AntarcticTreaty : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun Antarctic_EnvironmentalProtocol : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun Antarctic_MarineLivingResourcesConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun ArabianSea : Ind Sea ;
+
+-- ArableLand is the subclass of 
+-- LandArea that represents land in cultivation with crops that 
+-- are replanted after each harvest, e.g., wheat and rice.
+fun ArableLand : Class ;
+fun ArableLand_Class : SubClass ArableLand LandArea ;
+
+fun AralSea : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+-- ArcMinute represents a UnitOfMeasure 
+-- equivalent to 1/60th of an AngularDegree.
+fun ArcMinute : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ;
+
+
+-- ArcSecond represents a UnitOfMeasure 
+-- equivalent to 1/60th of an ArcMinute.
+fun ArcSecond : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ;
+
+
+-- An ArchipelagicArea is a GeographicArea 
+-- including an Archipelago and the surrounding WaterArea.
+fun ArchipelagicArea : Class ;
+fun ArchipelagicArea_Class : SubClass ArchipelagicArea GeographicArea ;
+
+-- An Archipelago is a group of islands.
+fun Archipelago : Class ;
+fun Archipelago_Class : SubClass Archipelago (both Collection LandForm) ;
+
+
+-- ArcticOcean represents the Arctic Ocean.
+fun ArcticOcean : Ind Ocean ;
+
+
+-- The area above the Artic Circle, which is
+-- 66 degrees 33 minutes and 38 seconds north latitude. It is dark
+-- for at least 24 hours at some point during the year, with an
+-- increasing period of yearly continuous darkness as one gets closer
+-- to the North Pole.
+fun ArcticRegion : Class ;
+
+
+-- AreaOfConcern is a subclass of 
+-- Attributes that represent and classify the kinds of interests that 
+-- agents have.
+fun AreaOfConcern : Class ;
+fun AreaOfConcern_Class : SubClass AreaOfConcern RelationalAttribute ;
+
+-- AridClimateZone is the 
+-- class of regions in which the climate is characterized by 
+-- a distinct dry season. Annual rate of moisture evaporation 
+-- exceeds annual rate of precipitation. This is Class B in the 
+-- Koeppen climate system.
+fun AridClimateZone : Class ;
+fun AridClimateZone_Class : SubClass AridClimateZone ClimateZone ;
+
+-- Asbestos is a Mineral.
+fun Asbestos : Class ;
+fun Asbestos_Class : SubClass Asbestos Mineral ;
+
+fun AsbestosDisposalIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun Asia : Ind Continent ;
+
+-- AtlanticOcean represents the Atlantic 
+-- Ocean.
+fun AtlanticOcean : Ind Ocean ;
+
+
+-- Atmosphere is a mixture of gases 
+-- surrounding any celestial object that has a gravitational field 
+-- strong enough to prevent the gases from escaping.
+fun Atmosphere : Class ;
+fun Atmosphere_Class : SubClass Atmosphere Region ;
+
+fun AtmosphericHazing : Class ;
+fun AtmosphericHazing_Class : SubClass AtmosphericHazing WeatherProcess ;
+
+-- Atoll is the class of CoralReefs which surround 
+-- a lagoon.
+fun Atoll : Class ;
+fun Atoll_Class : SubClass Atoll CoralReef ;
+
+-- AvalancheProcess is a subclass of 
+-- Motion that represents events in which a loosened mass of snow, ice, 
+-- rock, or earth rapidly descends a steep slope, with a destructive force.
+fun AvalancheProcess : Class ;
+fun AvalancheProcess_Class : SubClass AvalancheProcess Impelling ;
+
+fun BalticSea : Ind Sea ;
+
+-- Barite is Barium Sulfate occurring as a mineral.
+fun Barite : Class ;
+fun Barite_Class : SubClass Barite (both CompoundSubstance Mineral) ;
+
+
+-- A Basin is an area of land enclosed or partially 
+-- enclosed by higher land.
+fun Basin : Class ;
+fun Basin_Class : SubClass Basin LandForm ;
+
+-- Bay is the class of extensions of a body of water 
+-- (salt or fresh) that reach into the land, usually smaller than a 
+-- Gulf.
+fun Bay : Class ;
+fun Bay_Class : SubClass Bay Inlet ;
+
+-- BeaufortNumber is the
+-- Attribute for indicating wind force, according to
+-- classifications based on observable weather conditions and later
+-- related to wind speed ranges.
+fun BeaufortNumber : Class ;
+fun BeaufortNumber_Class : SubClass BeaufortNumber RelationalAttribute ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberEight : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberEleven : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberFive : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberFour : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberNine : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberOne : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberSeven : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberSix : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberTen : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberThree : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberTwelve : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeaufortNumberTwo : Ind BeaufortNumber ;
+
+fun BeringSea : Ind Sea ;
+
+-- BiodiversityAttribute is the 
+-- class of Attributes that describe the level of biodiversity present 
+-- in a GeographicArea or Ecosystem.
+fun BiodiversityAttribute : Class ;
+fun BiodiversityAttribute_Class : SubClass BiodiversityAttribute InternalAttribute ;
+
+fun BiodiversityConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun BiodiversityIssue : Class ;
+fun BiodiversityIssue_Class : SubClass BiodiversityIssue EnvironmentalIssue ;
+-- Biome is the class of GeographicAreas 
+-- representing major kinds of ecological communities, that is, areas in 
+-- which certain kinds of plants, animals, weather, and terrain interact 
+-- to produce and support a distinctive ecosystem.
+fun Biome : Class ;
+fun Biome_Class : SubClass Biome Ecosystem ;
+
+fun BlackSea : Ind Sea ;
+
+fun Blizzard : Class ;
+fun Blizzard_Class : SubClass Blizzard WeatherProcess ;
+fun BodyOfWater_WaterArea : SubClass BodyOfWater WaterArea ;
+
+-- (BorderFn ?AREA1 ?AREA2) denotes the 
+-- border area where the GeographicAreas ?AREA1 and ?AREA2 meet.
+fun BorderFn : El GeographicArea -> El GeographicArea -> Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+
+fun BorealForest : Class ;
+fun BorealForest_Class : SubClass BorealForest (both Biome Forest) ;
+
+-- BrownCoal is a soft Coal harder than 
+-- peat and softer than bituminous coal. Also called lignite, it is 
+-- brownish in color.
+fun BrownCoal : Class ;
+fun BrownCoal_Class : SubClass BrownCoal Coal ;
+
+-- A Butte is an Upland raised sharply from the 
+-- surrounding region. Smaller in area than a Mesa.
+fun Butte : Class ;
+fun Butte_Class : SubClass Butte (both LandForm UplandArea) ;
+
+
+-- Canal is the subclass of navigable Waterways 
+-- flowing through an artificial course. Typically, a canal is a 
+-- Transitway connecting two bodies of water.
+fun Canal : Class ;
+fun Canal_Class : SubClass Canal (both StationaryArtifact Waterway) ;
+
+
+-- A CanalStructure is the constructed 
+-- framework, including Locks, that contains the waters of a Canal.
+fun CanalStructure : Class ;
+fun CanalStructure_Class : SubClass CanalStructure StationaryArtifact ;
+
+-- CanopiedVegetation describes the 
+-- density of vegetation in a RainForest or Jungle.
+fun CanopiedVegetation : Ind Attribute ;
+
+
+-- A Canyon is a narrow valley with steep sides, usually 
+-- created by erosion.
+fun Canyon : Class ;
+fun Canyon_Class : SubClass Canyon LandForm ;
+
+-- A Cape is a piece of land projecting into a body of water.
+fun Cape : Class ;
+fun Cape_Class : SubClass Cape LandForm ;
+
+-- CarbonCycle is the class of 
+-- GeologicalProcesses in which carbon in various forms is passed 
+-- between air, water, earth, and the biosphere.
+fun CarbonCycle : Class ;
+fun CarbonCycle_Class : SubClass CarbonCycle GeologicalProcess ;
+
+fun CarbonDioxideEmission : Class ;
+fun CarbonDioxideEmission_Class : SubClass CarbonDioxideEmission Separating ;
+fun CaribbeanRegion : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun CaribbeanSea : Ind Sea ;
+
+fun CaspianSea : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+-- A CaveMatrix is the framework of earth or 
+-- rock in which a Cave is embedded.
+fun CaveMatrix : Class ;
+fun CaveMatrix_Class : SubClass CaveMatrix LandForm ;
+
+fun Cave_Hole : SubClass Cave Hole ;
+
+fun CentralAfrica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun CentralAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun CentralEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun CentralSouthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun Channel_BodyOfWater : SubClass Channel BodyOfWater ;
+
+fun ChinookWind : Class ;
+fun ChinookWind_Class : SubClass ChinookWind WindProcess ;
+-- A mineral that consists of an oxide of
+-- iron and chromium.
+fun Chromite : Class ;
+fun Chromite_Class : SubClass Chromite (both CompoundSubstance Mineral) ;
+
+
+-- Fine_grained soil consisting of mineral particles, not 
+-- necessarily clay minerals, that are less than 0.002 mm in their maximum dimension.
+fun Clay : Class ;
+fun Clay_Class : SubClass Clay Soil ;
+
+-- ClearWeather represents a condition 
+-- in which less than 30% of the sky is covered with clouds.
+fun ClearWeather : Class ;
+fun ClearWeather_Class : SubClass ClearWeather WeatherProcess ;
+
+-- A Cliff is any high, very_steep_to_perpendicular 
+-- or overhanging face of rock or earth, a precipice.
+fun Cliff : Class ;
+fun Cliff_Class : SubClass Cliff SlopedArea ;
+
+fun ClimateChangeConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun ClimateChangeIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun ClimateChange_KyotoProtocol : Ind Agreement ;
+
+-- &ClimateZone is a subclass of GeographicArea in which regions 
+-- are classified according to their long_term weather conditions. 
+-- The subclasses of ClimateZone are based on the Koeppen Climate 
+-- Classification system. In the Koeppen system, climate zones are 
+-- distinguished based on temperatures and rainfall.
+fun ClimateZone : Class ;
+fun ClimateZone_Class : SubClass ClimateZone GeographicArea ;
+
+-- Coal is a black or brownish black solid combustible 
+-- substance formed by the partial decomposition of vegetable matter without 
+-- free access of air and under the influence of moisture and often increased 
+-- pressure and temperature. Coal is a sedimentary rock containing a high 
+-- proportion of carbon.
+fun Coal : Class ;
+fun Coal_Class : SubClass Coal (both FossilFuel (both Mineral Rock)) ;
+
+
+fun CoastalDegradation : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun CoastalFlooding : Class ;
+fun CoastalFlooding_Class : SubClass CoastalFlooding Flooding ;
+fun CoastalMarinePollutionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- CoastalPlain is the class of broad plains 
+-- areas adjacent to a Sea or Ocean. A coastal plain includes a narrower 
+-- ShoreArea adjacent to a body of water.
+fun CoastalPlain : Class ;
+fun CoastalPlain_Class : SubClass CoastalPlain Plain ;
+
+-- ColdClimateZone is the subclass 
+-- of ClimateZone that is characterized by a warmest month with average 
+-- temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius and a coldest month with 
+-- average temperature less than _3 degrees Celsius. This is Koeppen climate 
+-- system Type D.
+fun ColdClimateZone : Class ;
+fun ColdClimateZone_Class : SubClass ColdClimateZone ClimateZone ;
+
+-- ColdDampClimateZone is the 
+-- subclass of ColdClimateZone that is characterized by having more 
+-- than 30 mm of precipitation in the driest month. This is subtype 
+-- 'Df' in the Koeppen climate system.
+fun ColdDampClimateZone : Class ;
+fun ColdDampClimateZone_Class : SubClass ColdDampClimateZone ColdClimateZone ;
+
+-- ColdFront is the class of transitional 
+-- weather processes occurring between a cold air mass that is advancing 
+-- upon a warm air mass.
+fun ColdFront : Class ;
+fun ColdFront_Class : SubClass ColdFront WeatherFront ;
+
+-- ContinentalClimateZone is a subclass of TemperateClimateZone that is 
+-- characterized by cold winters and hot summers.
+fun ContinentalClimateZone : Class ;
+fun ContinentalClimateZone_Class : SubClass ContinentalClimateZone TemperateClimateZone ;
+
+-- ContinentalMargin is class of 
+-- SubmergedLandAreas that are the extension of land underwater at 
+-- the edge of a continent, before a drop to the sea floor. A 
+-- ContinentalMargin includes the ContinentalShelf and the 
+-- continental break, slope, or rise at the outer edge.
+fun ContinentalMargin : Class ;
+fun ContinentalMargin_Class : SubClass ContinentalMargin SubmergedLandArea ;
+
+-- A ContinentalShelf is a natural 
+-- undersea extension of land around a Continent. The shelf is a 
+-- gently sloped (average less than one percent) plain that is an extension 
+-- of the CoastalPlain found off the coast of most continents.
+fun ContinentalShelf : Class ;
+fun ContinentalShelf_Class : SubClass ContinentalShelf SubmergedLandArea ;
+
+-- Corals are gastrovascular marine cnidarians (phylum 
+-- Cnidaria, class Anthozoa) existing as small anemone_like polyps, typically 
+-- forming colonies of many individuals. The group includes the important 
+-- reef builders known as hermatypic corals, found in tropical oceans, and 
+-- belonging to the subclass Zoantharia of order Scleractinia (formerly 
+-- Madreporaria). The hermatypic corals obtain much of their nutrient 
+-- requirement from symbiotic unicellular algae called zooxanthellae, and so 
+-- are dependent upon growing in sunlight. As a result, these corals are 
+-- usually found not far beneath the surface, although in clear waters corals 
+-- can grow at depths of 60 m (200 ft). Corals breed by spawning, with all 
+-- corals of the same species in a region releasing gametes simultaneously 
+-- over a period of one to several nights around a full moon. (from Wikipedia)
+fun Coral : Class ;
+fun Coral_Class : SubClass Coral Invertebrate ;
+
+-- CoralReef is the subclass of Reefs that are 
+-- formed from living organisms that produce the limestone formations of the 
+-- reef. Coral reefs include fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and Atolls.
+fun CoralReef : Class ;
+fun CoralReef_Class : SubClass CoralReef Reef ;
+
+fun CoralReefDecayIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- A Cove is a small part of a body of water that 
+-- reaches into a coast.
+fun Cove : Class ;
+fun Cove_Class : SubClass Cove Inlet ;
+
+-- Crosswind is the relative attribute of a 
+-- Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to a lateral 
+-- side of the object.
+fun Crosswind : Ind Attribute ;
+
+
+-- CyclonicStorm is the class of 
+-- LowPressureWeatherSystems that involve a low pressure area 
+-- surrounded by rapidly rotating winds, with the whole system 
+-- typically moving forward at 20_30 mph.
+fun CyclonicStorm : Class ;
+fun CyclonicStorm_Class : SubClass CyclonicStorm (both LowPressureWeatherSystem Windstorm) ;
+
+
+-- DDT (dichoro_diphenyl_trichloro_ethane) 
+-- is a highly toxic insecticide also harmful to most other animal 
+-- species. DDT was banned in the UnitedStates in 1972.
+fun DDT : Class ;
+fun DDT_Class : SubClass DDT CompoundSubstance ;
+
+fun Dam_StationaryArtifact : SubClass Dam StationaryArtifact ;
+
+-- (DatumFn ?place) denotes the point of MLLW (Mean Lower Low 
+-- Water) used as the initial data point for a coastal or WaterArea given on a nautical 
+-- chart. High and low tides are calculated with reference to this point.
+fun DatumFn : El GeographicArea -> Ind LengthMeasure ;
+
+
+fun DeadSea : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+-- Defoliant is the class of substances 
+-- that are used to make plants lose their leaves, typically used 
+-- in agriculture or warfare. Defoliants may have detrimental 
+-- environmental side effects.
+fun Defoliant : Class ;
+fun Defoliant_Class : SubClass Defoliant PureSubstance ;
+
+fun Deforestation : Class ;
+fun Deforestation_Class : SubClass Deforestation (both ForestDamage Removing) ;
+
+fun DeforestationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- A Delta is a LandForm composed of silt or other 
+-- alluvium, deposited at or near the mouth of a river or stream as it enters 
+-- a body of relatively static water. Typically a delta is flat and fan_shaped.
+fun Delta : Class ;
+fun Delta_Class : SubClass Delta LandForm ;
+
+-- DenseVegetation describes the 
+-- density of vegetation in a Forest.
+fun DenseVegetation : Ind Attribute ;
+
+
+-- Desert is a subclass of LandAreas that are 
+-- arid regions having sparse or no vegetation.
+fun Desert : Class ;
+fun Desert_Class : SubClass Desert LandArea ;
+
+-- DesertClimateZone 
+-- is the class of AridClimateZones characterized by 
+-- sparse, desert vegetation. Koeppen system 'BW'.
+fun DesertClimateZone : Class ;
+fun DesertClimateZone_Class : SubClass DesertClimateZone AridClimateZone ;
+
+-- Desertification represents the 
+-- Process by which desert conditions are spread over an area.
+fun Desertification : Class ;
+fun Desertification_Class : SubClass Desertification WeatherProcess ;
+
+fun DesertificationConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun DesertificationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun DipSlipFault : Class ;
+fun DipSlipFault_Class : SubClass DipSlipFault GeologicalFault ;
+-- (DirectionalSubregionFn ?DIRECTION ?AREA) denotes the part 
+-- of GeographicArea ?AREA that lies in ?DIRECTION from the 
+-- geographic center of ?AREA. For example, 
+-- (DirectionalSubregionFn Iraq North) denotes the Northern 
+-- part of Iraq. Such subregions are defined purely by geographical 
+-- points of reference, not by sociological ones. For example, 
+-- (DirectionalSubregionFn UnitedStatesOfAmerica South) denotes 
+-- the Southern half of the United States, it does not denote the 
+-- American South as distinguished for historical, literary, or 
+-- cultural purposes.
+fun DirectionalSubregionFn : El DirectionalAttribute -> El GeographicArea -> Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+
+fun DiseaseConditionsIssue : Class ;
+fun DiseaseConditionsIssue_Class : SubClass DiseaseConditionsIssue EnvironmentalIssue ;
+-- (DocumentFn ?PROP) denotes a class 
+-- of Text objects that contain the information ?PROP.
+fun DocumentFn: El Proposition -> Desc Text ;
+
+
+-- Downhill is a PositionalAttribute that 
+-- describes the relation between two things, one of which is located 
+-- down a slope from the other.
+fun Downhill : Ind PositionalAttribute ;
+
+
+fun Downstream : Ind PositionalAttribute ;
+
+-- Downwind is a PositionalAttribute that indicates relative position 
+-- downwind (leeward) with respect to the direction that the Wind is 
+-- blowing.
+fun Downwind : Ind PositionalAttribute ;
+
+
+fun Dredging : Class ;
+fun Dredging_Class : SubClass Dredging Removing ;
+fun DriftNetFishingIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun DriftnetFishing : Class ;
+fun DriftnetFishing_Class : SubClass DriftnetFishing Fishing ;
+-- Drought is the subclass of WeatherProcess 
+-- that represents long periods without precipitation, which is damaging 
+-- to crops, livestock, and human life.
+fun Drought : Class ;
+fun Drought_Class : SubClass Drought WeatherProcess ;
+
+fun DroughtIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- DryWinterColdClimateZone 
+-- is a subclass of ColdClimateZone that is characterized by having 
+-- at least ten times as much precipitation in the wettest summer month 
+-- as in the driest winter month. This is Koeppen climate system subtype 
+-- 'Dw'.
+fun DryWinterColdClimateZone : Class ;
+fun DryWinterColdClimateZone_Class : SubClass DryWinterColdClimateZone ColdClimateZone ;
+
+fun DustStorm : Class ;
+fun DustStorm_Class : SubClass DustStorm WeatherProcess ;
+-- An EarthTremor is an individual seismic 
+-- event in which the earth shakes due to release of seismic pressures.
+fun EarthTremor : Class ;
+fun EarthTremor_Class : SubClass EarthTremor (both GeologicalProcess Tremor) ;
+
+
+-- Earthquake is the class of events in 
+-- which the earth shakes while its layers readjust due to tensional 
+-- stresses in the surface of the earth. A single earthquake may consist 
+-- of one or more EarthTremors.
+fun Earthquake : Class ;
+fun Earthquake_Class : SubClass Earthquake GeologicalProcess ;
+
+-- EarthsAtmosphere is the layer of gases, 
+-- a mixture of mainly oxygen and nitrogen, surrounding PlanetEarth. See 
+-- also Air.
+fun EarthsAtmosphere : Ind Atmosphere ;
+
+
+-- EarthsMoon is the Moon of PlanetEarth.
+fun EarthsMoon : Ind Moon ;
+
+
+fun EasternAfrica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun EasternAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun EasternEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+-- The half of the Earth that includes Europe, 
+-- Asia, Africa, and Australia.
+fun EasternHemisphere : Ind Hemisphere ;
+
+
+fun EasternSouthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+-- Ecosystem is a subclass of GeographicAreas 
+-- considered together with their organisms and environment as a functioning 
+-- whole.
+fun Ecosystem : Class ;
+fun Ecosystem_Class : SubClass Ecosystem GeographicArea ;
+
+-- Effluent is a Substance 
+-- that generically covers any waste matter that is released into 
+-- the environment, including sewage and industrial pollutants.
+fun Effluent : Class ;
+fun Effluent_Class : SubClass Effluent Substance ;
+
+fun ElNino : Class ;
+fun ElNino_Class : SubClass ElNino WeatherSeason ;
+-- (ElevationHighPointFn ?AREA) 
+-- denotes the area within the GeographicArea ?AREA that has the 
+-- highest elevation.
+fun ElevationHighPointFn : El GeographicArea -> Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+
+-- (ElevationLowPointFn ?AREA) 
+-- denotes the area within the GeographicArea ?AREA that has the 
+-- lowest elevation.
+fun ElevationLowPointFn : El GeographicArea -> Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+
+fun EndangeredMarineWildlifeIssue : Ind BiodiversityIssue ;
+
+-- EndangeredSpecies is the 
+-- subclass of Organism that includes plants and animals that 
+-- are in danger of extinction from destruction of individuals 
+-- or of habitat.
+fun EndangeredSpecies : Class ;
+fun EndangeredSpecies_Class : SubClass EndangeredSpecies Organism ;
+
+fun EndangeredSpeciesConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun EndangeredSpeciesIssue : Ind BiodiversityIssue ;
+
+fun EnvironmentalIssue : Class ;
+fun EnvironmentalIssue_Class : SubClass EnvironmentalIssue AreaOfConcern ;
+fun EnvironmentalModificationConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun EnvironmentalWaterIssue : Class ;
+fun EnvironmentalWaterIssue_Class : SubClass EnvironmentalWaterIssue EnvironmentalIssue ;
+-- Erosion is a wearing process on 
+-- LandForms by wind, running water, ice, heat, and other processes, 
+-- in which rock and soil material are removed from one area and 
+-- deposited elsewhere.
+fun Erosion : Class ;
+fun Erosion_Class : SubClass Erosion (both GeologicalProcess Removing) ;
+
+
+-- Estuary is the subclass of BodyOfWater that 
+-- represents WaterAreas where a sea or ocean Tide meets a River 
+-- current.
+fun Estuary : Class ;
+fun Estuary_Class : SubClass Estuary (both BodyOfWater (both Inlet SaltWaterArea)) ;
+
+
+-- ExclusiveFishingZone is the 
+-- subclass of MaritimeClaimArea including offshore areas over which a 
+-- nation claims exclusive jurisdiction only for fishing purposes (cf. 
+-- MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone). Zone widths vary up to 200 miles 
+-- (NM).
+fun ExclusiveFishingZone : Class ;
+fun ExclusiveFishingZone_Class : SubClass ExclusiveFishingZone (both MaritimeClaimArea SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+
+-- (ExclusiveFishingZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the 
+-- ExclusiveFishingZone that is claimed by the 
+-- GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
+fun ExclusiveFishingZoneFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind ExclusiveFishingZone ;
+
+
+-- ExtendedFishingZone is the subclass of MaritimeClaimArea 
+-- that includes offshore areas over which a nation claims fishing rights, 
+-- beyond that nation's ExclusiveFishingZone. Zone widths vary, 
+-- from as little as 12 miles (NM) up to a width of 200 miles (NM).
+fun ExtendedFishingZone : Class ;
+fun ExtendedFishingZone_Class : SubClass ExtendedFishingZone (both MaritimeClaimArea SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+
+-- (ExtendedFishingZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the 
+-- ExtendedFishingZoneFn that is claimed by the 
+-- GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY, beyond its ExclusiveFishingZone.
+fun ExtendedFishingZoneFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind ExtendedFishingZone ;
+
+
+fun Famine : Class ;
+fun Famine_Class : SubClass Famine SocialInteraction ;
+fun FamineIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun FarmingPracticesIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- Fathom is a UnitOfMeasure used for measuring 
+-- water depth. One fathom is equal to six feet.
+fun Fathom : Ind UnitOfLength ;
+
+
+-- FertileTerrain describes an area 
+-- that has the type of soil and climate conditions needed to produce 
+-- good quality crops.
+fun FertileTerrain : Ind TerrainAttribute ;
+
+
+-- Fire is the subclass of Combustion events in 
+-- which flames are present. Fires are slower combustion processes than 
+-- explosions, though some fires may include explosive episodes.
+fun Fire : Class ;
+fun Fire_Class : SubClass Fire Combustion ;
+
+fun FishStockDepletionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- Fishing is the class of Processes in which 
+-- Fish are hunted.
+fun Fishing : Class ;
+fun Fishing_Class : SubClass Fishing Hunting ;
+
+fun FlashFlooding : Class ;
+fun FlashFlooding_Class : SubClass FlashFlooding Flooding ;
+-- FlatTerrain is a TerrainAttribute 
+-- describing regions within which there is very little variation in 
+-- altitude.
+fun FlatTerrain : Ind TerrainAttribute ;
+
+
+fun Flooding_WeatherProcess : SubClass Flooding WeatherProcess ;
+
+-- (FlowFn ?FLUID) denotes the Motion process
+-- associated with the constitutive pieces of the FlowRegion ?FLUID.
+fun FlowFn : El FlowRegion -> Ind Motion ;
+
+
+-- (FlowRegionFn ?FLOW) denotes the region 
+-- in which the coherent LiquidMotion process ?FLOW is occurring.
+fun FlowRegionFn : El LiquidMotion -> Ind Region ;
+
+
+fun FlowRegion_Region : SubClass FlowRegion Region ;
+
+fun Fogging : Class ;
+fun Fogging_Class : SubClass Fogging WeatherProcess ;
+-- Forest is the class of large LandAreas that 
+-- are covered by trees and associated undergrowth, either growing wild or 
+-- managed for the purpose of timber production.
+fun Forest : Class ;
+fun Forest_Class : SubClass Forest LandArea ;
+
+fun ForestDamage : Class ;
+fun ForestDamage_Class : SubClass ForestDamage Damaging ;
+fun ForestDegradation : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun ForestFire : Class ;
+fun ForestFire_Class : SubClass ForestFire (both Combustion ForestDamage) ;
+
+fun FragileEcosystemIssue : Ind BiodiversityIssue ;
+
+fun FreezingRain : Class ;
+fun FreezingRain_Class : SubClass FreezingRain Precipitation ;
+-- Freshwater is the subclass of Water 
+-- that has low soluble mineral content. See also PotableWater.
+fun Freshwater : Class ;
+fun Freshwater_Class : SubClass Freshwater Water ;
+
+fun FreshwaterOverutilization : Class ;
+fun FreshwaterOverutilization_Class : SubClass FreshwaterOverutilization SocialInteraction ;
+-- (GeographicCenterFn ?REGION) denotes the geographical center 
+-- of the GeographicArea ?REGION.
+fun GeographicCenterFn : El GeographicArea -> Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+
+fun GeographicRegion : Class ;
+
+-- GeologicalFault is the subclass of 
+-- GeographicAreas in which there is a fracture in the Earth's crust 
+-- and differential movement can occur on the two sides of the fault. 
+-- Such movement results in EarthTremors and is the cause of 
+-- Earthquakes.
+fun GeologicalFault : Class ;
+fun GeologicalFault_Class : SubClass GeologicalFault GeographicArea ;
+
+-- GeologicallyStable is a 
+-- TerrainAttribute of a GeographicArea in which the geological 
+-- substructure is stable, i.e., there are no active Volcanoes, 
+-- no major fault lines, no blasting or other destabilizing activity.
+fun GeologicallyStable : Ind TerrainAttribute ;
+
+
+fun Ghibli : Class ;
+fun Ghibli_Class : SubClass Ghibli WindProcess ;
+-- A Glacier is a large body of slow_moving ice. 
+-- Glaciers displace soil and rock while moving over land surfaces and break 
+-- apart, forming Icebergs, when they reach the sea.
+fun Glacier : Class ;
+fun Glacier_Class : SubClass Glacier LandForm ;
+
+fun GrassFire : Class ;
+fun GrassFire_Class : SubClass GrassFire Combustion ;
+-- Grassland is the class of LandAreas 
+-- where the predominant vegetation is some kind of grass.
+fun Grassland : Class ;
+fun Grassland_Class : SubClass Grassland (both Biome LandArea) ;
+
+
+-- Gravel is small rounded stones, often mixed with sand.
+fun Gravel : Class ;
+fun Gravel_Class : SubClass Gravel Rock ;
+
+fun GreatSaltLake : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+-- GreenhouseGas is the subclass of 
+-- substances that, when present in the atmosphere, trap infrared 
+-- radiation and cause global warming. Greenhouse gases include 
+-- carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, 
+-- and water vapor.
+fun GreenhouseGas : Class ;
+fun GreenhouseGas_Class : SubClass GreenhouseGas PureSubstance ;
+
+fun GreenwichEnglandUK : Ind City ;
+
+-- GroundCoverVegetation 
+-- describes the density of uniform low vegetation in a field or meadow.
+fun GroundCoverVegetation : Ind Attribute ;
+
+
+-- Groundwater is the subclass of 
+-- Water that is found in deposits in the earth.
+fun Groundwater : Class ;
+fun Groundwater_Class : SubClass Groundwater Water ;
+
+fun GroundwaterPollutionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalWaterIssue ;
+
+-- Gulf is the class of extensions of a Sea or 
+-- Ocean that reach into a land mass or are partially enclosed by a 
+-- LandArea. A Gulf is typically larger than a Bay.
+fun Gulf : Class ;
+fun Gulf_Class : SubClass Gulf (both BodyOfWater SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+
+fun GulfOfAden : Ind (both Gulf SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+fun GulfOfMexico : Ind (both Gulf SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+fun GulfOfOman : Ind (both Gulf SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+-- Hailing is a precipitation process 
+-- in which Water falls in a Solid state with round, hard pellets.
+fun Hailing : Class ;
+fun Hailing_Class : SubClass Hailing Precipitation ;
+
+fun HarmattanWind : Class ;
+fun HarmattanWind_Class : SubClass HarmattanWind WindProcess ;
+fun HazardousWastesConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+-- Headwind is the relative attribute of a 
+-- Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to the front 
+-- of the object (FrontFn). A headwind can negatively affect the speed 
+-- capability of a vehicle.
+fun Headwind : Ind Attribute ;
+
+
+fun HeavyRaining : Class ;
+fun HeavyRaining_Class : SubClass HeavyRaining Raining ;
+fun HeavySurf : Class ;
+fun HeavySurf_Class : SubClass HeavySurf (both WaterMotion WeatherProcess) ;
+
+-- Hemisphere is the class of GeographicAreas 
+-- that are halves of the Earth, as traditionally divided into the Northern 
+-- and Southern Hemispheres along the equator and into the Eastern and Western 
+-- Hemispheres along a north_south line running 20°W and 160°E.
+fun Hemisphere : Class ;
+fun Hemisphere_Class : SubClass Hemisphere GeographicArea ;
+
+fun HighBiodiversity : Ind BiodiversityAttribute ;
+
+-- HighPressureWeatherSystem is 
+-- the class of weather systems characterized by high barometricPressures. 
+-- High pressure systems typically cause clear weather.
+fun HighPressureWeatherSystem : Class ;
+fun HighPressureWeatherSystem_Class : SubClass HighPressureWeatherSystem WeatherSystem ;
+
+-- HighTide is the class of TidalProcesses that 
+-- occur twice a day in marine waters, in which the water level rises above 
+-- the mean sea level.
+fun HighTide : Class ;
+fun HighTide_Class : SubClass HighTide TidalProcess ;
+
+-- HigherHighTide is the subclass of 
+-- HighTide processes that occur in marine waters with a 
+-- MixedTideProcess.
+fun HigherHighTide : Class ;
+fun HigherHighTide_Class : SubClass HigherHighTide HighTide ;
+
+-- A Hill is a raised part of the earth's surface with 
+-- sloping sides _ an old mountain which because of erosion has become shorter 
+-- and more rounded.
+fun Hill : Class ;
+fun Hill_Class : SubClass Hill (both LandForm UplandArea) ;
+
+
+-- Humus is decaying organic matter found in Soil 
+-- and derived from dead animal and plant material.
+fun Humus : Class ;
+fun Humus_Class : SubClass Humus Mixture ;
+
+fun Hurricane : Class ;
+fun Hurricane_Class : SubClass Hurricane (both TropicalCyclone WeatherProcess) ;
+
+fun HurricaneSeason : Class ;
+fun HurricaneSeason_Class : SubClass HurricaneSeason WeatherSeason ;
+-- HydropowerWaterArea 
+-- is the class of WaterAreas with waterflow strength adequate 
+-- for the production of hydropower.
+fun HydropowerWaterArea : Class ;
+fun HydropowerWaterArea_Class : SubClass HydropowerWaterArea WaterArea ;
+
+-- An Iceberg is a large chunk of ice that has 
+-- broken off from a glacier and fallen into the sea. The larger part of 
+-- an Iceberg floats underwater.
+fun Iceberg : Class ;
+fun Iceberg_Class : SubClass Iceberg (both SelfConnectedObject Water) ;
+
+
+fun Icing : Class ;
+fun Icing_Class : SubClass Icing (both Freezing WeatherProcess) ;
+
+fun IllegalWildlifeTradeIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun InadequatePotableWaterIssue : Ind EnvironmentalWaterIssue ;
+
+fun InadequateSanitationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- IndianOcean represents the Indian Ocean.
+fun IndianOcean : Ind Ocean ;
+
+
+fun IndigenousPeoplesPreservationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- IndustrialPollution is 
+-- the subclass of Pollution characterized by pollutants that 
+-- originate in industrial processes.
+fun IndustrialPollution : Class ;
+fun IndustrialPollution_Class : SubClass IndustrialPollution Pollution ;
+
+fun IndustrialPollutionIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;
+
+-- An instance of InlandWaterSystem 
+-- comprises two or more lakes or rivers, canals, or other waterways that 
+-- are interconnected.
+fun InlandWaterSystem : Class ;
+fun InlandWaterSystem_Class : SubClass InlandWaterSystem (both Collection WaterArea) ;
+
+
+-- Inlet is the class of bays or other recesses 
+-- into the shore of a lake, sea, or river, includes InletPassages, which 
+-- are passages leading from open water through some barrier to a bay or 
+-- lagoon.
+fun Inlet : Class ;
+fun Inlet_Class : SubClass Inlet BodyOfWater ;
+
+-- InletPassage is the class of water 
+-- passages connecting an area of open water to a bay or lagoon, through 
+-- some land barrier(s) close on either side.
+fun InletPassage : Class ;
+fun InletPassage_Class : SubClass InletPassage Inlet ;
+
+-- (InnerBoundaryFn ?REGION) denotes the 
+-- inner boundary of the Region ?REGION, where ?REGION has an inner and 
+-- outer orientation with respect to another object.
+fun InnerBoundaryFn : El Region -> Ind Region ;
+
+
+-- InternationalAgreement is the 
+-- subclass of Agreements which are made by and between Nations.
+fun InternationalAgreement : Class ;
+fun InternationalAgreement_Class : SubClass InternationalAgreement Agreement ;
+
+-- InternationalBorder is the 
+-- subclass of GeographicAreas where the areas of two Nations meet.
+fun InternationalBorder : Class ;
+fun InternationalBorder_Class : SubClass InternationalBorder GeographicArea ;
+
+fun InvasiveSpeciesIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- IrrigatedLand is the subclass of 
+-- LandArea representing land whose water supply is artificially 
+-- supplied or supplemented.
+fun IrrigatedLand : Class ;
+fun IrrigatedLand_Class : SubClass IrrigatedLand LandArea ;
+
+-- Irrigating is the process of transporting 
+-- and applying water to crops by artificial means.
+fun Irrigating : Class ;
+fun Irrigating_Class : SubClass Irrigating Motion ;
+
+-- IrrigationChannel is the class of 
+-- artificially created channels used for transporting water to agricultural 
+-- fields for Irrigating crops.
+fun IrrigationChannel : Class ;
+fun IrrigationChannel_Class : SubClass IrrigationChannel Artifact ;
+
+-- An Isthmus is a narrow strip of land that 
+-- connects two larger land masses and is bordered on two sides by water.
+fun Isthmus : Class ;
+fun Isthmus_Class : SubClass Isthmus LandArea ;
+
+-- JetStream is the class of high_velocity 
+-- AirStreams that blow constantly in the upper atmosphere with constant 
+-- speed and direction, though their location shifts somewhat. There are 
+-- four JetStreams in EarthsAtmosphere.
+fun JetStream : Class ;
+fun JetStream_Class : SubClass JetStream AirStream ;
+
+-- Jungle is a subclass of fertile LandAreas 
+-- that are overgrown with tropical vegetation.
+fun Jungle : Class ;
+fun Jungle_Class : SubClass Jungle (both Biome LandArea) ;
+
+
+fun Khamsin : Class ;
+fun Khamsin_Class : SubClass Khamsin Windstorm ;
+-- KnotUnitOfSpeed is a unit for measuring 
+-- speed. One KnotUnitOfSpeed is equal to one NauticalMile per one 
+-- HourDuration.
+fun KnotUnitOfSpeed : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ;
+
+
+fun KokoNor : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+-- Lake is the subclass of BodyOfWater whose 
+-- instances are naturally occurring static bodies of water surrounded 
+-- by land.
+fun Lake : Class ;
+fun Lake_Class : SubClass Lake StaticWaterArea ;
+
+fun LakeBakhtegan : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+fun LakeEyre : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+fun LakeMareotis : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+-- A LakeRegion is a GeographicArea 
+-- including land surrounding one or more Lakes.
+fun LakeRegion : Class ;
+fun LakeRegion_Class : SubClass LakeRegion GeographicArea ;
+
+fun LakeTorrens : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+fun LakeWalker : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+fun LandClearingIssue : Ind BiodiversityIssue ;
+
+-- A LandForm is the class of geographically and/or geologically 
+-- distinct areas that occur on Earth's surface, including mountains, hills, plains, valleys, 
+-- deltas, and features of submerged land areas such as the ocean floor.
+fun LandForm : Class ;
+fun LandForm_Class : SubClass LandForm GeographicArea ;
+
+fun LandSubsidence : Class ;
+fun LandSubsidence_Class : SubClass LandSubsidence GeologicalProcess ;
+-- LandlockedArea is the class of 
+-- LandAreas that lack access to an Ocean or to a Waterway 
+-- providing a link to the ocean.
+fun LandlockedArea : Class ;
+fun LandlockedArea_Class : SubClass LandlockedArea LandArea ;
+
+-- LandlockedWater includes water 
+-- areas that are surrounded by land, including salt lakes, fresh 
+-- water lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and (more or less) wetlands.
+fun LandlockedWater : Class ;
+fun LandlockedWater_Class : SubClass LandlockedWater BodyOfWater ;
+
+fun LandminesIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun Landslide : Class ;
+fun Landslide_Class : SubClass Landslide GeologicalProcess ;
+-- LandslideProcess is a subclass 
+-- of Motion that represents events in which a loosened mass of mud, 
+-- dirt, or rock slides down a slope, by the force of gravity.
+fun LandslideProcess : Class ;
+fun LandslideProcess_Class : SubClass LandslideProcess Impelling ;
+
+-- Latitude is the class of Regions, 
+-- associated with areas on the Earth's surface, which are parallels 
+-- measured in PlaneAngleDegrees from the Equator.
+fun Latitude : Class ;
+fun Latitude_Class : SubClass Latitude Region ;
+
+-- LatitudeFn is a VariableArityRelation 
+-- used to denote a parallel of latitude. Examples: 
+-- (LatitudeFn North (MeasureFn 38 AngularDegree)), (LatitudeFn 
+-- South (MeasureFn 23 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 30 ArcMinute)), 
+-- (LatitudeFn South (MeasureFn 60 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 0 ArcMinute) 
+-- (MeasureFn 0 ArcSecond)), (LatitudeFn North 
+-- (MeasureFn 42 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 7.89 ArcMinute)).
+fun LatitudeFn : El DirectionalAttribute -> El AngleMeasure -> El AngleMeasure -> El AngleMeasure -> Ind Region ;
+
+
+fun LawOfTheSeaConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+-- Lichen is the class of complex thallyphytic 
+-- plants made up of Alga and Fungus growing symbiotically.
+fun Lichen : Class ;
+fun Lichen_Class : SubClass Lichen NonFloweringPlant ;
+
+fun LimitedFreshWaterIssue : Ind EnvironmentalWaterIssue ;
+
+-- LittoralCurrent is the subclass of 
+-- WaterCurrents that occur near a ShoreArea. Examples include 
+-- TidalEbb, TidalFlow, and RipCurrents.
+fun LittoralCurrent : Class ;
+fun LittoralCurrent_Class : SubClass LittoralCurrent WaterCurrent ;
+
+-- A LittoralZone is an area along the shore 
+-- of a large body of water, especially an Ocean or Sea, including the area 
+-- extending from the high tide mark out to a depth of 200 meters. The littoral 
+-- zone is of interest for its land features, e.g., slope gradient and soil 
+-- composition, including features of its SubmergedLandArea.
+fun LittoralZone : Class ;
+fun LittoralZone_Class : SubClass LittoralZone GeographicArea ;
+
+-- Type of soil intermediate in texture between clay and sand, 
+-- consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, silt, and organic matter.
+fun Loam : Class ;
+fun Loam_Class : SubClass Loam Soil ;
+
+fun Locust : Class ;
+fun Locust_Class : SubClass Locust Animal ;
+-- Longitude is the class of Regions, 
+-- associated with areas on the Earth's surface, which are meridians 
+-- measured in PlaneAngleDegrees from the PrimeMeridian through 
+-- GreenwichEnglandUK.
+fun Longitude : Class ;
+fun Longitude_Class : SubClass Longitude Region ;
+
+-- (LongitudeFn ?DIRECTION @ROW) 
+-- denotes a meridian of longitude. Note that LongitudeFn is 
+-- a VariableArityRelation. Examples: 
+-- (LongitudeFn East (MeasureFn 180 AngularDegree)), (LongitudeFn 
+-- West (MeasureFn 122 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 24 ArcMinute)), 
+-- (LongitudeFn East (MeasureFn 121 AngularDegree) 
+-- (MeasureFn 0 ArcMinute) (MeasureFn 15 ArcSecond)), 
+-- (LongitudeFn West (MeasureFn 80 AngularDegree) 
+-- (MeasureFn 6.78 ArcMinute)).
+fun LongitudeFn : El DirectionalAttribute -> El AngleMeasure -> El AngleMeasure -> El AngleMeasure -> Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+
+fun LossOfHabitatIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun LowBiodiversity : Ind BiodiversityAttribute ;
+
+-- LowPressureWeatherSystem is 
+-- the class of weather systems characterized by low or unstable 
+-- barometricPressures. Low pressure systems typically introduce 
+-- unsettled weather, frequently including storms.
+fun LowPressureWeatherSystem : Class ;
+fun LowPressureWeatherSystem_Class : SubClass LowPressureWeatherSystem WeatherSystem ;
+
+-- LowTerrain is terrain in which the slope 
+-- is less than 3%.
+fun LowTerrain : Ind TerrainAttribute ;
+
+
+-- LowTide is the class of TidalProcesses that 
+-- occur twice a day in marine waters, in which the water level falls below 
+-- the mean sea level.
+fun LowTide : Class ;
+fun LowTide_Class : SubClass LowTide TidalProcess ;
+
+-- LowerLowTide is the subclass of LowTide 
+-- processes that occur in marine waters with a MixedTideProcess.
+fun LowerLowTide : Class ;
+fun LowerLowTide_Class : SubClass LowerLowTide LowTide ;
+
+-- A LowlandArea is a land area lower than the surrounding region, 
+-- and usually level land.
+fun LowlandArea : Class ;
+fun LowlandArea_Class : SubClass LowlandArea LandForm ;
+
+fun MarineDumpingConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun MarineLifeConservationConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+-- A MaritimeClaimArea is a GeographicArea 
+-- delimited by a geopolitical state's claim, under the LawOfTheSea, of rights 
+-- to certain resources, activities, or jurisdiction in the claimed area. 
+-- MaritimeClaimAreas can pertain to WaterAreas, SubmergedLandAreas, and Airspace.
+fun MaritimeClaimArea : Class ;
+fun MaritimeClaimArea_Class : SubClass MaritimeClaimArea GeographicArea ;
+
+-- (MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn ?REGION) denotes a 
+-- peripheral zones of maritime control extending outward from the Region 
+-- ?REGION.
+fun MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn : El Region -> Ind PerimeterArea ;
+
+
+-- MaritimeContiguousZone 
+-- is the subclass of MaritimeClaimArea that includes areas over 
+-- which a geopolitical state may exercise some control of activities 
+-- beyond the 12_mile zone of its TerritorialSea. In general, 
+-- the authorized control is for preventing or punishing activities 
+-- that would violate laws applying within the 12_mile zone (that is, 
+-- authorization to chase and intercept). According to the LawOfTheSea, 
+-- a MaritimeContiguousZone may extend up to 24 nautical miles from the coast.
+fun MaritimeContiguousZone : Class ;
+fun MaritimeContiguousZone_Class : SubClass MaritimeContiguousZone (both MaritimeClaimArea SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+
+-- (MaritimeContiguousZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the MaritimeContiguousZone 
+-- that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
+fun MaritimeContiguousZoneFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind MaritimeContiguousZone ;
+
+
+-- MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone is the subclass of MaritimeClaimArea 
+-- that represents the offshore area that coastal nations can claim for 
+-- fishing and other uses of the ocean water and seabed found there.
+fun MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone : Class ;
+fun MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone_Class : SubClass MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone (both MaritimeClaimArea SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+
+-- (MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the 
+-- MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone that is claimed by the 
+-- GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
+fun MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone ;
+
+
+fun MaritimeHazard : Class ;
+fun MaritimeHazard_Class : SubClass MaritimeHazard LandForm ;
+-- MaritimeShelfArea 
+-- is a subclass of MaritimeClaimArea that covers SubmergedLandAreas 
+-- claimed by an adjacent geopolitical area. The LawOfTheSea defines 
+-- the continental shelf as extending up to 200 miles (NM) offshore and 
+-- including the resources found therein. The defined claim area does not 
+-- correspond exactly to a geological ContinentalShelf, but if there is one, 
+-- the two areas will overlap spatially.
+fun MaritimeShelfArea : Class ;
+fun MaritimeShelfArea_Class : SubClass MaritimeShelfArea (both MaritimeClaimArea SubmergedLandArea) ;
+
+
+-- (MaritimeShelfAreaFn ?POLITY) denotes the MaritimeShelfArea 
+-- that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
+fun MaritimeShelfAreaFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind MaritimeShelfArea ;
+
+
+-- MediterraneanClimateZone 
+-- is a subclass of TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by 
+-- mild, cool, wet winters and warm dry summers. Mediterranean shores 
+-- are the archetype, but the Mediterranean climate is also found elsewhere.
+fun MediterraneanClimateZone : Class ;
+fun MediterraneanClimateZone_Class : SubClass MediterraneanClimateZone TemperateClimateZone ;
+
+fun MediterraneanSea : Ind Sea ;
+
+fun MediumBiodiversity : Ind BiodiversityAttribute ;
+
+-- A Mesa is a land formation having a relatively flat 
+-- top and steep rock walls.
+fun Mesa : Class ;
+fun Mesa_Class : SubClass Mesa (both LandForm UplandArea) ;
+
+
+-- MetallurgicalPlant is the 
+-- subclass of Organization that includes metal refining and 
+-- manufacturing plants. Such plants typically release extremely 
+-- toxic waste which can pollute air and groundwater if not 
+-- properly treated.
+fun MetallurgicalPlant : Class ;
+fun MetallurgicalPlant_Class : SubClass MetallurgicalPlant Organization ;
+
+fun MiddleAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+-- MiddleEastRegion is a 
+-- GeopoliticalArea that comprises countries of Southwestern Asia 
+-- and (in some definitions) Northwestern Africa. Here this term is 
+-- defined as in the CIA World Fact Book, in which the Middle East 
+-- includes: Bahrain, Cyprus, the Gaza Strip, Iran, Iraq, Israel, 
+-- Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United 
+-- Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen.
+fun MiddleEastRegion : Ind (both GeographicArea GeopoliticalArea) ;
+
+
+-- MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone is the subclass of 
+-- DesertClimateZone characterized by a cool dry climate 
+-- typical of middle latitude deserts. This is subtype 'BWk' 
+-- in the Keoppen climate system.
+fun MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone : Class ;
+fun MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone_Class : SubClass MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone DesertClimateZone ;
+
+-- MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone is a subclass of 
+-- TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by cool winters 
+-- and hot summers.
+fun MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone : Class ;
+fun MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone_Class : SubClass MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone ClimateZone ;
+
+fun MiningPollutionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun Mistral : Class ;
+fun Mistral_Class : SubClass Mistral WindProcess ;
+-- MixedTideProcess is the subclass of 
+-- TidalProcesses consisting of daily cycles in which the two low and 
+-- two high tides are of unequal height. In areas with this kind of 
+-- pattern, the chart (based on average low water) is determined by the 
+-- Mean Lower Low Water.
+fun MixedTideProcess : Class ;
+fun MixedTideProcess_Class : SubClass MixedTideProcess TidalProcess ;
+
+fun Monsoon : Class ;
+fun Monsoon_Class : SubClass Monsoon WeatherSeason ;
+-- MonsoonClimateZone is the class 
+-- of TropicalClimateZones in which there is a short dry season between 
+-- rains heavy enough to keep the ground wet all through the year. This 
+-- is Koeppen climate system subtype 'Aw'.
+fun MonsoonClimateZone : Class ;
+fun MonsoonClimateZone_Class : SubClass MonsoonClimateZone TropicalClimateZone ;
+
+-- Moon is the class of NaturalSatellites that 
+-- orbit planets or large asteroids.
+fun Moon : Class ;
+fun Moon_Class : SubClass Moon NaturalSatellite ;
+
+-- A Mountain is a high, rocky LandForm, usually 
+-- with steep sides and a pointed or rounded top, and higher than a Hill.
+fun Mountain : Class ;
+fun Mountain_Class : SubClass Mountain (both LandForm UplandArea) ;
+
+
+-- A MountainRange is a row or chain of connected mountains.
+fun MountainRange : Class ;
+fun MountainRange_Class : SubClass MountainRange (both LandForm UplandArea) ;
+
+
+-- An area of MountainousTerrain 
+-- is an area of rugged terrain in which there are many mountains.
+fun MountainousTerrain : Ind TerrainAttribute ;
+
+
+fun Mudflow : Class ;
+fun Mudflow_Class : SubClass Mudflow Landslide ;
+fun Mudslide : Class ;
+fun Mudslide_Class : SubClass Mudslide Landslide ;
+-- NaturalGas is a combustible mixture 
+-- of methane and higher hydrocarbons.
+fun NaturalGas : Class ;
+fun NaturalGas_Class : SubClass NaturalGas CompoundSubstance ;
+
+-- NaturalSatellite is the class of 
+-- large, naturally occurring astronomical bodies orbiting some other 
+-- AstronomicalBody.
+fun NaturalSatellite : Class ;
+fun NaturalSatellite_Class : SubClass NaturalSatellite (both AstronomicalBody Satellite) ;
+
+
+-- NauticalMile represents the international 
+-- unit used for measuring distance in sea and air navigation. The unit is 
+-- based on the length of a minute of arc of a great circle of 
+-- PlanetEarth.
+fun NauticalMile : Ind UnitOfLength ;
+
+
+fun NormalFault : Class ;
+fun NormalFault_Class : SubClass NormalFault DipSlipFault ;
+fun NorthAmerica : Ind (both GeographicArea Continent) ;
+
+-- NorthAtlanticOcean denotes the northern geographicSubregion 
+-- of the AtlanticOcean.
+fun NorthAtlanticOcean : Ind (both SaltWaterArea BodyOfWater) ;
+
+
+-- NorthPacificOcean denotes the northern geographicSubregion 
+-- of the PacificOcean.
+fun NorthPacificOcean : Ind (both SaltWaterArea BodyOfWater) ;
+
+
+fun NorthSea : Ind Sea ;
+
+-- Northeast represents the compass direction of Northeast.
+fun Northeast : Ind DirectionalAttribute ;
+
+
+fun NorthernAfrica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun NorthernAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun NorthernEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+-- The half of the Earth that lies above the 
+-- equator.
+fun NorthernHemisphere : Ind Hemisphere ;
+
+
+fun NorthernNorthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun NorthernSouthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+-- Northwest represents the compass direction of Northwest.
+fun Northwest : Ind DirectionalAttribute ;
+
+
+-- NoxiousSubstance is 
+-- the class of Substances that are harmful to Humans.
+fun NoxiousSubstance : Class ;
+fun NoxiousSubstance_Class : SubClass NoxiousSubstance Substance ;
+
+fun NuclearEnvironmentalIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;
+
+fun NuclearPollutionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun NuclearTestBanTreaty : Ind Agreement ;
+
+-- Oasis is a subclass of LandAreas that are 
+-- fertile places within a desert, which have water and some vegetation.
+fun Oasis : Class ;
+fun Oasis_Class : SubClass Oasis (both Biome LandArea) ;
+
+
+-- OccludedFront is the class of complex 
+-- weather transition processes in which a cold air mass overtakes a warm 
+-- air mass.
+fun OccludedFront : Class ;
+fun OccludedFront_Class : SubClass OccludedFront WeatherFront ;
+
+-- Ocean is the class containing the oceans 
+-- that are the major subdivisions of the WorldOcean. According to 
+-- the International Hydrographic Association, there are five oceans: 
+-- the AtlanticOcean, PacificOcean, IndianOcean, SouthernOcean, 
+-- and ArcticOcean. Note: The largest oceans, the Atlantic and Pacific, 
+-- are subdivided into Northern and Southern regions, but those regions 
+-- are not separate Oceans.
+fun Ocean : Class ;
+fun Ocean_Class : SubClass Ocean (both BodyOfWater SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+
+fun Oceania : Ind (both GeographicArea Continent) ;
+
+fun OilPollutionIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;
+
+-- OpenSea is the Attribute of a WaterArea 
+-- that is open ocean beyond five NauticalMiles of land, also known as 
+-- 'blue water'.
+fun OpenSea : Ind Attribute ;
+
+
+-- (OuterBoundaryFn ?REGION) denotes the 
+-- outer boundary of the Region ?REGION, where ?REGION has an inner and 
+-- outer orientation with respect to another object.
+fun OuterBoundaryFn : El Region -> Ind Region ;
+
+
+-- OvercastWeather represents
+--  a condition in which more than 70% of the sky is covered 
+-- with clouds.
+fun OvercastWeather : Class ;
+fun OvercastWeather_Class : SubClass OvercastWeather WeatherProcess ;
+
+-- Overgrazing is the class of processes 
+-- in which grazing animals consume vegetation faster than it can regrow.
+fun Overgrazing : Class ;
+fun Overgrazing_Class : SubClass Overgrazing Eating ;
+
+fun OvergrazingIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun OverhuntingIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun OverpopulationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun OzoneDepletionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun OzoneLayerProtectionProtocol : Ind Agreement ;
+
+-- The OzoneShield is a layer in 
+-- EarthsAtmosphere, located about 25 miles above Earth's surface, 
+-- composed of ozone gas that absorbs ultraviolent radiation from 
+-- the Sun that can be damaging to living things.
+fun OzoneShield : Ind (both AtmosphericRegion CompoundSubstance) ;
+
+
+-- PHValue ('pH') is a UnitOfMeasure 
+-- used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH 
+-- scale ranges from 0 to 14. The pH of a neutral solution is 7. 
+-- Acid solutions have a pH value less than seven. Alkaline solutions 
+-- have a value greater than seven.
+fun PHValue : Ind NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ;
+
+
+-- PacificOcean represents the Pacific 
+-- Ocean.
+fun PacificOcean : Ind Ocean ;
+
+
+-- Pampa is a class of vast, level, typically grassy 
+-- Plains of land in South America.
+fun Pampa : Class ;
+fun Pampa_Class : SubClass Pampa (both Grassland Plain) ;
+
+
+fun Pampero : Class ;
+fun Pampero_Class : SubClass Pampero Windstorm ;
+-- PartlyCloudyWeather 
+-- represents a condition in which between 30% and 70% of the 
+-- sky is covered with clouds.
+fun PartlyCloudyWeather : Class ;
+fun PartlyCloudyWeather_Class : SubClass PartlyCloudyWeather WeatherProcess ;
+
+-- A Peninsula is a piece of land that extends 
+-- into a body of water and is surrounded on three sides by water. Typically 
+-- connected by an Isthmus or neck of land that is narrower than its main 
+-- portion (contrast with Cape).
+fun Peninsula : Class ;
+fun Peninsula_Class : SubClass Peninsula LandForm ;
+
+-- A PerimeterArea is a region that 
+-- extends outward from a boundary with another region, surrounding or 
+-- partially surrounding it, but which is not part of that other region. 
+-- See BorderFn and PerimeterAreaFn.
+fun PerimeterArea : Class ;
+fun PerimeterArea_Class : SubClass PerimeterArea Region ;
+
+-- (PerimeterAreaFn ?REGION) denotes a 
+-- class including any peripheral zones extending outward from the Region 
+-- ?REGION.
+fun PerimeterAreaFn: El Region -> Desc PerimeterArea ;
+
+
+fun Permafrost : Ind CompoundSubstance ;
+
+-- PermanentCropLand is the subclass 
+-- of LandArea that represents land cultivated for crops that are produced 
+-- without replanting after every harvest, such as fruit trees, coffee, rubber, 
+-- nuts, and vineyards. Does not include timberland. Cf. arableLandArea.
+fun PermanentCropLand : Class ;
+fun PermanentCropLand_Class : SubClass PermanentCropLand LandArea ;
+
+fun PersianGulf : Ind (both Gulf SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+fun PesticideIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- PesticidePollution is 
+-- the subclass of Pollution in which the pollutant is a pesticide.
+fun PesticidePollution : Class ;
+fun PesticidePollution_Class : SubClass PesticidePollution Pollution ;
+
+-- Phospate is a salt or ester of a 
+-- phosphoric acid.
+fun Phosphate : Class ;
+fun Phosphate_Class : SubClass Phosphate CompoundSubstance ;
+
+-- A Piedmont is a LandArea at the foot of mountains.
+fun Piedmont : Class ;
+fun Piedmont_Class : SubClass Piedmont LandArea ;
+
+-- Pines are coniferous BotanicalTrees of the 
+-- genus Pinus, in the family Pinaceae. They are evergreens, with needle_
+-- shaped leaves and propagate by dropping pine cones, which contains
+-- seeds. (from Wikipedia)
+fun PineTree : Class ;
+fun PineTree_Class : SubClass PineTree BotanicalTree ;
+
+-- A Plain is a broad, flat or gently rolling area, 
+-- usually low in elevation.
+fun Plain : Class ;
+fun Plain_Class : SubClass Plain LowlandArea ;
+
+-- Planet is the class of large 
+-- NaturalSatellites that revolve around a star.
+fun Planet : Class ;
+fun Planet_Class : SubClass Planet NaturalSatellite ;
+
+fun PlanetEarth : Ind Planet ;
+
+fun PlanetJupiter : Ind Planet ;
+
+fun PlanetMars : Ind Planet ;
+
+fun PlanetMercury : Ind Planet ;
+
+fun PlanetNeptune : Ind Planet ;
+
+fun PlanetPluto : Ind Planet ;
+
+fun PlanetSaturn : Ind Planet ;
+
+fun PlanetUranus : Ind Planet ;
+
+fun PlanetVenus : Ind Planet ;
+
+-- Planting is the class of processes in 
+-- which botanical Plants are planted or transplanted, whether as 
+-- seeds, seedlings, or mature plants.
+fun Planting : Class ;
+fun Planting_Class : SubClass Planting Putting ;
+
+-- A Plateau is a flat upland area with one steep 
+-- face, elevated plain.
+fun Plateau : Class ;
+fun Plateau_Class : SubClass Plateau (both LandForm UplandArea) ;
+
+
+-- Poaching is the illegal killing 
+-- of non_human animals.
+fun Poaching : Class ;
+fun Poaching_Class : SubClass Poaching Killing ;
+
+-- PolarClimateZone is a subclass of 
+-- ClimateZone characterized by having an average temperature less than 
+-- 10 degrees Celsius in the warmest month. This is Koeppen climate system 
+-- Type E. No agriculture is supported in polar climates.
+fun PolarClimateZone : Class ;
+fun PolarClimateZone_Class : SubClass PolarClimateZone ClimateZone ;
+
+-- PolarTypeFClimateZone is a 
+-- subclass of PolarClimateZone characterized by having no month in 
+-- which the temperature rises to 10 degrees Celsius or above.
+fun PolarTypeFClimateZone : Class ;
+fun PolarTypeFClimateZone_Class : SubClass PolarTypeFClimateZone PolarClimateZone ;
+
+fun PollutedFishStocksIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- Pollution is the contamination of an 
+-- environment by man_made wastes.
+fun Pollution : Class ;
+fun Pollution_Class : SubClass Pollution SocialInteraction ;
+
+fun PollutionIssue : Class ;
+fun PollutionIssue_Class : SubClass PollutionIssue EnvironmentalIssue ;
+fun PoopoLake : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+fun PopulationMigrationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- PotableWater is the subclass 
+-- of Water that represents safely drinkable water.
+fun PotableWater : Class ;
+fun PotableWater_Class : SubClass PotableWater Freshwater ;
+
+-- Potash is a Potassium carbonate from 
+-- wood ashes or a potassium compound.
+fun Potash : Class ;
+fun Potash_Class : SubClass Potash CompoundSubstance ;
+
+fun PowerPlantEmissionsIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;
+
+-- Prairie is a class of large plains 
+-- LandAreas with tall grass vegetation.
+fun Prairie : Class ;
+fun Prairie_Class : SubClass Prairie (both Grassland Plain) ;
+
+
+-- RainForest is the subclass of LandAreas 
+-- that are densely planted with trees.
+fun RainForest : Class ;
+fun RainForest_Class : SubClass RainForest (both Biome Forest) ;
+
+
+-- Raining is a precipitation process 
+-- in which water falls in a Liquid state.
+fun Raining : Class ;
+fun Raining_Class : SubClass Raining Precipitation ;
+
+-- Rapids is the class of WaterAreas that are 
+-- parts of a StreamWaterArea where the currents move swiftly over 
+-- rocks.
+fun Rapids : Class ;
+fun Rapids_Class : SubClass Rapids StreamWaterArea ;
+
+fun RawSewagePollutionIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;
+
+fun RedSea : Ind Sea ;
+
+-- A Reef is a ridge of rock, coral, or sand at or near 
+-- the surface of a WaterArea.
+fun Reef : Class ;
+fun Reef_Class : SubClass Reef (both LandForm MaritimeHazard) ;
+
+
+-- Reforestation is the process of 
+-- replanting trees on land where they were cut or burned.
+fun Reforestation : Class ;
+fun Reforestation_Class : SubClass Reforestation Planting ;
+
+-- A Reservoir is an artifically made (or 
+-- artifically enlarged) holding area where water is collected and stored 
+-- for future use.
+fun Reservoir : Class ;
+fun Reservoir_Class : SubClass Reservoir (both Artifact FreshWaterArea) ;
+
+
+-- A ReservoirLake is an artifically made 
+-- (or artifically enlarged) lake used for water collection and storage.
+fun ReservoirLake : Class ;
+fun ReservoirLake_Class : SubClass ReservoirLake (both Lake Reservoir) ;
+
+
+-- A RichterMagnitude is a measure 
+-- of the severity of an EarthTremor. For example, 
+-- (MeasureFn 6.5 RichterMagnitude) denotes the value of 6.5 on the 
+-- Richter scale.
+fun RichterMagnitude : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ;
+
+
+-- A RipCurrent is a fast narrow surface current 
+-- that flows seaward from a ShoreArea.
+fun RipCurrent : Class ;
+fun RipCurrent_Class : SubClass RipCurrent LittoralCurrent ;
+
+-- River is the class of large streams of fresh 
+-- water flowing through land into a lake, ocean, or other body of water.
+fun River : Class ;
+fun River_Class : SubClass River (both BodyOfWater (both FreshWaterArea StreamWaterArea)) ;
+
+
+-- A RiverBank is the ShoreArea adjacent to a river.
+fun RiverBank : Class ;
+fun RiverBank_Class : SubClass RiverBank (both LandForm ShoreArea) ;
+
+
+-- RiverMouth is the subclass of WaterAreas 
+-- that are the outfalls of a river or stream into another body of water.
+fun RiverMouth : Class ;
+fun RiverMouth_Class : SubClass RiverMouth (both StreamWaterArea WaterArea) ;
+
+
+-- A RiverSystem comprises all the tributary 
+-- streams and rivers (StreamWaterAreas) that drain along converging 
+-- paths into the main river of the system, which discharges into a 
+-- StaticWaterArea.
+fun RiverSystem : Class ;
+fun RiverSystem_Class : SubClass RiverSystem (both Collection WaterArea) ;
+
+
+fun Rockslide : Class ;
+fun Rockslide_Class : SubClass Rockslide Landslide ;
+-- Salination is the class of processes 
+-- in which either Freshwater or Topsoil becomes imbued with 
+-- SodiumChloride from sea water or from the evaporation of irrigation water.
+fun Salination : Class ;
+fun Salination_Class : SubClass Salination Combining ;
+
+-- A Salt is a chemical substance which is a combination 
+-- of a metal or a base with an acid.
+fun Salt : Class ;
+fun Salt_Class : SubClass Salt CompoundSubstance ;
+
+-- SaltLake is the class of landlocked 
+-- bodies of salt water, including those referred to as 'Seas', e.g., 
+-- the CaspianSea. But note that the MediterraneanSea is a Sea.
+fun SaltLake : Class ;
+fun SaltLake_Class : SubClass SaltLake (both LandlockedWater SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+
+fun SaltonSea : Ind SaltLake ;
+
+-- Sand is loose fragments of minerals or rocks. Smaller than 
+-- gravel and larger than silt and clay, sand particles range from 8/10,000 to 8/100 
+-- inch (0.02 to 2 millimeters) in diameter. Sand is formed by the Erosion of rocks 
+-- through the action of water, ice, or air.
+fun Sand : Class ;
+fun Sand_Class : SubClass Sand Soil ;
+
+fun Sandstorm : Class ;
+fun Sandstorm_Class : SubClass Sandstorm WeatherProcess ;
+-- Sanitation is the class of processes 
+-- by which human waste and garbage are disposed of.
+fun Sanitation : Class ;
+fun Sanitation_Class : SubClass Sanitation Removing ;
+
+-- Satellite is the collection of bodies that 
+-- revolve around some astronomical body, e.g., planets around a star. 
+-- This class includes both artificial and NaturalSatellites.
+fun Satellite : Class ;
+fun Satellite_Class : SubClass Satellite AstronomicalBody ;
+
+-- Savanna is a class of tropical or subtropical 
+-- Grasslands, typically treeless.
+fun Savanna : Class ;
+fun Savanna_Class : SubClass Savanna (both Grassland Plain) ;
+
+
+-- ScatteredVegetation describes 
+-- the pattern of vegetation in which plants appear at intervals.
+fun ScatteredVegetation : Ind Attribute ;
+
+
+-- Sea is the class of smaller subdivisions of 
+-- the WorldOcean, typically partially surrounded by land. However, 
+-- for inland salt water bodies that are sometimes called 'Sea', see 
+-- SaltLake.
+fun Sea : Class ;
+fun Sea_Class : SubClass Sea (both BodyOfWater SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+
+fun SeaIce : Class ;
+fun SeaIce_Class : SubClass SeaIce Ice ;
+-- SeaLevel designates the global Mean Sea Surface 
+-- (MSS). Note that SeaLevel represents a GeographicArea that comprises all 
+-- the local Mean Sea Level (MSL) areas used as references for measuring altitude. 
+-- In fact, there are local variations in MSL, due to tides and long_ and short_
+-- term weather conditions.
+fun SeaLevel : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+
+-- SeabedArea is the class of SubmergedLandAreas that are part of 
+-- the sea floor.
+fun SeabedArea : Class ;
+fun SeabedArea_Class : SubClass SeabedArea SubmergedLandArea ;
+
+-- A Seacoast is the ShoreArea along the 
+-- margin of an ocean, extending inland approximately 1_3 km from the low 
+-- water mark.
+fun Seacoast : Class ;
+fun Seacoast_Class : SubClass Seacoast (both LandForm ShoreArea) ;
+
+
+fun SemiaridClimateZone : Class ;
+fun SemiaridClimateZone_Class : SubClass SemiaridClimateZone ClimateZone ;
+fun SevereThunderstorm : Class ;
+fun SevereThunderstorm_Class : SubClass SevereThunderstorm WeatherProcess ;
+fun SewageDisposal : Class ;
+fun SewageDisposal_Class : SubClass SewageDisposal Sanitation ;
+fun ShipPollutionProtocol : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun Shoal : Class ;
+fun Shoal_Class : SubClass Shoal MaritimeHazard ;
+-- Shoreline is the class of LandAreas that 
+-- are the edge of a larger land mass abutting a bordering WaterArea.
+fun Shoreline : Class ;
+fun Shoreline_Class : SubClass Shoreline LandArea ;
+
+-- (ShorelineFn ?LAND ?WATER) denotes 
+-- the Shoreline where the GeographicArea ?LAND borders the 
+-- WaterArea ?WATER.
+fun ShorelineFn : El GeographicArea -> El WaterArea -> Ind LandArea ;
+
+
+-- (ShortageFn ?TYPE) means that there 
+-- is a shortage of objects of ?TYPE, which are used as resources.
+fun ShortageFn: Desc Object -> Ind Entity ;
+
+
+-- Shrub is the class of low, perennial, 
+-- typically multi_stemmed woody plants, called shrubs or bushes.
+fun Shrub : Class ;
+fun Shrub_Class : SubClass Shrub FloweringPlant ;
+
+-- SigningADocument is the class of 
+-- actions in which an agent affixes a signature, stamp, or other evidence 
+-- of authorization or attestation to a document. The document and signature 
+-- may be electronic. Signings count as SocialInteractions even if done in 
+-- private, because their significance derives from a social context.
+fun SigningADocument : Class ;
+fun SigningADocument_Class : SubClass SigningADocument Committing ;
+
+-- Silt is sand or earth which is carried along by flowing 
+-- water and deposited at a bend in a river or at a river's opening.
+fun Silt : Class ;
+fun Silt_Class : SubClass Silt Soil ;
+
+-- Siltation is the class of processes 
+-- in which WaterAreas become filled in with silt or mud, due to 
+-- soil Erosion.
+fun Siltation : Class ;
+fun Siltation_Class : SubClass Siltation Putting ;
+
+fun SiltationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun Sirocco : Class ;
+fun Sirocco_Class : SubClass Sirocco WindProcess ;
+-- SlashAndBurnAgriculture 
+-- is the subclass of Agriculture processes in which land is 
+-- cleared by cutting and burning trees, and crops are farmed until 
+-- the soil is depleted, at which point the plot is abandoned to 
+-- regrowth. This rotational technique is viable only with low 
+-- populations and infrequent re_use.
+fun SlashAndBurnAgriculture : Class ;
+fun SlashAndBurnAgriculture_Class : SubClass SlashAndBurnAgriculture Agriculture ;
+
+fun Sleeting : Class ;
+fun Sleeting_Class : SubClass Sleeting Precipitation ;
+-- A SlopedArea is a land surface which lies at 
+-- an angle to the horizontal so that some points on it are higher than 
+-- others, a slope.
+fun SlopedArea : Class ;
+fun SlopedArea_Class : SubClass SlopedArea LandForm ;
+
+-- Snowing is a precipitation process 
+-- in which water falls in a Solid state.
+fun Snowing : Class ;
+fun Snowing_Class : SubClass Snowing Precipitation ;
+
+fun SocialInteractions : Class ;
+
+-- Soil is a substance composed of fine rock material 
+-- disintegrated by geological processes, mixed with humus, the organic remains of decomposed vegetation.
+fun Soil : Class ;
+fun Soil_Class : SubClass Soil Mixture ;
+
+-- SoilDegradation is a class of 
+-- processes in which the productive capacity of soil is lowered by 
+-- over_fertilization, overuse of pesticides, erosion, or soil 
+-- compaction.
+fun SoilDegradation : Class ;
+fun SoilDegradation_Class : SubClass SoilDegradation SocialInteractions ;
+
+fun SoilDegradationIssue : Ind SoilQualityIssue ;
+
+-- SoilErosion is the subclass of 
+-- Erosion in which the matter removed by wind or water is topsoil.
+fun SoilErosion : Class ;
+fun SoilErosion_Class : SubClass SoilErosion Erosion ;
+
+fun SoilErosionIssue : Ind SoilQualityIssue ;
+
+fun SoilExhaustionIssue : Ind SoilQualityIssue ;
+
+fun SoilPollutionIssue : Ind (both PollutionIssue SoilQualityIssue) ;
+
+fun SoilQualityIssue : Class ;
+fun SoilQualityIssue_Class : SubClass SoilQualityIssue EnvironmentalIssue ;
+fun SoilSalination : Class ;
+fun SoilSalination_Class : SubClass SoilSalination Salination ;
+fun SoilSalinityIssue : Ind SoilQualityIssue ;
+
+-- SoilSolution is the liquid component of soils, 
+-- which is largely water containing a number of mineral substances in solution, 
+-- as well as comparatively large amounts of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide.
+fun SoilSolution : Class ;
+fun SoilSolution_Class : SubClass SoilSolution Solution ;
+
+-- Sol is the nearest Star to PlanetEarth and 
+-- the focus of its SolarSystem.
+fun Sol : Ind Star ;
+
+
+-- SolarSystem is the class of systems that 
+-- consist of a star or stars and any encircling astronomical bodies.
+fun SolarSystem : Class ;
+fun SolarSystem_Class : SubClass SolarSystem Collection ;
+
+fun SolidWasteDisposal : Class ;
+fun SolidWasteDisposal_Class : SubClass SolidWasteDisposal Sanitation ;
+fun SolidWasteDisposalIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;
+
+-- A Sound is a long, relatively narrow waterway 
+-- lying along the shore of a land mass and protected from open water by 
+-- another land area, an island or group of islands. Some sounds open at 
+-- both ends into the same body of water (e.g., Long Island Sound), while 
+-- others connect two different bodies of water (e.g., Melville Sound). 
+-- A Sound may occur in salt or fresh water bodies. Generally wider than 
+-- a Strait.
+fun Sound : Class ;
+fun Sound_Class : SubClass Sound BodyOfWater ;
+
+fun SouthAmerica : Ind Continent ;
+
+-- SouthAtlanticOcean denotes the southern geographicSubregion 
+-- of the AtlanticOcean.
+fun SouthAtlanticOcean : Ind (both SaltWaterArea BodyOfWater) ;
+
+
+-- SouthPacificOcean denotes the southern geographicSubregion 
+-- of the PacificOcean.
+fun SouthPacificOcean : Ind (both SaltWaterArea BodyOfWater) ;
+
+
+fun SouthSandwichTrench : Ind Hole ;
+
+-- Southeast represents the compass direction of Southeast.
+fun Southeast : Ind DirectionalAttribute ;
+
+
+fun SoutheasternAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun SoutheasternEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun SouthernAfrica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun SouthernAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun SouthernEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+-- The half of the Earth that lies below the 
+-- equator.
+fun SouthernHemisphere : Ind Hemisphere ;
+
+
+-- SouthernOcean represents the Southern 
+-- Ocean.
+fun SouthernOcean : Ind (both Ocean PolarClimateZone) ;
+
+
+fun SouthernSouthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+-- Southwest represents the compass direction of Southwest.
+fun Southwest : Ind DirectionalAttribute ;
+
+
+fun SouthwesternAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun SouthwesternEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+-- SparseVegetation describes the 
+-- pattern of vegetation in an area where there is very little vegetation.
+fun SparseVegetation : Ind Attribute ;
+
+
+fun Squall : Class ;
+fun Squall_Class : SubClass Squall WeatherProcess ;
+-- SquareKilometer represents a 
+-- UnitOfMeasure equal to one square kilometer.
+fun SquareKilometer : Ind UnitOfArea ;
+
+
+-- SquareMeter represents a UnitOfMeasure 
+-- equal to one square Meter.
+fun SquareMeter : Ind UnitOfArea ;
+
+
+-- (SquareUnitFn ?UNIT) denotes the 
+-- UnitOfMeasure that is the square of the UnitOfMeasure ?UNIT. 
+-- For example, (SquareUnitFn (KiloFn Meter)) denotes the unit 
+-- of a square kilometer.
+fun SquareUnitFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure ;
+
+
+-- Star is the class of hot gaseous astronomical bodies.
+fun Star : Class ;
+fun Star_Class : SubClass Star AstronomicalBody ;
+
+-- StationaryFront is the class of 
+-- boundary areas between two air masses that are stationary, with neither 
+-- mass presently replacing the other.
+fun StationaryFront : Class ;
+fun StationaryFront_Class : SubClass StationaryFront WeatherFront ;
+
+-- A TerrainAttribute of a region in 
+-- which there is a wide variation in elevation and slopeGradients 
+-- of more than 10%.
+fun SteepTerrain : Ind TerrainAttribute ;
+
+
+-- Steppe is a subclass of Plain, representing 
+-- vast, level, treeless areas of land in Asia or SE Europe.
+fun Steppe : Class ;
+fun Steppe_Class : SubClass Steppe Plain ;
+
+-- SteppeClimateZone 
+-- is the class of AridClimateZones where the dominant 
+-- vegetation type is grasses, with no trees. Koeppen 
+-- system 'BS'.
+fun SteppeClimateZone : Class ;
+fun SteppeClimateZone_Class : SubClass SteppeClimateZone AridClimateZone ;
+
+-- A Stone is any small fragment of rock or mineral matter.
+fun Stone : Class ;
+fun Stone_Class : SubClass Stone Rock ;
+
+fun StormSystem : Class ;
+fun StormSystem_Class : SubClass StormSystem WeatherSystem ;
+-- Strait is the subclass of BodyOfWater that 
+-- consists of narrow water areas connecting two larger bodies of water. 
+-- Straits are naturally occurring bodies of water.
+fun Strait : Class ;
+fun Strait_Class : SubClass Strait BodyOfWater ;
+
+fun StraitOfHormuz : Ind (both Strait SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+-- A StreamWaterConfluence is the 
+-- place where a stream or other tributary joins a river.
+fun StreamWaterConfluence : Class ;
+fun StreamWaterConfluence_Class : SubClass StreamWaterConfluence WaterArea ;
+
+fun StrikeSlipFault : Class ;
+fun StrikeSlipFault_Class : SubClass StrikeSlipFault GeologicalFault ;
+fun StrongWind : Class ;
+fun StrongWind_Class : SubClass StrongWind WindProcess ;
+-- SubmergedLandArea is the class of land 
+-- regions that are located beneath bodies of water.
+fun SubmergedLandArea : Class ;
+fun SubmergedLandArea_Class : SubClass SubmergedLandArea GeographicArea ;
+
+-- SubtropicalDesertClimateZone is a subclass of DesertClimateZone 
+-- that is characterized by an average temperature greater than 18 
+-- degrees Celsius, as well as very low rainfall. This is Koeppen 
+-- system 'BWh'.
+fun SubtropicalDesertClimateZone : Class ;
+fun SubtropicalDesertClimateZone_Class : SubClass SubtropicalDesertClimateZone DesertClimateZone ;
+
+-- SurfaceGroundArea is a subclass of 
+-- GeographicArea that is restricted to regions whose surface is solid 
+-- ground. A SurfaceGroundArea may be a discontinuous region overlapping 
+-- a larger, continuous GeographicArea but excluding any WaterAreas 
+-- enclosed therein. Rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other surface water areas 
+-- are not part of any SurfaceGroundArea.
+fun SurfaceGroundArea : Class ;
+fun SurfaceGroundArea_Class : SubClass SurfaceGroundArea GeographicArea ;
+
+fun Swarming : Class ;
+fun Swarming_Class : SubClass Swarming Motion ;
+-- Tailwind is the relative attribute of a 
+-- Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to the back 
+-- of the object (BackFn). A tailwind can positively affect the speed 
+-- capability of a vehicle.
+fun Tailwind : Ind Attribute ;
+
+
+-- Talc is a very soft Mineral that is 
+-- a basic silicate of magnesium.
+fun Talc : Class ;
+fun Talc_Class : SubClass Talc Mineral ;
+
+-- TemperateClimateZone is the 
+-- subclass of ClimateZone whose warmest month has an average 
+-- temperature greater than 10 degrees Celsius and whose coolest month 
+-- has an average temperature between 18 degrees and _3 degrees Celsius. 
+-- This is Class C in the Koeppen climate system.
+fun TemperateClimateZone : Class ;
+fun TemperateClimateZone_Class : SubClass TemperateClimateZone ClimateZone ;
+
+fun TemperateHardwoodForest : Class ;
+fun TemperateHardwoodForest_Class : SubClass TemperateHardwoodForest (both Biome Forest) ;
+
+fun TemperateRainForest : Class ;
+fun TemperateRainForest_Class : SubClass TemperateRainForest (both RainForest TemperateHardwoodForest) ;
+
+-- TemperateSummerDryClimateZone is the subclass of TemperateClimateZone 
+-- that is characterized by dry summers, and in which the wettest winter month 
+-- has at least three times the moisture of the driest summer month. The 
+-- driest month has less than an average of 30 mm of precipitation. Koeppen 
+-- climate system type 'Cs'.
+fun TemperateSummerDryClimateZone : Class ;
+fun TemperateSummerDryClimateZone_Class : SubClass TemperateSummerDryClimateZone TemperateClimateZone ;
+
+-- TemperateWinterDryClimateZone is a subclass of TemperateClimateZone 
+-- characterized by having at least 10 times as much precipitation in the 
+-- wettest summer month as in the driest winter month. Koeppen climate 
+-- system type 'Cw'.
+fun TemperateWinterDryClimateZone : Class ;
+fun TemperateWinterDryClimateZone_Class : SubClass TemperateWinterDryClimateZone TemperateClimateZone ;
+
+-- TerrainAttribute is a class of 
+-- Attributes that describe terrain.
+fun TerrainAttribute : Class ;
+fun TerrainAttribute_Class : SubClass TerrainAttribute InternalAttribute ;
+
+-- TerritorialSea is the class 
+-- of contiguous waters over which a GeopoliticalArea claims 
+-- jurisdiction in accordance with the United Nations Convention 
+-- on the LawOfTheSea (LOS), Part II. A territorial sea may be
+-- up to 12 miles (NauticalMiles) in breadth. A subclass of 
+-- MaritimeClaimArea.
+fun TerritorialSea : Class ;
+fun TerritorialSea_Class : SubClass TerritorialSea (both MaritimeClaimArea SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+
+-- (TerritorialSeaFn ?POLITY) denotes 
+-- the TerritorialSea that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
+fun TerritorialSeaFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind TerritorialSea ;
+
+
+fun ThrustFault : Class ;
+fun ThrustFault_Class : SubClass ThrustFault DipSlipFault ;
+fun Thunderstorm : Class ;
+fun Thunderstorm_Class : SubClass Thunderstorm WeatherProcess ;
+-- A TidalBore is an unusally high, fast tidal 
+-- inflow from the sea, resulting from a high volume of water rushing from 
+-- a wide_mouthed bay or Estuary into narrower landward areas.
+fun TidalBore : Class ;
+fun TidalBore_Class : SubClass TidalBore LittoralCurrent ;
+
+-- TidalEbb is the subclass of WaterCurrents 
+-- that are temporary and variable, but regular, currents of ocean water 
+-- flowing seaward up to and during the time of low tide. Alternating with 
+-- TidalFlow.
+fun TidalEbb : Class ;
+fun TidalEbb_Class : SubClass TidalEbb LittoralCurrent ;
+
+-- TidalFlow is the subclass of WaterCurrents 
+-- that are temporary and variable, but regular, currents of ocean water 
+-- flowing landward up to and during the time of high tide. Alternating 
+-- with TidalEbb.
+fun TidalFlow : Class ;
+fun TidalFlow_Class : SubClass TidalFlow LittoralCurrent ;
+
+-- TidalProcess is the class of daily 
+-- recurring events in which the water level in a BodyOfWater rises 
+-- and falls with the changing position between Earth and the Moon.
+fun TidalProcess : Class ;
+fun TidalProcess_Class : SubClass TidalProcess InternalChange ;
+
+-- A Tide is a vertical movement of the water level 
+-- in a BodyOfWater due to the gravitational attraction between Earth and 
+-- the moon. Tides are diurnally recurrent events. In most regions with 
+-- tides, every day there are two high tides and two low tides. MixedTide 
+-- represents a process in which the tides at either extreme are unequal.
+fun Tide : Class ;
+fun Tide_Class : SubClass Tide (both FlowRegion SaltWaterArea) ;
+
+
+fun Tornado : Class ;
+fun Tornado_Class : SubClass Tornado WeatherProcess ;
+fun ToxicChemicalPollutionIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;
+
+fun ToxicWasteDisposalIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;
+
+-- TreatyDocument is the subclass of 
+-- Texts that represent written agreements between Nations.
+fun TreatyDocument : Class ;
+fun TreatyDocument_Class : SubClass TreatyDocument Text ;
+
+-- TropicalClimateZone is a 
+-- subclass of ClimateZone in which the average temperature of the 
+-- coldest month is greater than 18 degrees Celsius. This is Class 
+-- 'A' in the Koeppen climate classification system.
+fun TropicalClimateZone : Class ;
+fun TropicalClimateZone_Class : SubClass TropicalClimateZone ClimateZone ;
+
+-- TropicalCyclone is the class of 
+-- CyclonicStorms that occur in the Tropics and typically have 
+-- rotational winds of hurricane force (74 mph or higher).
+fun TropicalCyclone : Class ;
+fun TropicalCyclone_Class : SubClass TropicalCyclone CyclonicStorm ;
+
+fun TropicalRainForest : Class ;
+fun TropicalRainForest_Class : SubClass TropicalRainForest RainForest ;
+fun TropicalTimber83Agreement : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun TropicalTimber94Agreement : Ind Agreement ;
+
+-- The Tropics is the region of 
+-- PlanetEarth that lies between approximately 23 and one half degrees 
+-- North latitude and 23 and one half degrees South latitude, 
+-- encircling the globe. 'The Tropics'. See also TropicArea.
+fun Tropics : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+
+-- Tsunami is the class of highly destructive 
+-- ocean waves caused by offshore seismic processes.
+fun Tsunami : Class ;
+fun Tsunami_Class : SubClass Tsunami WeatherProcess ;
+
+-- Tundra is a subclass of flat, treeless Plains 
+-- areas lying within the ArcticRegion. Subsoil in Tundra is permanently 
+-- frozen.
+fun Tundra : Class ;
+fun Tundra_Class : SubClass Tundra (both ArcticRegion (both Biome Plain)) ;
+
+
+-- TundraClimateZone is a subclass of 
+-- PolarClimateZone characterized by having an average temperature 
+-- above zero degrees Celsius (but below 10 degrees) in the warmest month. 
+-- Koeppen subtype 'ET'.
+fun TundraClimateZone : Class ;
+fun TundraClimateZone_Class : SubClass TundraClimateZone PolarClimateZone ;
+
+fun Typhoon : Class ;
+fun Typhoon_Class : SubClass Typhoon TropicalCyclone ;
+fun UVLevelsIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- The class of regions located Below the surface of the earth.
+fun UndergroundArea : Class ;
+fun UndergroundArea_Class : SubClass UndergroundArea GeographicArea ;
+
+fun UnexplodedOrdinanceIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- A UniformPerimeterArea is one 
+-- that has a defined uniform width.
+fun UniformPerimeterArea : Class ;
+fun UniformPerimeterArea_Class : SubClass UniformPerimeterArea PerimeterArea ;
+
+-- Uphill is a PositionalAttribute that 
+-- describes the relation between two things, one of which is located 
+-- up a slope from the other.
+fun Uphill : Ind PositionalAttribute ;
+
+
+-- An UplandArea is a LandArea elevated above the surrounding 
+-- terrain.
+fun UplandArea : Class ;
+fun UplandArea_Class : SubClass UplandArea LandForm ;
+
+fun Upstream : Ind PositionalAttribute ;
+
+-- Upwind is a PositionalAttribute that indicates relative position 
+-- upwind (windward) with respect to the direction that the Wind is 
+-- blowing.
+fun Upwind : Ind PositionalAttribute ;
+
+
+fun UrbanizationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- A Valley is an area of low_lying land flanked by 
+-- higher ground. Valleys typically contain a stream or river flowing along the valley floor.
+fun Valley : Class ;
+fun Valley_Class : SubClass Valley (both LandForm LowlandArea) ;
+
+
+fun VehicleEmissionsIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;
+
+-- VehicularPollution is the 
+-- subclass of Pollution in which the pollutants are vehicle emissions.
+fun VehicularPollution : Class ;
+fun VehicularPollution_Class : SubClass VehicularPollution Pollution ;
+
+-- Veldt is a subclass of Grasslands which have 
+-- scattered shrubs or trees.
+fun Veldt : Class ;
+fun Veldt_Class : SubClass Veldt (both Grassland Plain) ;
+
+
+-- A VolcanicCone is a hill of lava or 
+-- pyroclastics surrounding a volcanic vent. Not as high as a 
+-- VolcanicMountain.
+fun VolcanicCone : Class ;
+fun VolcanicCone_Class : SubClass VolcanicCone (both Hill Volcano) ;
+
+
+-- VolcanicEruption is the subclass of 
+-- GeologicalProcesses in which Volcanoes erupt.
+fun VolcanicEruption : Class ;
+fun VolcanicEruption_Class : SubClass VolcanicEruption GeologicalProcess ;
+
+fun VolcanicGasRelease : Class ;
+fun VolcanicGasRelease_Class : SubClass VolcanicGasRelease VolcanicEruption ;
+-- A VolcanicMountain is a cone_shaped 
+-- mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth, 
+-- frequently with an opening or depression at the top.
+fun VolcanicMountain : Class ;
+fun VolcanicMountain_Class : SubClass VolcanicMountain (both Mountain Volcano) ;
+
+
+fun VolcanicallyActive : Ind VolcanoStatus ;
+
+fun VolcanicallyDormant : Ind VolcanoStatus ;
+
+fun VolcanicallyExtinct : Ind VolcanoStatus ;
+
+-- A Volcano in the broadest sense, i.e., a region 
+-- containing a vent through which magmous and/or pyroclastic materials are 
+-- passed from the interior of the Earth to its surface (atmospheric or 
+-- underwater).
+fun Volcano : Class ;
+fun Volcano_Class : SubClass Volcano LandForm ;
+
+fun VolcanoStatus : Class ;
+fun VolcanoStatus_Class : SubClass VolcanoStatus InternalAttribute ;
+-- WarmFront is the class of transitional 
+-- weather processes occurring between a warm air mass that is advancing 
+-- upon a cool air mass.
+fun WarmFront : Class ;
+fun WarmFront_Class : SubClass WarmFront WeatherFront ;
+
+fun WaterBorneDiseaseIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- WaterCatchment is the subclass of 
+-- Artifacts used to capture rainwater or runoff as a source 
+-- of Freshwater.
+fun WaterCatchment : Class ;
+fun WaterCatchment_Class : SubClass WaterCatchment Artifact ;
+
+-- WaterCurrent is a subclass of FlowRegions 
+-- consisting of moving water, especially those currents found within a 
+-- well_identified area and having an established pattern of movement, such 
+-- as an OceanCurrent, a RipTide, or a River. WaterCurrent is 
+-- disjoint with StaticWaterArea. As a consequence, Lakes for example 
+-- cannot be FlowRegions, however, currents may be present in a lake.
+fun WaterCurrent : Class ;
+fun WaterCurrent_Class : SubClass WaterCurrent (both FlowRegion WaterArea) ;
+
+
+fun WaterInfrastructureIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun WaterManagementIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- WaterOnlyArea is a subclass of 
+-- GeographicArea that is restricted to regions whose surface is water. 
+-- A WaterOnlyArea may be a discontinuous region overlapping a larger, 
+-- continuous GeographicArea but excluding any LandAreas enclosed therein. 
+-- Dry land areas, including islands, are not part of any WaterOnlyArea.
+fun WaterOnlyArea : Class ;
+fun WaterOnlyArea_Class : SubClass WaterOnlyArea GeographicArea ;
+
+fun WaterOverutilization : Class ;
+fun WaterOverutilization_Class : SubClass WaterOverutilization SocialInteraction ;
+-- WaterPollution is the subclass 
+-- of Pollution processes in which Water is the polluted substance.
+fun WaterPollution : Class ;
+fun WaterPollution_Class : SubClass WaterPollution Pollution ;
+
+fun WaterPollutionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalWaterIssue ;
+
+-- Waterfall is the subclass of StreamWaterAreas where running water 
+-- falls steeply downhill.
+fun Waterfall : Class ;
+fun Waterfall_Class : SubClass Waterfall StreamWaterArea ;
+
+-- A WatershedDivide is a summit area, or 
+-- narrow tract of higher ground that constitutes the watershed boundary 
+-- between two adjacent drainage basins, it divides the surface waters that 
+-- flow naturally in one direction from those that flow in the opposite 
+-- direction.
+fun WatershedDivide : Class ;
+fun WatershedDivide_Class : SubClass WatershedDivide (both LandArea UplandArea) ;
+
+
+fun Waterspout : Class ;
+fun Waterspout_Class : SubClass Waterspout WeatherProcess ;
+-- WeatherFront is the class of weather 
+-- processes that are involve relationships between two air masses, such 
+-- as a high pressure weather system or a low pressure system.
+fun WeatherFront : Class ;
+fun WeatherFront_Class : SubClass WeatherFront WeatherProcess ;
+
+-- WeatherSeason is the class of seasonal 
+-- processes that are characterized by various weather patterns. 
+-- WeatherSeasons may recur on a regular annual basis, on a different 
+-- pattern, or irregularly.
+fun WeatherSeason : Class ;
+fun WeatherSeason_Class : SubClass WeatherSeason WeatherProcess ;
+
+-- WeatherSystem is the class of 
+-- large_scale atmospheric processes that influence weather in a region 
+-- for 2_5 days.
+fun WeatherSystem : Class ;
+fun WeatherSystem_Class : SubClass WeatherSystem WeatherProcess ;
+
+fun WesternAfrica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+fun WesternEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+-- The half of the Earth that includes North 
+-- and South America.
+fun WesternHemisphere : Ind Hemisphere ;
+
+
+fun WesternSouthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;
+
+-- WetTropicalClimateZone is 
+-- the subclass of TropicalClimateZone that is characterized by having 
+-- no dry months. At least 60 mm of rainfall occur in the driest month. 
+-- This is subtype 'Af' in the Koeppen climate system.
+fun WetTropicalClimateZone : Class ;
+fun WetTropicalClimateZone_Class : SubClass WetTropicalClimateZone TropicalClimateZone ;
+
+fun WetlandDegradationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+fun WetlandsConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun WhalingConvention : Ind Agreement ;
+
+fun WildlifePoachingIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;
+
+-- WindFlow is the class of variable AirStreams 
+-- that are in the EarthsAtmosphere.
+fun WindFlow : Class ;
+fun WindFlow_Class : SubClass WindFlow AirStream ;
+
+fun WindProcess : Class ;
+fun WindProcess_Class : SubClass WindProcess WeatherProcess ;
+fun Windstorm : Class ;
+fun Windstorm_Class : SubClass Windstorm WindProcess ;
+-- The WorldOcean is the collective mass of 
+-- sea water that covers 70% of the surface of PlanetEarth, surrounding 
+-- all of its dry land areas. Earth's individual Oceans are parts of 
+-- the WorldOcean.
+fun WorldOcean : Ind (both SaltWaterArea BodyOfWater) ;
+
+
+fun Zud : Class ;
+fun Zud_Class : SubClass Zud WeatherProcess ;
+-- (airTemperature ?AREA ?TEMP) means that the temperature of the 
+-- air at ?AREA is ?TEMP. Temperature may be expressed in units of 
+-- TemperatureMeasure, including CelsiusDegree and FahrenheitDegree, 
+-- among others.
+fun airTemperature : El Object -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (arableLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) 
+-- means that the GeographicArea ?REGION has ?AMOUNT of land under 
+-- cultivation with crops that are replanted after each harvest. ?AMOUNT 
+-- may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction.
+-- Cf. permanentCropLandArea.
+fun arableLandArea : El GeographicArea -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (averagePrecipitationForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means 
+-- that at the GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the TimeDuration 
+-- ?PERIOD, the average daily precipitation was ?AMOUNT.
+fun averagePrecipitationForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (averageRainfallForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?AMOUNT)
+-- means that ?AREA receives ?AMOUNT of rain in month ?MO in an average
+-- year. Note that ?AMOUNT is a linear measure indicating the depth of water that
+-- would accumulate over ?AREA if all water were captured.
+fun averageRainfallForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El Month -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (averageTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
+-- at the GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the TimeDuration 
+-- ?PERIOD, the average daily temperature was ?AMOUNT. Temperature 
+-- may be expressed in some UnitOfTemperature, including 
+-- CelsiusDegree and FahrenheitDegree, among others.
+fun averageTemperatureForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (bioindicatorForHabitat ?AREA ?SPECIES) means that the health 
+-- of the individuals in ?SPECIES indicates the condition of their 
+-- habitat in the GeographicArea ?AREA.
+fun bioindicatorForHabitat: El GeographicArea -> Desc OrganicObject -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (claimedTerritory ?AREA ?POLITY) 
+-- means that some right over the GeographicArea ?AREA is claimed by 
+-- the Agent or GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY. If two politically independent 
+-- states or agents claim the same area, that area is a 'disputed 
+-- territory'.
+fun claimedTerritory : El GeographicArea -> El Agent -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (climateTypeInArea ?TYPE ?REGION) 
+-- means that all or part of the GeographicArea ?REGION is of the 
+-- ClimateZone ?TYPE.
+fun climateTypeInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc ClimateZone -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (cloudCoverFraction ?AREA ?AMOUNT) 
+-- means that in the Region ?AREA, the fraction ?AMOUNT of the sky is 
+-- covered with clouds.
+fun cloudCoverFraction : El Region -> El NonnegativeRealNumber -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (coldSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
+-- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the cold season occurs 
+-- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.
+fun coldSeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (connectedDownstream ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 
+-- means that ?OBJ1 is connected, remotely or immediately, with ?OBJ2 along 
+-- a directed system such as a RiverSystem.
+fun connectedDownstream : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (coolSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
+-- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the cool season occurs 
+-- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (coolSeasonInArea 
+-- Angola (RecurringTimeIntervalFn May October
+fun coolSeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (courseWRTCompassNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course 
+-- heading from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING in AngularDegrees, with 
+-- the reference point of 000 degrees North as measured by compass on 
+-- or at ?OBJ1.
+fun courseWRTCompassNorth : El Physical -> El Physical -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (courseWRTMagneticNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course 
+-- heading from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING in AngularDegrees, with 
+-- the reference point of 000 degrees being the magnetic North pole.
+fun courseWRTMagneticNorth : El Physical -> El Physical -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course 
+-- heading or track from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING, in AngularDegrees, 
+-- with the reference point of 000 degrees being true North.
+fun courseWRTTrueNorth : El Physical -> El Physical -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (dateOpenedForSignature ?PROP ?DATE) means that as of a date 
+-- indicated by ?DATE, document(s) may officially be signed (by the 
+-- appropriate agents) to effect commitments to the Agreement ?PROP.
+fun dateOpenedForSignature: El Proposition -> Desc TimePosition -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (daylightHoursInterval ?PLACE ?DAY ?INTERVAL) means that in the 
+-- Region ?PLACE, on the Day indicated by ?DAY, there is daylight 
+-- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.
+fun daylightHoursInterval: El Region -> Desc Day -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (daylightHoursTotal ?PLACE ?DAY ?TIME) means that in the Region 
+-- ?PLACE, on the Day indicated by ?DAY, there is daylight for a 
+-- total TimeDuration ?LENGTH.
+fun daylightHoursTotal: El Region -> Desc Day -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (dependentGeopoliticalArea 
+-- ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is a geopolitical possession of the 
+-- GeopoliticalArea ?AREA2 and is not a geopoliticalSubdivision of 
+-- ?AREA2. For example, (dependentGeopoliticalArea Guam UnitedStates), 
+-- because Guam is a territory of the UnitedStates, not one of the fifty 
+-- U.S. states. Contrast primaryGeopoliticalSubdivision.
+fun dependentGeopoliticalArea : El GeographicArea -> El Agent -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (drySeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
+-- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the dry season occurs 
+-- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (drySeasonInArea 
+-- Angola (RecurringTimeIntervalFn May October)).
+fun drySeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- The altitude of an object
+-- above the sea level of PlanetEarth
+fun earthAltitude : El Physical -> El Physical -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (elevation ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT) means that the 
+-- physical Object ?OBJECT is located on the surface of PlanetEarth 
+-- at the vertical distance ?HEIGHT above (or below, for a negative 
+-- quantity) SeaLevel. ?OBJECT may be a superficialPart of Earth's 
+-- surface, such as a GeographicArea. Elevation is measured from 
+-- SeaLevel to the vertical top of the object.
+fun elevation : El Object -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (environmentalProblemTypeInArea ?AREA ?PROBLEM) means that 
+-- objects or processes of type ?PROBLEM is an environmental 
+-- problem in the GeographicArea ?AREA.
+fun environmentalProblemTypeInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc Physical -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- The relation between WaterMotion Processes
+-- and the region in which they occur continuously over at least hours, but
+-- typically months or years. A water balloon bursting and flowing downhill
+-- would not use this relation, because there would be no StreamWaterArea
+-- to relate to.
+fun flowCurrent : El WaterMotion -> El WaterArea -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (groundSubsurfaceType ?area ?subsoil) 
+-- means that the predominant Substance in the subsoil or subsurface layer of 
+-- the LandArea ?area is of type ?subsoil.
+fun groundSubsurfaceType: El LandArea -> Desc Substance -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (%&groundSurfaceType ?area ?substance) means 
+-- that the predominant Substance at the ground surface of the LandArea ?area is ?substance.
+fun groundSurfaceType: El LandArea -> Desc Substance -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (headingWRTCompassNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) 
+-- means that the front_to_back axis of the Object ?OBJ points in 
+-- the direction ?DEGREE, according to the compass carried by ?OBJ.
+fun headingWRTCompassNorth : El Object -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (headingWRTMagneticNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) 
+-- means that the front_to_back axis of the Object ?OBJ points in 
+-- the direction ?DEGREE, with respect to magnetic North.
+fun headingWRTMagneticNorth : El Object -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (headingWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) 
+-- means that the front_to_back axis of the Object ?OBJ points in 
+-- the direction ?DEGREE, with respect to true North.
+fun headingWRTTrueNorth : El Object -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (highAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the Wind 
+-- blowing above 25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE.
+fun highAltitudeWindSpeed : El Object -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (highAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the 
+-- Wind blowing above 25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED 
+-- and is moving toward the DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD.
+fun highAltitudeWindVelocity : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (highTide ?PLACE ?TIME ?AMOUNT) means that 
+-- there is a HighTide at the Region ?PLACE at the TimeInterval ?TIME 
+-- with the relative height ?AMOUNT. The height is given in relation to 
+-- the datum on a standard chart.
+fun highTide : El Region -> El TimeInterval -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (highestTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
+-- at the GeographicArea ?PLACE, during the TimeDuration ?PERIOD, 
+-- the highest temperature was ?AMOUNT. Temperature may be expressed 
+-- in some UnitOfTemperature, including CelsiusDegree and 
+-- FahrenheitDegree, among others.
+fun highestTemperatureForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (hotSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
+-- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the hot season occurs 
+-- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (hotSeasonInArea 
+-- Angola (RecurringTimeIntervalFn November April)).
+fun hotSeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (irrigatedLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) 
+-- means that the GeographicArea ?REGION has the ?AMOUNT of irrigated land. 
+-- ?AMOUNT may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction.
+fun irrigatedLandArea : El GeographicArea -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (landAreaOnly ?REGION ?MEASURE) means 
+-- that the total area(s) of solid ground within the GeographicArea 
+-- ?REGION has the AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT. The pieces of solid ground need 
+-- not be continuous within the region.
+fun landAreaOnly : El GeographicArea -> El AreaMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (lowAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the Wind blowing 
+-- between 500_10,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE. Wind speed 
+-- may be expressed in knots (KnotUnitOfSpeed) or as any distance per 
+-- time unit (using (SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)).
+fun lowAltitudeWindSpeed : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (lowAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?DIRECTION) means that the 
+-- low_altitude Wind blowing at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and comes 
+-- from the compass point ?DIRECTION. Low_altitude wind is wind blowing 
+-- between 500_10,000 feet.
+fun lowAltitudeWindVelocity : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (lowTide ?PLACE ?TIME ?AMOUNT) means that 
+-- there is a LowTide at the Region ?PLACE at the TimeInterval ?TIME 
+-- with the relative height ?AMOUNT. The height is given in relation to 
+-- the datum on a standard chart.
+fun lowTide : El Region -> El TimeInterval -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (lowestTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
+-- at the GeographicArea ?PLACE, during the TimeDuration ?PERIOD, 
+-- the highest temperature was ?AMOUNT. Temperature may be expressed 
+-- in some UnitOfTemperature, including CelsiusDegree and 
+-- FahrenheitDegree, among others.
+fun lowestTemperatureForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (magneticVariation ?AREA ?DEGREE ?DIRECTION) means that in the 
+-- GeographicArea ?AREA, the magnetic variation of a compass from 
+-- 000 degrees true is ?DEGREE AngularDegrees in ?DIRECTION (East 
+-- or West).
+fun magneticVariation : El GeographicArea -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (mapOfArea ?AREA ?POINTER) means that a map 
+-- of the Region ?AREA can be found at the location ?POINTER.
+fun mapOfArea : El Region -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (maritimeClaimType ?POLITY ?TYPE) 
+-- means that the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY claims rights over a 
+-- MaritimeClaimArea of ?TYPE.
+fun maritimeClaimType: El GeopoliticalArea -> Desc MaritimeClaimArea -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (meanSeaLevel ?place ?measure) means that the Mean Sea 
+-- Level (MSL) at ?place is ?measure. ?measure is a distance representing the sea level 
+-- at ?place measured against a benchmark (and averaged over a long time). MSL is measured 
+-- by tide gauges for maritime purposes, while geodesists use the difference between the 
+-- local sea surface and an ideal level ocean surface (the geoid).
+fun meanSeaLevel : El GeographicArea -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (mediumAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the Wind 
+-- blowing between 10,000_25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE.
+fun mediumAltitudeWindSpeed : El Object -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (mediumAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the 
+-- Wind blowing between 10,000_25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of 
+-- ?SPEED and is moving toward the DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD.
+fun mediumAltitudeWindVelocity : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (naturalHazardTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE) means that in the 
+-- GeographicArea ?AREA, Processes of ?TYPE occur with some 
+-- frequency and may cause damage or danger to human lives and property.
+fun naturalHazardTypeInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc Physical -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (naturalResourceTypeInArea ?REGION ?TYPE) means that the 
+-- GeographicArea ?REGION has resources of the kind ?TYPE.
+fun naturalResourceTypeInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc Object -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (objectGeographicCoordinates ?OBJECT ?LAT ?LONG) means that 
+-- the Object ?OBJECT is found at the geographic coordinates 
+-- ?LAT and ?LONG.
+fun objectGeographicCoordinates : El Object -> El Latitude -> El Longitude -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (oppositeDirection ?DIR1 ?DIR2) 
+-- means that the PositionalAttribute ?DIR1 points in the compass 
+-- direction opposite to the DirectionalAttribute ?DIR2.
+fun oppositeDirection : El PositionalAttribute -> El PositionalAttribute -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (orbits ?SATELLITE ?FOCUS) means that the Object 
+-- ?SATELLITE revolves around the AstronomicalBody ?FOCUS.
+fun orbits : El Object -> El AstronomicalBody -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- This predicate is used to represent information from the CIA 
+-- World Fact Book. (otherLandUseArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that 
+-- in the GeographicArea ?REGION, the ?AMOUNT of land has some 
+-- use other than planting seasonal or permanent crops. ?AMOUNT may be 
+-- expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction. See also 
+-- arableLandArea and permanentLandArea.
+fun otherLandUseArea : El GeographicArea -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (overcastDaysInPeriod ?AREA ?PERIOD ?NUMBER) means that during the 
+-- time ?PERIOD, the GeographicArea ?AREA experienced ?NUMBER of 
+-- OvercastWeather days.
+fun overcastDaysInPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El NonnegativeRealNumber -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (partyToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP) 
+-- means that the Agent ?AGENT has committed to the agreement ?PROP.
+fun partyToAgreement : El Agent -> El Proposition -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (permanentCropLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that the GeographicArea 
+-- ?REGION has ?AMOUNT of land under cultivation with crops that are not 
+-- replanted after each harvest. This includes orchards, vineyards, coffee 
+-- and rubber plantations. Timberland is excluded. ?AMOUNT may be expressed 
+-- in physical units or with a percent or fraction. Cf. permanentCropLandArea.
+fun permanentCropLandArea : El GeographicArea -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (precipitationAmount ?EVENT ?AMOUNT) means that in the 
+-- Precipitation process ?EVENT, the quantity of precipitation 
+-- that fell was ?AMOUNT.
+fun precipitationAmount : El Precipitation -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (precipitationRate ?EVENT ?RATE) means that in the 
+-- Precipitation ?EVENT, the precipitation falls at a rate 
+-- of ?RATE.
+fun precipitationRate : El Precipitation -> El FunctionQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (precipitationState ?EVENT ?STATE) means that in the Precipitation 
+-- ?EVENT, the stuff falling is in the PhysicalState ?STATE (e.g., 
+-- Liquid or Solid ice).
+fun precipitationState : El WeatherProcess -> El PhysicalState -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (rainySeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
+-- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the rainy or wet season occurs 
+-- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (rainySeasonInArea 
+-- Angola (RecurringTimeIntervalFn November April)).
+fun rainySeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (regionalIssue ?AREA ?ISSUE) means 
+-- that the AreaOfConcern ?ISSUE is relevant to a problem in the 
+-- GeographicArea ?AREA.
+fun regionalIssue : El GeographicArea -> El AreaOfConcern -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (relativeBearing ?OBJ1?OBJ2 ?DEGREES) 
+-- means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are separated by the amount ?DEGREES of 
+-- PlaneAngleMeasure.
+fun relativeBearing : El Object -> El Object -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (relativeHumidity ?AREA ?AMOUNT) 
+-- means that the amount of moisture in the air at ?AREA is ?AMOUNT. 
+-- Relative humidity expresses the amount of moisture as a percentage, 
+-- or ratio, between the actual moisture saturation of the air compared 
+-- to the potential moisture saturation of the air. At full (potential) 
+-- saturation, precipitation would occur.
+fun relativeHumidity : El Object -> El NonnegativeRealNumber -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (seaSurfaceTemperature ?AREA ?TEMP) means that the 
+-- temperature of the sea surface at ?AREA is ?TEMP. 
+-- Temperature may be expressed in some UnitOfTemperature, 
+-- including CelsiusDegree and FahrenheitDegree, among others.
+fun seaSurfaceTemperature : El WaterArea -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- The length of the boundary 
+-- between two GeographicRegions.
+fun sharedBorderLength : El GeographicRegion -> El GeographicRegion -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (slopeGradient ?AREA ?SLOPE) means that 
+-- in the LandArea ?AREA there is an incline of ?slope, where ?SLOPE is 
+-- the percent of vertical rise over horizontal distance. slopeGradient 
+-- gives an approximate value for nonzero slope over ?AREA, without regard 
+-- to orientation. For example, (slopeGradient ?AREA 0.10) means that 
+-- there is a 10% incline across the area, without specifying the 
+-- orientation in which the land rises or falls. Also see 
+-- slopeGradientTowardsOrientation.
+fun slopeGradient : El LandArea -> El NonnegativeRealNumber -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (slopeGradientTowardsOrientation ?AREA ?DIRECTION ?SLOPE) means that 
+-- in the LandArea ?AREA, there is an incline of ?SLOPE towards the 
+-- DirectionalAttribute ?DIRECTION. ?SLOPE is a RationalNumber 
+-- representing the percent of vertical rise over horizontal distance.
+fun slopeGradientTowardsOrientation : El LandArea -> El DirectionalAttribute -> El RationalNumber -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (streamOutfall ?WATER ?RIVER) means that 
+-- the WaterArea ?MOUTH is the outfall of the River ?RIVER.
+fun streamOutfall : El WaterArea -> El River -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (surfaceWindDirection ?PLACE ?DIRECTION) means that at ?PLACE 
+-- the wind is coming from the compass point ?DIRECTION. For example, 
+-- (surfaceWindDirection SanFranciscoBay Northwest) means that the 
+-- wind in San Francisco Bay is coming from the Northwest. The wind is 
+-- within 500 feet of Earth's surface.
+fun surfaceWindDirection : El Object -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (surfaceWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) 
+-- means that the speed of the surface Wind at the GeographicArea 
+-- ?PLACE is ?RATE. Wind speed may be expressed in knots (KnotUnitOfSpeed) 
+-- or as any distance per time unit (using (SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)). 
+-- Surface wind is found at the surface of the planet, everyday wind. 
+-- Technically, Winds moving through the atmosphere up to an altitude 
+-- of 500 feet.
+fun surfaceWindSpeed : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (surfaceWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the 
+-- surface Wind blowing at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and is moving 
+-- toward the DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD. Surface wind is found at the 
+-- surface of the planet, everyday wind. Technically, Winds moving 
+-- through the atmosphere up to an altitude of 500 feet.
+fun surfaceWindVelocity : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (terrainInArea ?AREA ?ATTRIBUTE) 
+-- means that the GeographicArea ?AREA is or includes a region with 
+-- the features of TerrainArea ?ATTRIBUTE.
+fun terrainInArea : El GeographicArea -> El TerrainAttribute -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (totalArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that 
+-- the total area of ?REGION is the AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT.
+fun totalArea : El Region -> El AreaMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (totalBiomass ?PLACE ?MASS) means that the 
+-- total amount (in weight or volume) of living matter in the Region 
+-- ?PLACE is ?MASS.
+fun totalBiomass : El GeographicArea -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (totalCoastline ?AREA ?COASTLENGTH) 
+-- means that the total length of all boundaries between the GeographicArea 
+-- ?AREA and the ocean is the LengthMeasure ?COASTLENGTH. The coastline 
+-- counted may be discontinuous and may even be along different oceans (as 
+-- in Columbia). A totalCoastline of zero indicates a LandlockedArea. 
+-- Note that only Ocean coastlines are counted, not any shores with inland 
+-- waters.
+fun totalCoastline : El GeographicArea -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (totalLandBoundary ?REGION ?LENGTH) 
+-- means that the GeographicArea ?REGION has a total LengthMeasure 
+-- ?LENGTH of land boundaries between it and other countries. Note that 
+-- the boundaries included in the total length may be discontinuous, as when 
+-- interrupted by stretches of Seacoast.
+fun totalLandBoundary : El GeographicArea -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (totalPrecipitationForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
+-- at the GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the TimeDuration ?PERIOD, 
+-- the total amount of precipitation was ?AMOUNT.
+fun totalPrecipitationForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP) means that 
+-- the Agent ?AGENT has signed a document to begin the process of 
+-- committing to the Agreement ?PROP, but that a ratification 
+-- process required to complete the commitment has not yet occurred.
+fun unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement : El Agent -> El Proposition -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (vegetationType ?area ?type) associates 
+-- a particular GeographicArea with a type of Plant that is found there.
+fun vegetationType : El GeographicArea -> Desc Plant -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (vegetationTypePattern ?AREA ?TYPE ?DENSITY) means that in the 
+-- GeographicArea ?AREA the Plant ?TYPE is found with ?DENSITY.
+fun vegetationTypePattern: El GeographicArea -> Desc Plant -> El Attribute -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (warmSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
+-- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the warm season occurs 
+-- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.
+fun warmSeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (waterAreaOnly ?REGION ?MEASURE) means 
+-- that the total area(s) of surface water within the GeographicArea 
+-- ?REGION has the AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT. The pieces of water need not be 
+-- continuous within the region.
+fun waterAreaOnly : El GeographicArea -> El AreaMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (waterDepth ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the 
+-- depth of water at the Region ?AREA is ?LENGTH.
+fun waterDepth : El WaterArea -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;
+
+
+-- (windRelativePosition ?OBJECT ?POSITION) means that the Wind blows 
+-- at ?OBJECT from the relative vector ?POSITION. E.g., Crosswind, 
+-- Headwind, Tailwind.
+fun windRelativePosition : El Object -> El Attribute -> Formula ;
+}
-- 
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