From 455d9558417a759fae3ccbe5cde5c9f5064a08d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: krasimir Date: Sun, 6 Jun 2010 11:06:44 +0000 Subject: changes in SUMO: formatting and fixes for lots of lots of small problems --- examples/SUMO/Merge.gf | 13188 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------ 1 file changed, 6363 insertions(+), 6825 deletions(-) (limited to 'examples/SUMO/Merge.gf') diff --git a/examples/SUMO/Merge.gf b/examples/SUMO/Merge.gf index d7035e6ac..37e2b708a 100644 --- a/examples/SUMO/Merge.gf +++ b/examples/SUMO/Merge.gf @@ -1,6829 +1,6367 @@ --- # -path=.:englishExtended abstract Merge = Basic ** { + -- Any AnatomicalStructure which + -- is not normally found in the Organism of which it is a part, i.e. it is + -- the result of a PathologicProcess. This class covers tumors, birth marks, + -- goiters, etc. + fun AbnormalAnatomicalStructure : Class ; + fun AbnormalAnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass AbnormalAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure ; + + -- This is a PositionalAttribute derived from the + -- up/down schema and not involving contact. Note that this means directly + -- above, i.e., if one object is Above another object, then the projections + -- of the two objects overlap. + fun Above : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; + + -- The value of (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) + -- is the absolute value of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. + fun AbsoluteValueFn : El RealNumber -> Ind NonnegativeRealNumber ; + + -- Properties or qualities as distinguished from any + -- particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. + -- Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical + -- objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular + -- place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment. + fun Abstract : Class ; + fun Abstract_Class : SubClass Abstract Entity ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into + -- the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership + -- in the Class. + fun AbstractionFn : Class -> Ind Attribute ; + + -- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then + -- (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these + -- numbers. + fun AdditionFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; + + -- Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close + -- to, near or abutting ?OBJ2. This PositionalAttribute covers the + -- following common sense notions: adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, + -- is juxtaposed, and is close to. + fun Adjacent : Ind SymmetricPositionalAttribute ; + + -- One of the parts of speech. The Class of + -- Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Objects. + fun Adjective : Class ; + fun Adjective_Class : SubClass Adjective Word ; + + -- One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words + -- that conventionally denote Attributes of Processes. + fun Adverb : Class ; + fun Adverb_Class : SubClass Adverb Word ; + + -- A Disseminating whose purpose is to + -- promote the sale of an Object represented in a Text or Icon + -- (the advertisement). + fun Advertising : Class ; + fun Advertising_Class : SubClass Advertising Disseminating ; + + -- A GroupOfPeople whose members all have the + -- same age. + fun AgeGroup : Class ; + fun AgeGroup_Class : SubClass AgeGroup GroupOfPeople ; + + -- Something or someone that can act on its own and + -- produce changes in the world. + fun Agent : Class ; + fun Agent_Class : SubClass Agent Object ; + + -- Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the + -- atmosphere surrounding Earth. + fun Air : Class ; + fun Air_Class : SubClass Air GasMixture ; + + -- A Class containing all of the Attributes + -- relating to the notions of possibility and necessity. + fun AlethicAttribute : Class ; + fun AlethicAttribute_Class : SubClass AlethicAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; + + -- A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, + -- but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue. + fun Alga : Class ; + fun Alga_Class : SubClass Alga NonFloweringPlant ; + + -- Any BodyMotion which is accomplished by + -- means of the legs of an Animal for the purpose of moving from one + -- point to another. + fun Ambulating : Class ; + fun Ambulating_Class : SubClass Ambulating (both BodyMotion Translocation) ; + + -- SI electric current measure. Symbol: A. It is + -- one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the Ampere is + -- that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel + -- conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross_section, and + -- placed 1 Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors + -- a force equal to 2*10^(_7) Newton per Meter of length. + fun Ampere : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- A cold_blooded, smooth_skinned Vertebrate + -- which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by + -- gills. When mature, the Amphibian breathes with Lungs. + fun Amphibian : Class ; + fun Amphibian_Class : SubClass Amphibian ColdBloodedVertebrate ; + + -- Atomic mass unit. Symbol: u. It is the mass of + -- the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope. + fun Amu : Ind UnitOfMass ; + + -- A normal or pathological part + -- of the anatomy or structural organization of an Organism. This + -- class covers BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off + -- by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies. + fun AnatomicalStructure : Class ; + fun AnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass AnatomicalStructure OrganicObject ; + + -- The value of an angle in a plane or in a + -- solid. + fun AngleMeasure : Class ; + fun AngleMeasure_Class : SubClass AngleMeasure ConstantQuantity ; + + -- The Angstrom is a LengthMeasure. + -- 1 Angstrom = 10^(_10) m + fun Angstrom : Ind UnitOfLength ; + + -- A plane angle measure. + fun AngularDegree : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ; + + -- Attributes that indicate whether an + -- Organism is alive or not. + fun AnimacyAttribute : Class ; + fun AnimacyAttribute_Class : SubClass AnimacyAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; + + -- An Organism with eukaryotic Cells, and lacking + -- stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments. + fun Animal : Class ; + fun Animal_Organism : SubClassC Animal Organism (\ANIMAL -> and (forall AnimalSubstance (\SUBSTANCE -> part(var AnimalSubstance Object ? SUBSTANCE)(var Organism Object ? ANIMAL))) (forall AnimalAnatomicalStructure (\STRUCTURE -> part(var AnimalAnatomicalStructure Object ? STRUCTURE)(var Organism Object ? ANIMAL)))) ; + + -- AnatomicalStructures that + -- are possessed exclusively by Animals. + fun AnimalAnatomicalStructure : Class ; + fun AnimalAnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass AnimalAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure ; + + -- The subclass of Languages used by + -- Animals other than Humans. + fun AnimalLanguage : Class ; + fun AnimalLanguage_Class : SubClass AnimalLanguage Language ; + + -- BodySubstances that are produced + -- exclusively by Animals. + fun AnimalSubstance : Class ; + fun AnimalSubstance_Class : SubClass AnimalSubstance BodySubstance ; + + -- AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute is the class of + -- PositionalAttribute that hold in only one direction. I.e. two objects cannot + -- simulataneously be On each other. + fun AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute : Class ; + fun AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute_Class : SubClass AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute PositionalAttribute ; + + -- Various Primates with no tails or only short + -- tails. + fun Ape : Class ; + fun Ape_Class : SubClass Ape Primate ; + + -- The Class of all Months which are April. + fun April : Class ; + fun April_Class : SubClass April Month ; + + -- The Class of Mammals that dwell chiefly + -- in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses. + fun AquaticMammal : Class ; + fun AquaticMammal_Class : SubClass AquaticMammal Mammal ; + + -- A Class of Arthropods that includes + -- ticks and spiders. + fun Arachnid : Class ; + fun Arachnid_Class : SubClass Arachnid Arthropod ; + + -- Measures of the amount of space in two + -- dimensions. + fun AreaMeasure : Class ; + fun AreaMeasure_Class : SubClass AreaMeasure FunctionQuantity ; + + -- Any proposition which has the form of a deductive + -- or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply + -- a conclusion. + fun Argument : Class ; + fun Argument_Class : SubClass Argument Proposition ; + + -- Artifacts that are created primarily for + -- aesthetic appreciation. Note that this Class does not include + -- most examples of architecture, which belong under StationaryArtifact. + fun ArtWork : Class ; + fun ArtWork_Class : SubClass ArtWork Artifact ; + + -- A Class of Invertebrate that includes + -- Arachnids and Insects. + fun Arthropod : Class ; + fun Arthropod_Class : SubClass Arthropod Invertebrate ; + + -- A relatively short Text that either is unbound or is + -- bound with other Articles in a Book. + fun Article : Class ; + fun Article_Class : SubClass Article Text ; + + -- A CorpuscularObject that is the product of a + -- Making. + fun Artifact : Class ; + fun Artifact_Class : SubClass Artifact CorpuscularObject ; + + -- The subclass of Languages that are + -- designed by Humans. + fun ArtificialLanguage : Class ; + fun ArtificialLanguage_Class : SubClass ArtificialLanguage Language ; + + -- Asexual Processes of biological + -- reproduction. + fun AsexualReproduction : Class ; + fun AsexualReproduction_Class : SubClass AsexualReproduction Replication ; + + -- Attribute that applies to Organisms that are + -- sleeping. + fun Asleep : Ind ConsciousnessAttribute ; + + -- The Class of all astronomical + -- objects of significant size. It includes SelfConnectedObjects + -- like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as Collections like + -- nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth + -- is an AstronomicalBody, but every Region of Earth is a + -- GeographicArea. + fun AstronomicalBody : Class ; + fun AstronomicalBody_Class : SubClass AstronomicalBody Region ; + + -- An extremely small unit of matter that retains its + -- identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an AtomicNucleus and + -- Electrons surrounding the AtomicNucleus. + fun Atom : Class ; + fun Atom_Class : SubClass Atom ElementalSubstance ; + + -- MassMeasure that is also known as the gram_atom. + -- Defined as the mass in grams of 1 Mole of pure substance. For example, + -- 1 AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 Grams of pure Carbon 12. 2 AtomGrams + -- of the same substance will be 24 Grams of it. This is an unusual unit in + -- that it is essentially 1 Mole of 'stuff' measured in grams, so that the + -- actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance. + fun AtomGram : Ind UnitOfMass ; + + -- The core of the Atom. It is composed of + -- Protons and Neutrons. + fun AtomicNucleus : Class ; + fun AtomicNucleus_Class : SubClass AtomicNucleus SubatomicParticle ; + + -- A Process where one Object becomes attached + -- to another Object. Note that this differs from Putting in that two + -- things which are attached may already be in the same location. Note that + -- Combining is different from Attaching in that the former applies to + -- Substances, while the latter applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too + -- that Attaching is different from Putting in that one or both of the + -- two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location + -- where they were combined. + fun Attaching : Class ; + fun Attaching_Class : SubClass Attaching DualObjectProcess ; + + -- A Device whose purpose is to attach one thing + -- to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc. + fun AttachingDevice : Class ; + fun AttachingDevice_Class : SubClass AttachingDevice Device ; + + -- A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the + -- agent attempts to inflict damage on the patient. + fun Attack : Class ; + fun Attack_Class : SubClass Attack Maneuver ; + + -- Qualities which we cannot or choose not to + -- reify into subclasses of Object. + fun Attribute : Class ; + fun Attribute_Class : SubClass Attribute Abstract ; + + -- A sound level capable of being heard by a Human. + fun Audible : Ind SoundAttribute ; + + -- The Class of all Months which are August. + fun August : Class ; + fun August_Class : SubClass August Month ; + + -- The class of PhysiologicProcesses of + -- which there is not conscious awareness and control. + fun AutonomicProcess : Class ; + fun AutonomicProcess_Class : SubClass AutonomicProcess PhysiologicProcess ; + + -- Attribute that applies to Organisms that are + -- neither Unconscious nor Asleep. + fun Awake : Ind ConsciousnessAttribute ; + + -- A Function that maps an Object to the side + -- that is opposite the FrontFn of the Object. Note that this is a + -- partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples + -- and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in + -- much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. + -- Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, + -- it does not have significant practical implications, since there is + -- widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. + fun BackFn : El SelfConnectedObject -> Ind SelfConnectedObject ; + + -- A small, typically one_celled, prokaryotic + -- Microorganism. + fun Bacterium : Class ; + fun Bacterium_Class : SubClass Bacterium Microorganism ; + + -- A ViolentContest between two or more military + -- units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the + -- metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some + -- sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of + -- Contest. + fun Battle : Class ; + fun Battle_Class : SubClass Battle ViolentContest ; + + -- SI activity measure. Symbol: Bq. It measures + -- the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is + -- that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic + -- disintegration per SecondDuration. Becquerel = s^(_1). + fun Becquerel : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to + -- the TimePoint at which the interval begins. + fun BeginFn : El TimeInterval -> Ind TimePoint ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath + -- to the GraphNode that is the beginning of the GraphPath. Note that, + -- unlike InitialNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), + -- BeginNodeFn is a total function _ every GraphPath has a beginning. + fun BeginNodeFn : El GraphPath -> Ind GraphNode ; + + -- A GroupOfPeople whose members share a belief + -- or set of beliefs. + fun BeliefGroup : Class ; + fun BeliefGroup_Class : SubClass BeliefGroup GroupOfPeople ; + + -- This PositionalAttribute is derived from the + -- up/down schema and may or may not involve contact. Note that this means + -- directly below, i.e., if one object is Below another object, then the + -- projections of the two objects overlap. + fun Below : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; + + -- A FinancialTransaction where an instance of + -- CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger + -- instance of CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of + -- Game. + fun Betting : Class ; + fun Betting_Class : SubClass Betting FinancialTransaction ; + + -- Any Food that is ingested by Drinking. + -- Note that this class is disjoint with the other subclasses of Food, + -- i.e. Meat and FruitOrVegetable. + fun Beverage : Class ; + fun Beverage_Class : SubClass Beverage Food ; + + -- Elements from the number system with base 2. + -- Every BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0. + fun BinaryNumber : Class ; + fun BinaryNumber_Class : SubClass BinaryNumber RealNumber ; + + -- Attributes that apply specifically + -- to instances of Organism. + fun BiologicalAttribute : Class ; + fun BiologicalAttribute_Class : SubClass BiologicalAttribute InternalAttribute ; + + -- A Process embodied in an Organism. + fun BiologicalProcess : Class ; + fun BiologicalProcess_Class : SubClass BiologicalProcess InternalChange ; + + -- A Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an + -- Organism. This Class includes Substances used in the treatment, + -- diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. + -- This Class also includes Substances that occur naturally in the body + -- and are administered therapeutically. Finally, BiologicallyActiveSubstance + -- includes Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special + -- handling because of their toxicity. + fun BiologicallyActiveSubstance : Class ; + fun BiologicallyActiveSubstance_Class : SubClass BiologicallyActiveSubstance Substance ; + + -- A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature + -- and characterized by the presence of feathers. + fun Bird : Class ; + fun Bird_Class : SubClass Bird WarmBloodedVertebrate ; + + -- The Process of being born. + fun Birth : Class ; + fun Birth_Class : SubClass Birth OrganismProcess ; + + -- One Bit of information. A one or a zero. + fun Bit : Ind UnitOfInformation ; + + -- The Attribute of being black in color. + fun Black : Ind PrimaryColor ; + + -- A fluid present in Animals that transports + -- Nutrients to and waste products away from various BodyParts. + fun Blood : Class ; + fun Blood_Class : SubClass Blood BodySubstance ; + + -- The Attribute of being blue in color. + fun Blue : Ind PrimaryColor ; + + -- Any BodyPart which contains an unfilled space, + -- e.g. BodyVessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc. + fun BodyCavity : Class ; + fun BodyCavity_Class : SubClass BodyCavity BodyPart ; + + -- Any BodyPart which is a covering of another + -- BodyPart or of an entire Organism. This would include the rinds of + -- FruitOrVegetables and the skins of Animals. + fun BodyCovering : Class ; + fun BodyCovering_Class : SubClass BodyCovering BodyPart ; + + -- The place where two BodyParts + -- meet or connect. + fun BodyJunction : Class ; + fun BodyJunction_Class : SubClass BodyJunction BodyPart ; + + -- Any Motion where the agent is an Organism + -- and the patient is a BodyPart. + fun BodyMotion : Class ; + fun BodyMotion_Class : SubClass BodyMotion Motion ; + + -- A collection of Cells and Tissues which + -- are localized to a specific area of an Organism and which are not + -- pathological. The instances of this Class range from gross structures + -- to small components of complex Organs. + fun BodyPart : Class ; + fun BodyPart_Class : SubClass BodyPart AnatomicalStructure ; + + -- The class of Attributes expressing + -- configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans, + -- e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc. + fun BodyPosition : Class ; + fun BodyPosition_Class : SubClass BodyPosition BiologicalAttribute ; + + -- Extracellular material and mixtures of + -- cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted + -- by an Organism. Included here are Substances such as saliva, dental + -- enamel, sweat, hormones, and gastric acid. + fun BodySubstance : Class ; + fun BodySubstance_Class : SubClass BodySubstance Substance ; + + -- Any tube_like structure which occurs naturally in + -- an Organism and through which a BodySubstance can circulate. + fun BodyVessel : Class ; + fun BodyVessel_Class : SubClass BodyVessel BodyCavity ; + + -- The Class of Processes where a Substance is + -- heated and converted from a Liquid to a Gas. + fun Boiling : Class ; + fun Boiling_Class : SubClass Boiling StateChange ; + + -- Rigid Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up + -- the skeleton of Vertebrates. Note that this Class also includes teeth. + fun Bone : Class ; + fun Bone_Class : SubClass Bone (both AnimalSubstance Tissue) ; + + -- A Text that has pages and is bound. + fun Book : Class ; + fun Book_Class : SubClass Book Text ; + + -- The subclass of Getting Processes where + -- the agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation + -- that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest). + fun Borrowing : Class ; + fun Borrowing_Class : SubClass Borrowing Getting ; + + -- The Process of respiration, by which oxygen + -- is made available to an Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, + -- exhalation, and alternations between the two. + fun Breathing : Class ; + fun Breathing_Class : SubClass Breathing (both AutonomicProcess OrganismProcess) ; + + -- An energy measure. + fun BritishThermalUnit : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- The Class of StationaryArtifacts which are + -- intended to house Humans and their activities. + fun Building : Class ; + fun Building_Class : SubClass Building StationaryArtifact ; + + -- A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of + -- CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of Physical. + fun Buying : Class ; + fun Buying_Class : SubClass Buying FinancialTransaction ; + + -- One Byte of information. A Byte is eight Bits. + fun Byte : Ind UnitOfInformation ; + + -- IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve + -- the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of Quantity. + fun Calculating : Class ; + fun Calculating_Class : SubClass Calculating IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; + + -- A Calorie is an energy measure. + fun Calorie : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- SI luminosity intensity measure. Symbol: cd. + -- It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as + -- follows: the Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, + -- of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 + -- Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 + -- Watt per Steradian. + fun Candela : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- The Class of Carnivores with completely + -- separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles. + fun Canine : Class ; + fun Canine_Class : SubClass Canine Carnivore ; + + -- An element of living cells and a source of + -- energy for Animals. This class includes both simple Carbohydrates, + -- i.e. sugars, and complex Carbohydrates, i.e. starches. + fun Carbohydrate : Class ; + fun Carbohydrate_Class : SubClass Carbohydrate Nutrient ; + + fun CardinalityFn : El (either SetOrClass Collection) -> Ind Number ; + + -- The Class of flesh_eating Mammals. Members + -- of this Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes + -- cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks. + fun Carnivore : Class ; + fun Carnivore_Class : SubClass Carnivore Mammal ; + + -- Transfer from one point to another by means of + -- an Animal or Human. + fun Carrying : Class ; + fun Carrying_Class : SubClass Carrying Transfer ; + + -- (CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest + -- Integer greater than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. + fun CeilingFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; + + -- The fundamental structural and functional unit of + -- living Organisms. + fun Cell : Class ; + fun Cell_Class : SubClass Cell BodyPart ; + + -- A TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point + -- and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 CelsiusDegrees and 100 + -- CelsiusDegrees. + fun CelsiusDegree : Ind (both TemperatureMeasure UnitOfMeasure) ; + + -- (CenterOfCircleFn ?CIRCLE) denotes the + -- GeometricPoint that is the center of the Circle ?CIRCLE. + fun CenterOfCircleFn : El Circle -> Ind GeometricPoint ; + + -- Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: cm. It is + -- the 100th part of a Meter + fun Centimeter : Ind UnitOfLength ; + + -- A TimeZone that covers much of the + -- midwestern United States. + fun CentralTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; + + -- A Text that confers a right or obligation + -- on the holder of the Certificate. Note that the right or obligation + -- need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants + -- certain privileges in the professional world. + fun Certificate : Class ; + fun Certificate_Class : SubClass Certificate Text ; + + -- The Class of Processes where + -- ownership of something is transferred from one Agent to another. + fun ChangeOfPossession : Class ; + fun ChangeOfPossession_Class : SubClass ChangeOfPossession SocialInteraction ; + + -- An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. + -- Note that a Character may or may not be part of a Language. Character + -- is a subclass of SymbolicString, because every instance of Character is + -- an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element. + fun Character : Class ; + fun Character_Class : SubClass Character SymbolicString ; + + -- The Class of ChemicalProcesses + -- in which a CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products. + fun ChemicalDecomposition : Class ; + fun ChemicalDecomposition_Class : SubClass ChemicalDecomposition (both ChemicalProcess Separating) ; + + -- A ChemicalProcess occurs whenever + -- chemical compounds (CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. + -- For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products + -- appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical + -- reaction takes place. Catalysts in a ChemicalProcess may speed up the + -- reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of + -- iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to + -- gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen. + fun ChemicalProcess : Class ; + fun ChemicalProcess_Class : SubClass ChemicalProcess InternalChange ; + + -- The Class of ChemicalProcesses in + -- which a CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants. + fun ChemicalSynthesis : Class ; + fun ChemicalSynthesis_Class : SubClass ChemicalSynthesis (both ChemicalProcess Combining) ; + + -- The class of Ovals such that all GeometricPoints + -- that make up the Circle are equidistant from a single GeometricPoint, + -- known as the center of the Circle. + fun Circle : Class ; + fun Circle_Class : SubClass Circle Oval ; + + -- A LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited + -- by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. + -- Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements + -- like towns, villages, hamlets, etc. + fun City : Class ; + fun City_Class : SubClass City (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; + + -- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses + -- which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. + -- Note that Classifying is distinguished from Learning by the fact + -- that the latter covers the acquisition by a CognitiveAgent of any + -- Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label + -- or category. + fun Classifying : Class ; + fun Classifying_Class : SubClass Classifying IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; + + -- Any TwoDimensionalFigure which + -- has a well defined interior and exterior. + fun ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure : Class ; + fun ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure ; + + -- Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other + -- materials that are used to cover the bodies of Humans. + fun Clothing : Class ; + fun Clothing_Class : SubClass Clothing WearableItem ; + + -- Any GasMixture that is visible, e.g. Smoke produced + -- by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky. + fun Cloud : Class ; + fun Cloud_Class : SubClass Cloud GasMixture ; + + -- A SentientAgent with responsibilities + -- and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is + -- essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although + -- Human is a subclass of CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of + -- CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of Human. For example, + -- chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials + -- (if they exist) may be CognitiveAgents. + fun CognitiveAgent : Class ; + fun CognitiveAgent_Class : SubClass CognitiveAgent SentientAgent ; + + -- Vertebrates whose body temperature + -- is not internally regulated. + fun ColdBloodedVertebrate : Class ; + fun ColdBloodedVertebrate_Class : SubClass ColdBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate ; + + -- Collections have members like Classes, but, unlike Classes, + -- they have a position in space_time and members can be + -- added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the + -- Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks + -- of sheep. + fun Collection : Class ; + fun Collection_Class : SubClass Collection Object ; + + -- The Class of Attributes relating to the + -- color of Objects. + fun ColorAttribute : Class ; + fun ColorAttribute_Class : SubClass ColorAttribute InternalAttribute ; + + -- The subclass of SurfaceChange where a + -- ColorAttribute of the patient is altered. Note that the change in + -- color may apply to just part of the object. + fun Coloring : Class ; + fun Coloring_Class : SubClass Coloring SurfaceChange ; + + -- A Process where two or more SelfConnectedObjects + -- are incorporated into a single SelfConnectedObject. Note that Combining + -- is different from Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects + -- being part of the other, while Attaching only results in the two objects + -- being connected with one another. Note too that Combining is different + -- from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or + -- may not be moved from the location where they were combined. + fun Combining : Class ; + fun Combining_Class : SubClass Combining DualObjectProcess ; + + -- The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which an Object + -- reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all Processes in which + -- something is burning. + fun Combustion : Class ; + fun Combustion_Class : SubClass Combustion ChemicalDecomposition ; + + -- An Agent that provides products and/or + -- services for a fee with the aim of making a profit. + fun CommercialAgent : Class ; + fun CommercialAgent_Class : SubClass CommercialAgent Agent ; + + -- Any FinancialTransaction by a + -- CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit. + fun CommercialService : Class ; + fun CommercialService_Class : SubClass CommercialService (both FinancialTransaction ServiceProcess) ; + + -- Instances of this Class commit the agent to some + -- future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm. + fun Committing : Class ; + fun Committing_Class : SubClass Committing LinguisticCommunication ; + + -- A SocialInteraction that involves + -- the transfer of information between two or more CognitiveAgents. + -- Note that Communication is closely related to, but essentially + -- different from, ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation + -- or modification of a ContentBearingObject, while Communication is + -- the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message. + fun Communication : Class ; + fun Communication_Class : SubClass Communication (both ContentBearingProcess SocialInteraction) ; + + -- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses + -- which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of + -- two or more Entities. + fun Comparing : Class ; + fun Comparing_Class : SubClass Comparing (both DualObjectProcess IntentionalPsychologicalProcess) ; + + -- The complement of a given SetOrClass C is the + -- SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an + -- object is an instance of the complement of a SetOrClass C just in case it + -- is not an instance of C. + fun ComplementFn : El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; + + -- A Number that has the form: x + yi, where x + -- and y are RealNumbers and i is the square root of _1. + fun ComplexNumber : Class ; + fun ComplexNumber_Class : SubClass ComplexNumber Number ; + + -- Instances + -- of this Class are UnitsOfMeasure defined by the functional + -- composition of other units, each of which might be a + -- CompositeUnitOfMeasure or a NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure. + fun CompositeUnitOfMeasure : Class ; + fun CompositeUnitOfMeasure_Class : SubClass CompositeUnitOfMeasure UnitOfMeasure ; + + -- The Class of Substances that contain + -- two or more elements (ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. + -- The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method + -- of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). + -- The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still + -- retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium + -- chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). + fun CompoundSubstance : Class ; + fun CompoundSubstance_Class : SubClass CompoundSubstance PureSubstance ; + + -- The class of Languages designed for + -- and interpreted by a computer. + fun ComputerLanguage : Class ; + fun ComputerLanguage_Class : SubClass ComputerLanguage ArtificialLanguage ; + + -- A set of instructions in a computer + -- programming language that can be executed by a computer. + fun ComputerProgram : Class ; + fun ComputerProgram_Class : SubClass ComputerProgram Procedure ; + + -- The process of developing a + -- ComputerProgram + fun ComputerProgramming : Class ; + fun ComputerProgramming_Class : SubClass ComputerProgramming ContentDevelopment ; + + -- The Class of Processes where an Object is + -- cooled and converted from a Gas to a Liquid. + fun Condensing : Class ; + fun Condensing_Class : SubClass Condensing StateChange ; + + -- The Class of Keeping Processes where the + -- patient is a Human or an Animal and is kept involuntarily. This covers + -- caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc. + fun Confining : Class ; + fun Confining_Class : SubClass Confining Keeping ; + + -- Attributes that indicate whether + -- an Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of + -- an Organism. + fun ConsciousnessAttribute : Class ; + fun ConsciousnessAttribute_Class : SubClass ConsciousnessAttribute StateOfMind ; + + -- A ConstantQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity that has a constant value, e.g. + -- 3 Meters and 5 HourDurations. The magnitude (see MagnitudeFn) of every + -- ConstantQuantity is a RealNumber. ConstantQuantity is + -- distinguished from FunctionQuantity, in that each instance of the + -- latter is formed through the mapping of one PhysicalQuantity to + -- another PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of ConstantQuantity is + -- expressed with the BinaryFunction MeasureFn, which takes a + -- Number and a UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 Meters + -- is expressed as (MeasureFn 3 Meter). Instances of + -- ConstantQuantity form a partial order (see + -- PartialOrderingRelation) with the lessThan relation, since + -- lessThan is a RelationExtendedToQuantities and lessThan is + -- defined over the RealNumbers. The lessThan relation is not a + -- total order (see TotalOrderingRelation) over the class + -- ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of + -- ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to + -- elements of other subclasses of ConstantQuantity + -- (such as mass quantities). + fun ConstantQuantity : Class ; + fun ConstantQuantity_Class : SubClass ConstantQuantity PhysicalQuantity ; + + -- An ConstructedLanguage is a + -- HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language + -- community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by + -- one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more + -- grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved + -- naturally. This Class includes languages like Esperanto that were + -- created to facilitate international communication + fun ConstructedLanguage : Class ; + fun ConstructedLanguage_Class : SubClass ConstructedLanguage (both ArtificialLanguage HumanLanguage) ; + + -- The subclass of Making in which a + -- StationaryArtifact is built. + fun Constructing : Class ; + fun Constructing_Class : SubClass Constructing Making ; + + -- Any SelfConnectedObject that expresses + -- content. This content may be a Proposition, e.g. when the ContentBearingObject + -- is a Sentence or Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or + -- physical object, as with an Icon, a Word or a Phrase. + fun ContentBearingObject : Class ; + fun ContentBearingObject_Class : SubClass ContentBearingObject (both ContentBearingPhysical CorpuscularObject) ; + + -- Any Object or Process that + -- expresses content. This covers Objects that contain a Proposition, + -- such as a book, as well as ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly + -- contain a Proposition. + fun ContentBearingPhysical : Class ; + fun ContentBearingPhysical_Class : SubClass ContentBearingPhysical Physical ; + + -- Any Process, for example + -- ManualHumanLanguage, which may contain a Proposition. + fun ContentBearingProcess : Class ; + fun ContentBearingProcess_Class : SubClass ContentBearingProcess ContentBearingPhysical ; + + -- A subclass of IntentionalProcess in + -- which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew. + fun ContentDevelopment : Class ; + fun ContentDevelopment_Class : SubClass ContentDevelopment IntentionalProcess ; + + -- A SocialInteraction where the agent and + -- patient are CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. + -- Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural + -- language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or + -- sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment. + fun Contest : Class ; + fun Contest_Class : SubClass Contest SocialInteraction ; + + -- A Class containing Attributes that are + -- specific to participants in a Contest. In particular, these Attributes + -- indicate the position of one of the agents in the Contest with respect + -- to other agent(s) in the Contest. Some examples of these Attributes + -- are winning, losing, won, lost, etc. + fun ContestAttribute : Class ; + fun ContestAttribute_Class : SubClass ContestAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; + + -- As defined in the CIA World Fact Book, + -- Continent covers seven land masses: Africa, NorthAmerica, + -- SouthAmerica, Antarctica, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. + -- Note that Australia, counted as a continent in some other systems, + -- is included in Oceania in the Fact Book. As a consequence, there + -- is no Nation which is also a Continent. + fun Continent : Class ; + fun Continent_Class : SubClass Continent LandArea ; + + -- The Making of an instance of Food. Note + -- that this can cover any preparation of Food, e.g. making a salad, + -- cutting up fruit, etc. It does not necessarily involve the application + -- of heat. + fun Cooking : Class ; + fun Cooking_Class : SubClass Cooking Making ; + + -- Any Decreasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity + -- decreased is a TemperatureMeasure. + fun Cooling : Class ; + fun Cooling_Class : SubClass Cooling Decreasing ; + + -- The subclass of SocialInteraction where + -- the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common + -- goal. + fun Cooperation : Class ; + fun Cooperation_Class : SubClass Cooperation SocialInteraction ; + + -- A TimeZone which functions + -- as the standard time zone. It is also known as Zulu time (in the military), + -- Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone. Note that whenever + -- a TimeZone is not specified, the TimePosition is understood to be with + -- respect to the CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone. + fun CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; + + -- An Organization that has a special legal status + -- that allows a group of persons to act as a CommercialAgent and that insulates + -- the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the + -- corporation's operation. + fun Corporation : Class ; + fun Corporation_Class : SubClass Corporation (both CommercialAgent Organization) ; + + -- A SelfConnectedObject whose parts have + -- properties that are not shared by the whole. + fun CorpuscularObject : Class ; + fun CorpuscularObject_Class : SubClass CorpuscularObject SelfConnectedObject ; + + -- (CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the + -- PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the + -- side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right_angled triangle. + fun CosineFn : El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Ind RealNumber ; + + -- SI electric charge measure. Symbol: C. It is + -- the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of + -- a conductor in an electric circuit during each SecondDuration by a + -- current of 1 Ampere. Coulomb = s*A. + fun Coulomb : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Enumerating something. The Class of Calculating + -- Processes where the aim is to determine the Number corresponding to the + -- patient. + fun Counting : Class ; + fun Counting_Class : SubClass Counting Calculating ; + + -- A GeopoliticalArea that is larger than a city, + -- usually encompassing several cities, and smaller than a StateOrProvince. + -- Aside from City, this is the smallest geopolitical subdivision, and it is + -- known by various names in various counties, e.g. parrish, commune, etc. + fun County : Class ; + fun County_Class : SubClass County (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; + + -- The Class of Putting processes where the agent + -- covers the patient, either completely or only partially, with something + -- else. + fun Covering : Class ; + fun Covering_Class : SubClass Covering Putting ; + + -- The subclass of Process in which + -- something is created. Note that the thing created is specified + -- with the result CaseRole. + fun Creation : Class ; + fun Creation_Class : SubClass Creation InternalChange ; + + -- A Class of Arthropods that mainly dwells + -- in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes + -- lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. + fun Crustacean : Class ; + fun Crustacean_Class : SubClass Crustacean Arthropod ; + + -- English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Pint. + fun Cup : Ind UnitOfVolume ; + + -- Any element of the official currrency of some + -- Nation. This covers both CurrencyBills and CurrencyCoins. + fun Currency : Class ; + fun Currency_Class : SubClass Currency FinancialInstrument ; + + -- Instances of this + -- subclass of ConstantQuantity are measures of monetaryValue + -- stated in terms of some UnitOfCurrency such as UnitedStatesDollar, + -- UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc. + fun CurrencyMeasure : Class ; + fun CurrencyMeasure_Class : SubClass CurrencyMeasure ConstantQuantity ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph the + -- Class of GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate + -- graphs if cut. There may be more than one cutset for a given graph. + fun CutSetFn : El Graph -> Desc GraphPath ; + + -- The subclass of Poking Processes which + -- involve a sharp instrument. + fun Cutting : Class ; + fun Cutting_Class : SubClass Cutting Poking ; + + -- The Class of Processes where the agent brings about a situation + -- where the patient no longer functions normally or as intended. + fun Damaging : Class ; + fun Damaging_Class : SubClass Damaging InternalChange ; + + -- An Attribute which indicates that the associated + -- Object contains some Liquid. + fun Damp : Ind SaturationAttribute ; + + -- Any BodyMotion of Humans which is deliberately coordinated with music. + fun Dancing : Class ; + fun Dancing_Class : SubClass Dancing BodyMotion ; + + -- The Class of all calendar Days. + fun Day : Class ; + fun Day_Class : SubClass Day TimeInterval ; + + -- Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours. + fun DayDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and + -- a subclass of Months to the Days within each Month corresponding to that + -- PositiveRealNumber. For example, (DayFn 16 August) is the Class of all + -- sixteenth days of August. For another example, (DayFn 9 Month) would return + -- the class of all ninth days of any month. For still another example, (DayFn 18 + -- (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912. + fun DayFn : El PositiveInteger -> Desc Month -> Desc Day ; + + -- This Attribute applies to Organisms that are + -- not alive. + fun Dead : Ind (both AnimacyAttribute ConsciousnessAttribute) ; + + -- The Process of dying. + fun Death : Class ; + fun Death_Class : SubClass Death OrganismProcess ; + + -- The Class of all Months which are December. + fun December : Class ; + fun December_Class : SubClass December Month ; + + -- The subclass of Selecting where the agent + -- opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities + -- that are open to him/her. + fun Deciding : Class ; + fun Deciding_Class : SubClass Deciding Selecting ; + + -- The Class of LinguisticCommunications that + -- effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. + -- Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating. + fun Declaring : Class ; + fun Declaring_Class : SubClass Declaring LinguisticCommunication ; + + -- Converting a document or message that has previously + -- been encoded (see Encoding) into a Language that can be understood by a + -- relatively large number of speakers. + fun Decoding : Class ; + fun Decoding_Class : SubClass Decoding Writing ; + + -- Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is decreased. + fun Decreasing : Class ; + fun Decreasing_Class : SubClass Decreasing QuantityChange ; + + -- An Argument which has the form of a deduction, i.e. + -- it is claimed that the set of premises entails the conclusion. + fun DeductiveArgument : Class ; + fun DeductiveArgument_Class : SubClass DeductiveArgument Argument ; + + -- A Maneuver in a ViolentContest + -- where the agent attempts to avoid being damaged. + fun DefensiveManeuver : Class ; + fun DefensiveManeuver_Class : SubClass DefensiveManeuver Maneuver ; + + -- Exhibiting something or a range of things + -- before the public in a particular location. This would cover software + -- demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum + -- exhibitions, etc. + fun Demonstrating : Class ; + fun Demonstrating_Class : SubClass Demonstrating Disseminating ; + + -- (DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the + -- denominator of the canonical reduced form of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. + fun DenominatorFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; + + -- DensityFn maps an instance of MassMeasure + -- and an instance of VolumeMeasure to the density represented by this + -- proportion of mass and volume. For example, (DensityFn (MeasureFn 3 Gram) + -- (MeasureFn 1 Liter)) represents the density of 3 grams per liter. + fun DensityFn : El MassMeasure -> El VolumeMeasure -> Ind FunctionQuantity; + + -- A Class containing all of the Attributes + -- relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition. + fun DeonticAttribute : Class ; + fun DeonticAttribute_Class : SubClass DeonticAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; + + -- The spatial analogue of Planning. Designing a + -- Collection of Objects involves determining a placement of the Objects + -- with respect to one another and perhaps other Objects as well, in order to + -- satisfy a particular purpose. + fun Designing : Class ; + fun Designing_Class : SubClass Designing IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; + + -- The subclass of Damagings in which the patient (or an essential element of the patient) is destroyed. + -- Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely one of extent. + fun Destruction : Class ; + fun Destruction_Class : SubClass Destruction Damaging ; + + -- A Process where the agent detaches one thing + -- from something else. Note that Detaching is different from Separating + -- in that the latter applies to Substances, while the former applies to + -- CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Detaching is different from + -- Removing in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or + -- may not be moved from the location where they were attached. + fun Detaching : Class ; + fun Detaching_Class : SubClass Detaching DualObjectProcess ; + + -- Attributes that indicate the stage of development of an Organism. + fun DevelopmentalAttribute : Class ; + fun DevelopmentalAttribute_Class : SubClass DevelopmentalAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; + + -- A Device is an Artifact whose purpose is to + -- serve as an instrument in a specific subclass of Process. + fun Device : Class ; + fun Device_Class : SubClass Device Artifact ; + + -- A Process that is carried out for + -- the purpose of determining the nature of a DiseaseOrSyndrome. + fun DiagnosticProcess : Class ; + fun DiagnosticProcess_Class : SubClass DiagnosticProcess Investigating ; + + -- The Process by which Food that has been ingested is broken down + -- into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by the Organism. + fun Digesting : Class ; + fun Digesting_Class : SubClass Digesting (both AutonomicProcess OrganismProcess) ; + + + -- The Class of directed graphs. A directed graph is a Graph in which all GraphArcs + -- have direction, i.e. every GraphArc has an initial node (see + -- InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). + fun DirectedGraph : Class ; + fun DirectedGraph_Class : SubClass DirectedGraph Graph ; + + -- Instances of this Class urge some further action + -- among the receivers. A Directing can be an Ordering, a Requesting or + -- a Questioning. + fun Directing : Class ; + fun Directing_Class : SubClass Directing LinguisticCommunication ; + + -- The act of changing the direction in + -- which the patient of the act is oriented. + fun DirectionChange : Class ; + fun DirectionChange_Class : SubClass DirectionChange Motion ; + + -- The subclass of PositionalAttributes + -- that concern compass directions. + fun DirectionalAttribute : Class ; + fun DirectionalAttribute_Class : SubClass DirectionalAttribute PositionalAttribute ; + + -- A Stating in which two Agents have + -- contradictory statements. This is distinguished from Arguing in + -- that the statement in dispute may be a simple assertion, rather than + -- a chain of deduction, and that two entities must be disagreeing with + -- each other, whereas a single entity may craft an argument for a given + -- point of view, without the need for another agent to disagree with. + fun Disagreeing : Class ; + fun Disagreeing_Class : SubClass Disagreeing Stating ; + + -- Finding something that was sought. Note that + -- this class is restricted to cases of discovering something Physical. + -- For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class Learning + -- should be used. + fun Discovering : Class ; + fun Discovering_Class : SubClass Discovering IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; + + -- A BiologicalAttribute which qualifies + -- something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity + -- of an Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of + -- one or more of the host's systems, parts, or Organs. + fun DiseaseOrSyndrome : Class ; + fun DiseaseOrSyndrome_Class : SubClass DiseaseOrSyndrome BiologicalAttribute ; + + -- Any Communication that involves a + -- single agent and many destinations. This covers the release + -- of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving + -- orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc. + fun Disseminating : Class ; + fun Disseminating_Class : SubClass Disseminating Communication ; + + -- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then + -- (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by + -- ?NUMBER2. Note that when ?NUMBER1 = 1 (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) + -- is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2. Note too that (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) + -- is undefined when ?NUMBER2 = 0. + fun DivisionFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; + + -- The Process by which liquid Food, i.e. + -- Beverages, are incorporated into an Animal. + fun Drinking : Class ; + fun Drinking_Class : SubClass Drinking Ingesting ; + + -- Controlling the direction and/or speed of a + -- Vehicle. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, + -- operating a train, etc. + fun Driving : Class ; + fun Driving_Class : SubClass Driving Guiding ; + + -- An Attribute which indicates that the associated + -- Object contains no Liquid. + fun Dry : Ind SaturationAttribute ; + + -- The Class of Processes where a Liquid is removed + -- from an Object. + fun Drying : Class ; + fun Drying_Class : SubClass Drying Removing ; + + -- Any Process that requires two, + -- nonidentical patients. + fun DualObjectProcess : Class ; + fun DualObjectProcess_Class : SubClass DualObjectProcess Process ; + + -- The compass direction of East. + fun East : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; + + -- A TimeZone that covers much of the eastern United States. + fun EasternTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; + + -- The Process by which solid Food is incorporated into an Animal. + fun Eating : Class ; + fun Eating_Class : SubClass Eating Ingesting ; + + -- A binary function that maps a type of text + -- (e.g. Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number + -- to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number. + fun EditionFn : Desc ContentBearingObject -> El PositiveInteger -> Desc ContentBearingObject ; + + -- A EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. + -- Some examples are public and private K_12 schools, and colleges and universities. + fun EducationalOrganization : Class ; + fun EducationalOrganization_Class : SubClass EducationalOrganization Organization ; + + -- Any Process which is intended to result in Learning. + fun EducationalProcess : Class ; + fun EducationalProcess_Class : SubClass EducationalProcess Guiding ; + + -- The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody of an Animal. + -- This includes Bird and Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian ova. + fun Egg : Class ; + fun Egg_Class : SubClass Egg (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; + + -- Election is the class of events conducted by an + -- organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt + -- resolutions, or settle other issues in that Organization. + fun Election : Class ; + fun Election_Class : SubClass Election OrganizationalProcess ; + + -- SubatomicParticles that surround the AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge. + fun Electron : Class ; + fun Electron_Class : SubClass Electron SubatomicParticle ; + + -- The ElectronVolt is an energy measure. + -- Symbol: eV. It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing + -- through a potential difference of 1 Volt in a vacuum. + fun ElectronVolt : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- The Class of PureSubstances that + -- cannot be separated into two or more Substances by ordinary chemical + -- (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. ElementalSubstances + -- are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), + -- and oxygen (O_2). ElementalSubstances are the simplest + -- PureSubstances. + fun ElementalSubstance : Class ; + fun ElementalSubstance_Class : SubClass ElementalSubstance PureSubstance ; + + -- The stage of an Organism or an + -- AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the Organism is born. + -- Mammals, for example, have this Attribute only prior to + -- their birth. + fun Embryonic : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; + + -- The Class of Attributes that denote emotional states of Organisms. + fun EmotionalState : Class ; + fun EmotionalState_Class : SubClass EmotionalState StateOfMind ; + + -- Converting a document or message into a formal + -- language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small + -- body of Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of + -- the content in the original document or message. + fun Encoding : Class ; + fun Encoding_Class : SubClass Encoding Writing ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to + -- the TimePoint at which the interval ends. + fun EndFn : El TimeInterval -> Ind TimePoint ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath + -- to the GraphNode that is the end of the GraphPath. Note that, unlike + -- TerminalNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), + -- EndNodeFn is a total function _ every GraphPath has a end. + fun EndNodeFn : El GraphPath -> Ind GraphNode ; + + -- A fundamental concept that applies + -- in many engineering domains. An EngineeringComponent is an element of + -- a Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might + -- see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen + -- EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that + -- EngineeringComponents are object_like in a modeling sense. Thus, an + -- EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a + -- system with a stable identity. + fun EngineeringComponent : Class ; + fun EngineeringComponent_Class : SubClass EngineeringComponent Device ; + + -- An EngineeringConnection is an + -- EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between + -- two other EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the + -- Predicate connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever + -- this Predicate holds between two EngineeringComponents, there exists an + -- EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship + -- is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one + -- might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some + -- shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. + -- EngineeringConnections are EngineeringComponents and can therefore be + -- an engineeringSubcomponent of other EngineeringComponents. However, + -- to provide for modular regularity in component systems, + -- EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of + -- EngineeringComponents related by connectedEngineeringComponents, there + -- exists at least one EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not + -- be unique, and the same EngineeringConnection may be associated with + -- several pairs of EngineeringComponents. + fun EngineeringConnection : Class ; + fun EngineeringConnection_Class : SubClass EngineeringConnection EngineeringComponent ; + + -- The universal class of individuals. This is the root + -- node of the ontology. + fun Entity : Class ; + + -- A complex Protein that is produced by living cells and which + -- catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six + -- main types of enzymes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, + -- lyases, isomerases, and ligases. + fun Enzyme : Class ; + fun Enzyme_Class : SubClass Enzyme Protein ; + + -- A GroupOfPeople whose members originate + -- from the same GeographicArea or share the same Language and/or cultural + -- practices. + fun EthnicGroup : Class ; + fun EthnicGroup_Class : SubClass EthnicGroup GroupOfPeople ; + + -- A currency measure. 1 EuroCent is equal to .01 EuroDollars. + fun EuroCent : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; + + -- A currency measure of most European Union countries. + fun EuroDollar : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; + + -- The Class of Processes where a Substance is converted + -- from a Liquid to a Gas at a temperature below its Boiling point. + fun Evaporating : Class ; + fun Evaporating_Class : SubClass Evaporating StateChange ; + + -- An Integer that is evenly divisible + -- by 2. + fun EvenInteger : Class ; + fun EvenInteger_Class : SubClass EvenInteger Integer ; + + -- The system of Bones that are on the Outside of an organism and + -- make up the supporting structure of many Invertebrates. + fun Exoskeleton : Class ; + fun Exoskeleton_Class : SubClass Exoskeleton (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure BodyPart) ; + + -- Investigating the truth of a Proposition + -- by constructing and observing a trial. Note that the trial may be either + -- controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind. + fun Experimenting : Class ; + fun Experimenting_Class : SubClass Experimenting Investigating ; + + -- An Argument where the conclusion is an + -- observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply + -- the conclusion. Note that this is the they hypothetico_deductive model + -- of explanation. + fun Explanation : Class ; + fun Explanation_Class : SubClass Explanation DeductiveArgument ; + + -- (ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns + -- the RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the Integer ?INT. + fun ExponentiationFn : El Quantity -> El Integer -> Ind Quantity ; + + -- Instances of this Class express a state of the agent. + -- For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking + -- in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. Note that Expressing, + -- unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of LinguisticCommunication. + -- This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by + -- smiling. + fun Expressing : Class ; + fun Expressing_Class : SubClass Expressing Communication ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute + -- into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute. + fun ExtensionFn : El Attribute -> Class ; + + -- Artifacts that are created by weaving together + -- natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of + -- Animals. Note that this Class includes articles that are created by + -- stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other + -- hand, Clothing is not a subclass of Fabric, because many clothing items + -- contain elements that are not fabrics. + fun Fabric : Class ; + fun Fabric_Class : SubClass Fabric Artifact ; + + -- The class of Texts that purport to + -- reveal facts about the world. Such texts are often known as information + -- or as non_fiction. Note that something can be an instance of + -- FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate. Whether something + -- is a FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating + -- the text. + fun FactualText : Class ; + fun FactualText_Class : SubClass FactualText Text ; + + -- A UnitOfTemperature that is commonly + -- used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point + -- of water is 32 FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is + -- 212 FahrenheitDegrees. + fun FahrenheitDegree : Ind UnitOfTemperature ; + + -- Falling is the class of events in which something moves + -- from a higher location to a lower location under the force of gravity. + fun Falling : Class ; + fun Falling_Class : SubClass Falling (both MotionDownward Translocation) ; + + -- The TruthValue of being false. + fun False : Ind TruthValue ; + + -- A GroupOfPeople whose members bear + -- familyRelations to one another. + fun FamilyGroup : Class ; + fun FamilyGroup_Class : SubClass FamilyGroup GroupOfPeople ; + + -- SI capacitance measure. Symbol: F. It is the + -- capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears + -- a difference of potential of 1 Volt when it is charged by a quantity + -- of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb. Farad = C/V = + -- m^(_2)*kg(_1)*s^4*A^2. + fun Farad : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Nonrigid Tissue that is composed largely of fat cells. + fun FatTissue : Class ; + fun FatTissue_Class : SubClass FatTissue Tissue ; + + -- The Class of all Months which are February. + fun February : Class ; + fun February_Class : SubClass February Month ; + + -- The Class of Carnivores with completely + -- separable toes, slim bodies, and rounded heads. All felines other than + -- the cheetah have retractable claws. + fun Feline : Class ; + fun Feline_Class : SubClass Feline Carnivore ; + + -- An Attribute indicating that an Organism is + -- female in nature. + fun Female : Ind SexAttribute ; + + -- A NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. + -- This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and + -- whisk ferns. + fun Fern : Class ; + fun Fern_Class : SubClass Fern NonFloweringPlant ; + + -- The class of Texts that purport to + -- be largely a product of the author's imagination, i.e. the author + -- does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is + -- an accurate depiction of the real world. Note that something can + -- be an instance of FictionalText, even if it is completely true. + -- Whether something is a FictionalText is determined by the beliefs + -- of the agent creating the text. + fun FictionalText : Class ; + fun FictionalText_Class : SubClass FictionalText Text ; + + -- An academic or applied discipline with + -- recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note + -- that FieldOfStudy is a subclass of Proposition, because a + -- FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational + -- content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of + -- this content. + fun FieldOfStudy : Class ; + fun FieldOfStudy_Class : SubClass FieldOfStudy Proposition ; + + -- Something is Fillable if it can be filled by + -- something else. Note that 'filled' here means perfectly filled. + -- Something is fillable just in case it is part of a hole, i.e., + -- fillability is an exclusive property of holes and their parts. + fun Fillable : Ind ShapeAttribute ; + + -- A document having monetary value + -- or recording a monetary transaction + fun FinancialInstrument : Class ; + fun FinancialInstrument_Class : SubClass FinancialInstrument Certificate ; + + -- A Transaction where an instance + -- of Currency is exchanged for something else. + fun FinancialTransaction : Class ; + fun FinancialTransaction_Class : SubClass FinancialTransaction Transaction ; + + -- A Set containing a finite number of elements. + fun FiniteSet : Class ; + fun FiniteSet_Class : SubClass FiniteSet Set ; + + -- A cold_blooded aquatic Vertebrate characterized by + -- fins and breathing by gills. Included here are Fish having either a bony + -- skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. + -- Also included are those Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or + -- hagfish. + fun Fish : Class ; + fun Fish_Class : SubClass Fish ColdBloodedVertebrate ; + + -- The Attribute of being flammable at normal temperatures + -- (i.e. not while a Plasma). + fun Flammable : Ind PhysicalAttribute ; + + -- (FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest Integer + -- less than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. + fun FloorFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; + + -- FlowRegion is a class of things whose + -- boundaries are relatively stable but whose constitutive material is continuously moving + -- through the region itself and being replaced by + -- other, similar material. Each FlowRegion is constituted by a stream + -- of matter moving as a whole. A FlowRegion may be liquid or gaseous. + -- A wind may be considered as a Process or as a FlowRegion, similarly + -- an OceanCurrent or a WaterWave. The motion process associated with a + -- FlowRegion F is denoted by (FlowFn F). Note that certain + -- properties belong to the FlowRegion itself (e.g., mass, length, volume, + -- temperature, and speed or velocity of the region moving as a whole), + -- while other properties of interest belong to the Motion of its + -- constitutive stuff (e.g., velocity, direction). The motion of + -- a FlowRegion as a whole (e.g., JetStream moves within the atmosphere) + -- is distinguished from the motion of the pieces of stuff constituting the + -- FlowRegion. See FlowFn and FlowRegionFn. + fun FlowRegion : Class ; + + -- A Plant that produces seeds and flowers. + -- This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers. + fun FloweringPlant : Class ; + fun FloweringPlant_Class : SubClass FloweringPlant Plant ; + + -- Fluid is the PhysicalState attribute of an + -- Object that does not have a fixed shape and thus tends to flow or to + -- conform to the shape of a container. + fun Fluid : Ind PhysicalState ; + + -- Any SelfConnectedObject containing Nutrients, + -- such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a + -- living Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue. + fun Food : Class ; + fun Food_Class : SubClass Food SelfConnectedObject ; + + -- English length unit of feet. + fun FootLength : Ind UnitOfLength ; + + -- The Class of Processes where an Object is + -- cooled and converted from a Liquid to a Solid. + fun Freezing : Class ; + fun Freezing_Class : SubClass Freezing StateChange ; + + -- A subclass of + -- TimeDependentQuantity, instances of which are measures of the + -- frequency with which some Process occurs. + fun FrequencyMeasure : Class ; + fun FrequencyMeasure_Class : SubClass FrequencyMeasure TimeDependentQuantity ; + + -- A WaterArea whose Water is not saline, + -- e.g. most rivers and lakes. + fun FreshWaterArea : Class ; + fun FreshWaterArea_Class : SubClass FreshWaterArea WaterArea ; + + -- The Class of all calendar Fridays. + fun Friday : Class ; + fun Friday_Class : SubClass Friday Day ; + + -- A Function that maps an Object to the side + -- that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the + -- direction in which the Object moves. Note that this is a partial + -- function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and + -- spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in + -- much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. + -- Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, + -- it does not have significant practical implications, since there is + -- widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. + fun FrontFn : El SelfConnectedObject -> Ind SelfConnectedObject ; + + -- Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a + -- ripened ReproductiveBody of a Plant. Note that FruitOrVegetable + -- is not a subclass of Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous + -- berries, are not edible. + fun FruitOrVegetable : Class ; + fun FruitOrVegetable_Class : SubClass FruitOrVegetable (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; + + -- The stage of an Organism when it has reached + -- the end of its growth phase. + fun FullyFormed : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; + + -- A FunctionQuantity + -- is a PhysicalQuantity that is returned by a Function that maps + -- from one or more instances of ConstantQuantity to another instance + -- of ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would + -- be represented by a FunctionQuantity relating values of time (which + -- are instances of ConstantQuantity) to values of distance + -- (also instances of ConstantQuantity). Note that all elements of the + -- range of the Function corresponding to a FunctionQuantity have the + -- same physical dimension as the FunctionQuantity itself. + fun FunctionQuantity : Class ; + fun FunctionQuantity_Class : SubClass FunctionQuantity PhysicalQuantity ; + + -- Any instance of Giving where the patient is an + -- instance of Currency. Note that this class covers both financing, e.g. + -- where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement + -- that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned + -- to the firm, and instances of UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition + -- waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship. + fun Funding : Class ; + fun Funding_Class : SubClass Funding Giving ; + + -- A eukaryotic Organism characterized by the + -- absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included + -- here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, + -- and mushrooms. + fun Fungus : Class ; + fun Fungus_Class : SubClass Fungus Organism ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition + -- to the TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at + -- PositiveInfinity. + fun FutureFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; + + -- A Contest whose purpose is the + -- enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the Game. + fun Game : Class ; + fun Game_Class : SubClass Game (both Contest RecreationOrExercise) ; + + -- An Object has the Attribute of Gas if it has + -- neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape. + fun Gas : Ind PhysicalState ; + + -- Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, + -- viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Gas and any + -- component other than Gas in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles + -- which are suspended in the Gas. + fun GasMixture : Class ; + fun GasMixture_Class : SubClass GasMixture Mixture ; + + -- Any Motion where the patient is a + -- Gas. This class would cover, in particular, the motion of + -- Air, e.g. a breeze or wind. + fun GasMotion : Class ; + fun GasMotion_Class : SubClass GasMotion Motion ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that takes a + -- SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which + -- is the intersection of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. + -- the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all + -- instances of the original SetOrClass. + fun GeneralizedIntersectionFn : Desc SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass + -- of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the + -- merge of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass + -- containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the + -- original SetOrClass. + fun GeneralizedUnionFn : Desc SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; + + -- A geographic location, generally having + -- definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass + -- Region in that a GeographicArea is a three_dimensional Region of the + -- earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all + -- one_dimensional and two_dimensional Regions are not classed under + -- GeographicArea. + fun GeographicArea : Class ; + fun GeographicArea_Class : SubClass GeographicArea Region ; + + -- The class of activities that + -- are caused by geological forces and affect geological features, + -- and which may affect the biosphere as well. + fun GeologicalProcess : Class ; + fun GeologicalProcess_Class : SubClass GeologicalProcess (both InternalChange Motion) ; + + -- The class of all geometric figures, i.e. the + -- class of all abstract, spatial representations. The instances of this class + -- are GeometricPoints, TwoDimensionalFigures or ThreeDimensionalFigures. + fun GeometricFigure : Class ; + fun GeometricFigure_Class : SubClass GeometricFigure ShapeAttribute ; + + -- The class of zero_dimensional + -- GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of GeometricFigures that have position + -- but lack extension in any dimension. + fun GeometricPoint : Class ; + fun GeometricPoint_Class : SubClass GeometricPoint GeometricFigure ; + + -- Any GeographicArea which is associated + -- with some sort of political structure. This class includes Lands, + -- Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity + -- of a GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders. + fun GeopoliticalArea : Class ; + fun GeopoliticalArea_Class : SubClass GeopoliticalArea (both Agent GeographicArea) ; + + -- Any BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the + -- head, a smile, which is also an instance of Communication. + fun Gesture : Class ; + fun Gesture_Class : SubClass Gesture (both BodyMotion Communication) ; + + -- The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the + -- agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is + -- obtained is specified with the origin CaseRole. + fun Getting : Class ; + fun Getting_Class : SubClass Getting ChangeOfPossession ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into + -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original + -- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (GigaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 Hertz. + fun GigaFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; + + -- The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the + -- agent gives the destination something. + fun Giving : Class ; + fun Giving_Class : SubClass Giving ChangeOfPossession ; + + -- Any instance of Giving where the agent gives + -- something to the destination which was previously given to the agent by + -- the destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone. + fun GivingBack : Class ; + fun GivingBack_Class : SubClass GivingBack Giving ; + + -- An Organ that removes Substances from the Blood, + -- alters them in some way, and then releases them. + fun Gland : Class ; + fun Gland_Class : SubClass Gland Organ ; + + -- The ruling body of a GeopoliticalArea. + fun Government : Class ; + fun Government_Class : SubClass Government GovernmentOrganization ; + + -- (GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the + -- Government of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, + -- (GovernmentFn UnitedStates) denotes the Federal_level government of + -- the United States, (GovernmentFn PuertoRico) denotes the government of + -- the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. + fun GovernmentFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Government ; + + -- GovernmentOrganization is the + -- class of official Organizations that are concerned with the government + -- of a GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a subOrganization + -- of a government. + fun GovernmentOrganization : Class ; + fun GovernmentOrganization_Class : SubClass GovernmentOrganization Organization ; + + -- Any instance of Touching which results in + -- a situation where the agent grasps the patient of the Touching. + fun Grabbing : Class ; + fun Grabbing_Class : SubClass Grabbing (both Attaching Touching) ; + + -- The OrganizationalProcess of graduating + -- from an EducationalOrganization. + fun Graduation : Class ; + fun Graduation_Class : SubClass Graduation LeavingAnOrganization ; + + -- Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. + -- 1 kilogram = 1000 Grams. + fun Gram : Ind UnitOfMass ; + + -- The Class of graphs, where a graph is understood + -- to be a set of GraphNodes connected by GraphArcs. Note that this + -- Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a + -- GraphPath between any two GraphNodes. Note too that every Graph + -- is required to contain at least two GraphArcs and three GraphNodes. + fun Graph : Class ; + fun Graph_Class : SubClass Graph Abstract ; + + -- Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes + -- and GraphArcs. Every GraphArc links two GraphNodes. + fun GraphArc : Class ; + fun GraphArc_Class : SubClass GraphArc GraphElement ; + + -- A GraphPath that begins (see + -- BeginNodeFn) and ends (see EndNodeFn) at the same + -- GraphNode. + fun GraphCircuit : Class ; + fun GraphCircuit_Class : SubClass GraphCircuit GraphPath ; + + -- Noncompositional parts of Graphs. + -- These parts are restricted to GraphNodes and GraphArcs. + fun GraphElement : Class ; + fun GraphElement_Class : SubClass GraphElement Abstract ; + + -- A GraphArc in which a GraphNode is + -- linked to itself. + fun GraphLoop : Class ; + fun GraphLoop_Class : SubClass GraphLoop GraphArc ; + + -- Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes + -- and GraphArcs. Every GraphNode is linked by a GraphArc. + fun GraphNode : Class ; + fun GraphNode_Class : SubClass GraphNode GraphElement ; + + -- Informally, a single, directed route between + -- two GraphNodes in a Graph. Formally, a DirectedGraph that is a + -- subGraph of the original Graph and such that no two GraphArcs in + -- the DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see InitialNodeFn) or + -- the same terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). + fun GraphPath : Class ; + fun GraphPath_Class : SubClass GraphPath DirectedGraph ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that maps two GraphNodes + -- to the Class of GraphPaths between those two nodes. Note that the two + -- GraphNodes must belong to the same Graph. + fun GraphPathFn : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> Desc GraphPath ; + + -- SI absorbed dose measure. Symbol: Gy. It measures + -- the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately + -- to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to + -- matter by ionizing radiation is 1 Joule per kilogram. Gray = J/kg + -- = m^2*s^(_2). + fun Gray : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- (GreatestCommonDivisorFn + -- ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of + -- ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. + fun GreatestCommonDivisorFn : [El Integer] -> Ind Integer ; + + -- A Collection of Agents, e.g. a flock + -- of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop. + fun Group : Class ; + fun Group_Class : SubClass Group (both Agent Collection) ; + + -- Any Group whose members are + -- exclusively Humans. + fun GroupOfPeople : Class ; + fun GroupOfPeople_Class : SubClass GroupOfPeople Group ; + + -- The Process of biological development in which + -- an Organism or part of an Organism changes its form or its size. + fun Growth : Class ; + fun Growth_Class : SubClass Growth AutonomicProcess ; + + -- Any IntentionalProcess where the agent tries to + -- direct the behavior of another Object, whether an Agent or not. + fun Guiding : Class ; + fun Guiding_Class : SubClass Guiding IntentionalProcess ; + + -- The subclass of Perception in which the + -- sensing is done by an auditory Organ. + fun Hearing : Class ; + fun Hearing_Class : SubClass Hearing Perception ; + + -- Any Increasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity + -- increased is a TemperatureMeasure. + fun Heating : Class ; + fun Heating_Class : SubClass Heating Increasing ; + + -- SI inductance measure. Symbol: H. One Henry + -- is equivalent to one Volt divided by one Ampere per SecondDuration. + -- If a current changing at the rate of one Ampere per SecondDuration + -- induces an electromotive force of one Volt, the circuit has an + -- inductance of one Henry. Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(_2)*A^(_2). + fun Henry : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- SI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the + -- number of cycles per second. Hertz = s^(_1). Note that Hertz + -- does not have a conversion function. + fun Hertz : Ind UnitOfFrequency ; + + -- OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an + -- employee of an Organization. + fun Hiring : Class ; + fun Hiring_Class : SubClass Hiring JoiningAnOrganization ; + + -- A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface + -- of an Object. Since every Hole is ontologically dependent on its host + -- (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a Hole is defined as + -- being a hole in something. Note that two Holes may occupy the same + -- region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts. Any two + -- hosts of a hole have a common proper part that entirely hosts the hole. A + -- common host of two holes hosts all parts of the sum of those holes. Any + -- object that includes the host of a hole is a host of that hole, unless its + -- parts also include parts of that very hole. Overlapping holes have + -- overlapping hosts. No hole is atomic. Holes are connected with their + -- hosts. No hole can have a proper part that is externally connected with + -- exactly the same things as the hole itself. + fun Hole : Class ; + fun Hole_Class : SubClass Hole Region ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to + -- the Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a Hole + -- is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only + -- when the argument is a hole). + fun HoleHostFn : El Hole -> Ind Object ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the skin + -- of the Hole. The skin of a Hole is the fusion of those superficial + -- parts (see superficialPart) of the Hole's principal host (see + -- HoleHostFn) with which the Hole is externally connected. + fun HoleSkinFn : El Hole -> Ind Object ; + + -- Includes Humans and relatively recent + -- ancestors of Humans. + fun Hominid : Class ; + fun Hominid_Class : SubClass Hominid Primate ; + + -- The Class of quadruped Mammals with hooves. + -- Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc. + fun HoofedMammal : Class ; + fun HoofedMammal_Class : SubClass HoofedMammal Mammal ; + + -- Attribute used to indicate that an Object + -- is positioned width_wise with respect to another Object. + fun Horizontal : Ind PositionalAttribute ; + + -- In Animals, a chemical secreted by an + -- endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid. + -- Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or + -- control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents, + -- are assigned to the Class BiologicallyActiveSubstance. Hormones act as + -- chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as + -- growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. They usually fall into two broad + -- categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones. + fun Hormone : Class ; + fun Hormone_Class : SubClass Hormone (both BiologicallyActiveSubstance BodySubstance) ; + + -- A power measure that is equal to 746 Watts. + fun Horsepower : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- The Class of all clock Hours. + fun Hour : Class ; + fun Hour_Class : SubClass Hour TimeInterval ; + + -- Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes. + fun HourDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and + -- a subclass of Days to the Hours within each Day corresponding to that + -- NonnegativeInteger. For example, (HourFn 12 Thursday) is the Class of all + -- instances of noon Thursday. For another example, (HourFn 0 Day) would return + -- the class of all instances of midnight. For still another example, (HourFn 14 + -- (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of + -- August 1912. + fun HourFn : El NonnegativeInteger -> Desc Day -> Desc Hour ; + + -- A ResidentialBuilding which is intended to be + -- inhabited by members of the same SocialUnit. Houses are distinguished + -- from temporary housing like hotels and multi_family dwellings like condominium + -- and apartment buildings. + fun House : Class ; + fun House_Class : SubClass House (both ResidentialBuilding SingleFamilyResidence) ; + + -- Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo + -- genus. + fun Human : Class ; + fun Human_Class : SubClass Human (both CognitiveAgent Hominid) ; + + -- The subclass of Languages used by + -- Humans. + fun HumanLanguage : Class ; + fun HumanLanguage_Class : SubClass HumanLanguage Language ; + + -- Hunting is the class of Processes in which + -- an animal or animals are pursued and sometimes captured and/or killed. + fun Hunting : Class ; + fun Hunting_Class : SubClass Hunting Pursuing ; + + -- This is the subclass of ContentBearingPhysical + -- which are not part of a Language and which have some sort of similarity + -- with the Objects that they represent. This Class would include symbolic + -- roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc. + fun Icon : Class ; + fun Icon_Class : SubClass Icon ContentBearingPhysical ; + + -- The Attribute of Regions that are + -- illuminated to some degree, i.e. in which some shapes are visually + -- discernable. + fun Illuminated : Ind VisualAttribute ; + + -- Any Number that is the result of + -- multiplying a RealNumber by the square root of _1. + fun ImaginaryNumber : Class ; + fun ImaginaryNumber_Class : SubClass ImaginaryNumber Number ; + + -- (ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns + -- the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of _1 as its factor. + fun ImaginaryPartFn : El ComplexNumber -> Ind ImaginaryNumber ; + + -- (ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes the + -- immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the Group consisting of the parents of + -- ?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a parent. + fun ImmediateFamilyFn : El Human -> Ind FamilyGroup ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a + -- TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that + -- immediately follows the TimePosition. + fun ImmediateFutureFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a + -- TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that + -- immediately precedes the TimePosition. + fun ImmediatePastFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; + + -- Any Touching where something comes into + -- sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples + -- would be striking, knocking, whipping etc. + fun Impacting : Class ; + fun Impacting_Class : SubClass Impacting Touching ; + + -- The subclass of Transfer where the patient + -- travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples + -- would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc. + fun Impelling : Class ; + fun Impelling_Class : SubClass Impelling Transfer ; + + -- English length unit of inches. + fun Inch : Ind UnitOfLength ; + + -- InchMercury is a UnitOfMeasure + -- for barometricPressure. It is used to express the number of + -- inches of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer by the + -- surrounding air pressure. + fun InchMercury : Ind UnitOfAtmosphericPressure ; + + -- Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity + -- is increased. + fun Increasing : Class ; + fun Increasing_Class : SubClass Increasing QuantityChange ; + + -- An Argument which is inductive, i.e. it is + -- claimed that a set of specific cases makes the conclusion, which generalizes + -- these cases, more likely to be true. + fun InductiveArgument : Class ; + fun InductiveArgument_Class : SubClass InductiveArgument Argument ; + + -- Measures of the amount of information. + -- Includes Bit, Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. KiloByte and + -- MegaByte. + fun InformationMeasure : Class ; + fun InformationMeasure_Class : SubClass InformationMeasure ConstantQuantity ; + + -- The Process by which Food is + -- taken into an Animal. + fun Ingesting : Class ; + fun Ingesting_Class : SubClass Ingesting OrganismProcess ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a + -- GraphArc to the initial node of the GraphArc. Note + -- that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is + -- undefined for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. + fun InitialNodeFn : El GraphArc -> Ind GraphNode ; + + -- Inserting a BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an + -- Animal or a Human with a syringe. + fun Injecting : Class ; + fun Injecting_Class : SubClass Injecting Inserting ; + + -- The process of creating a traumatic wound or + -- injury. Since Injuring is not possible without some biologic function + -- of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess. + fun Injuring : Class ; + fun Injuring_Class : SubClass Injuring PathologicProcess ; + fun Injuring_Damaging : SubClassC Injuring Damaging (\INJ -> exists Organism (\ORGANISM -> patient(var Damaging Process ? INJ)(var Organism Entity ? ORGANISM))); + + -- A Class of small Arthropods that are + -- air_breathing and that are distinguished by appearance. + fun Insect : Class ; + fun Insect_Class : SubClass Insect Arthropod ; + + -- Putting one thing inside of another thing. + fun Inserting : Class ; + fun Inserting_Class : SubClass Inserting Putting ; + + -- A negative or nonnegative whole number. + fun Integer : Class ; + fun Integer_Class : SubClass Integer RationalNumber ; + + -- (IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) + -- returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER. + fun IntegerSquareRootFn : El RealNumber -> Ind NonnegativeInteger ; + + -- A Process that has a specific + -- purpose for the CognitiveAgent who performs it. + fun IntentionalProcess : Class ; + fun IntentionalProcess_Class : SubClass IntentionalProcess Process ; + + -- An IntentionalProcess that + -- can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an Organism. Thus, + -- for example, Reasoning is a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, + -- because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain. On the other + -- hand, RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, + -- because many instances of RecreationOrExercise necessarily have subProcesses + -- of BodyMotion. + fun IntentionalPsychologicalProcess : Class ; + fun IntentionalPsychologicalProcess_Class : SubClass IntentionalPsychologicalProcess (both IntentionalProcess PsychologicalProcess) ; + + -- Any Attribute of an Entity that is an + -- internal property of the Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, + -- etc. + fun InternalAttribute : Class ; + fun InternalAttribute_Class : SubClass InternalAttribute Attribute ; + + -- Processes which involve altering an internal + -- property of an Object, e.g. the shape of the Object, its coloring, its + -- structure, etc. Processes that are not instances of this class include + -- changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in + -- spatial or temporal location. + fun InternalChange : Class ; + fun InternalChange_Class : SubClass InternalChange Process ; + + -- Any Process of assigning a Proposition to + -- a Text, i.e. understanding the Text. + fun Interpreting : Class ; + fun Interpreting_Class : SubClass Interpreting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that maps two + -- SetOrClasses to the intersection of these SetOrClasses. An object is + -- an instance of the intersection of two SetOrClasses just in case it is + -- an instance of both of those SetOrClasses. + fun IntersectionFn : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that + -- maps two instances of ConstantQuantity to the subclass of + -- ConstantQuantity that comprises the interval from the first + -- ConstantQuantity to the second ConstantQuantity. For + -- example, (IntervalFn (MeasureFn 8 Meter) (MeasureFn 14 Meter)) + -- would return the subclass of ConstantQuantity comprising quantities + -- between 8 and 14 meters in length. + fun IntervalFn : El ConstantQuantity -> El ConstantQuantity -> Desc ConstantQuantity ; + + -- A class-forming operator that takes two arguments: + -- a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound + -- occurrence of the variable. The result of applying kappa + -- to a variable and a formula is the set or class of things + -- that satisfy the formula. For example, we can denote the set or class + -- of prime numbers that are less than 100 with the following expression: + -- (KappaFn ?NUMBER (and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) + -- (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))). + -- Note that the use of this function is discouraged, since there is + -- currently no axiomatic support for it. + fun KappaFn : (c : Class) -> (Ind c -> Formula) -> Class ; + + -- DeductiveArguments that are not + -- ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of premises + -- in fact entails the conclusion. + fun InvalidDeductiveArgument : Class ; + fun InvalidDeductiveArgument_Class : SubClass InvalidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument ; + + -- An Animal which has no spinal column. + fun Invertebrate : Class ; + fun Invertebrate_Class : SubClass Invertebrate Animal ; + + -- The class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses + -- where the agent attempts to obtaina information (i.e. a Proposition denoted + -- by a Formula). + fun Investigating : Class ; + fun Investigating_Class : SubClass Investigating IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; + + -- Any RealNumber that is not also a + -- RationalNumber. + fun IrrationalNumber : Class ; + fun IrrationalNumber_Class : SubClass IrrationalNumber RealNumber ; + + -- A LandArea that is completely surrounded by a WaterArea. + fun Island : Class ; + fun Island_Class : SubClass Island LandArea ; + + -- The Class of all Months which are January. + fun January : Class ; + fun January_Class : SubClass January Month ; + + -- The OrganizationalProcess of + -- becoming a member of an Organization. + fun JoiningAnOrganization : Class ; + fun JoiningAnOrganization_Class : SubClass JoiningAnOrganization OrganizationalProcess ; + + -- SI energy measure. Symbol: J. It is the work + -- done when the point of application of 1 Newton is displaced a distance + -- of 1 Meter in the direction of the force. Joule = N*m = + -- m^2*kg*s^(_2). + fun Joule : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts + -- for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to + -- him/her. + fun Judging : Class ; + fun Judging_Class : SubClass Judging Selecting ; + + -- JudicialOrganization is the class + -- of Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according + -- to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization. + -- Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example, + -- those associated with sporting associations. + fun JudicialOrganization : Class ; + fun JudicialOrganization_Class : SubClass JudicialOrganization Organization ; + + -- Any legal proceeding which is conducted + -- by a JudicialOrganization. Note that there is an important difference + -- between the concepts LegalAction and JudicialProcess. The former + -- refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits, + -- while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings + -- where the merits of a LegalAction are decided. + fun JudicialProcess : Class ; + fun JudicialProcess_PoliticalProcess : SubClassC JudicialProcess PoliticalProcess (\PROCESS -> forall Organization (\ORG -> agent(var PoliticalProcess Process ? PROCESS)(var Organization Agent ? ORG))); + + -- The Class of all Months which are July. + fun July : Class ; + fun July_Class : SubClass July Month ; + + -- The Class of all Months which are June. + fun June : Class ; + fun June_Class : SubClass June Month ; + + -- The Class of Processes where the agent + -- keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time. + fun Keeping : Class ; + fun Keeping_Class : SubClass Keeping IntentionalProcess ; + + -- SI UnitOfMeasure used + -- with MeasureFn to produce terms denoting instances of + -- TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in + -- SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the + -- Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be + -- 273.16 KelvinDegrees while it is 0 CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes + -- of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the + -- conversion constant is 273.15. + fun KelvinDegree : Ind UnitOfTemperature ; + + -- The subclass of Destruction in which the + -- death of an Organism is caused by an Organism. Note that in cases + -- of suicide the Organism would be the same in both cases. + fun Killing : Class ; + fun Killing_Class : SubClass Killing Destruction ; + + -- One KiloByte (KB) of information. One + -- KiloByte is 1024 Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is + -- different from the one accepted in the SI system. + fun KiloByte : Ind UnitOfInformation ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into + -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. + -- For example, (KiloFn Gram) is 1,000 Grams. + fun KiloFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; + + -- Supermultiple of Gramm. Symbol: kg. 1 Kilogram + -- = 1000 Grams. + fun Kilogram : Ind UnitOfMass ; + + -- Supermultiple of Meter. Symbol: km. A + -- Meter is the 1000th part of a Kilometer + fun Kilometer : Ind UnitOfLength ; + + -- An area which is predominantly solid ground, + -- e.g. a Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a LandArea may + -- contain some relatively small WaterAreas. For example, Australia is + -- a LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes. + fun LandArea : Class ; + fun LandArea_Class : SubClass LandArea GeographicArea ; + + -- LandTransitway is the subclass of + -- Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground. + fun LandTransitway : Class ; + fun LandTransitway_Class : SubClass LandTransitway (both LandArea Transitway) ; + + -- A system of signs for expressing thought. The + -- system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges + -- gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created + -- by a person or group of people. + fun Language : Class ; + fun Language_Class : SubClass Language LinguisticExpression ; + + -- Form of most Invertebrates, Amphibians, and + -- Fish immediately after they hatch. This form is fundamentally unlike + -- the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form. + fun Larval : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; + + -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that are + -- required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced + -- with penalties for noncompliance. These Propositions may be codified as + -- legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy. + fun Law : Ind DeonticAttribute ; + + -- The Class of all leap years. These are years + -- which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly + -- divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century). + fun LeapYear : Class ; + fun LeapYear_Class : SubClass LeapYear Year ; + + -- The Class of Processes which relate to the + -- acquisition of information. + fun Learning : Class ; + fun Learning_Class : SubClass Learning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; + + -- (LeastCommonMultipleFn + -- ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of + -- ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. + fun LeastCommonMultipleFn : [El Integer] -> Ind Integer ; + + -- The OrganizationalProcess of + -- leaving an Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. + fun LeavingAnOrganization : Class ; + fun LeavingAnOrganization_Class : SubClass LeavingAnOrganization OrganizationalProcess ; + + -- This PositionalAttribute is derived from the + -- left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the left, so that, + -- if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the + -- two objects overlap. + fun Left : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; + + -- Any Process where a CognitiveAgent seeks + -- to obtain something through a court of law. + fun LegalAction : Class ; + fun LegalAction_Class : SubClass LegalAction Contest ; + + -- A decision issued by a court with respect to + -- a LegalAction. Note that a LegalDecision is the act of Declaring a + -- decision of a court, it is not the act of judge or jury Deciding the merits + -- of a particular LegalAction. + fun LegalDecision : Class ; + fun LegalDecision_Class : SubClass LegalDecision (both Declaring JudicialProcess) ; + + -- The subclass of Giving Processes where + -- the agent gives the destination something for a limited period of + -- time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with + -- interest). + fun Lending : Class ; + fun Lending_Class : SubClass Lending Giving ; + + -- A subclass of + -- ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of length. + fun LengthMeasure : Class ; + fun LengthMeasure_Class : SubClass LengthMeasure ConstantQuantity ; + + -- The ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. more + -- likely than not to be True. + fun Likely : Ind ProbabilityAttribute ; + + -- A Communication that involves + -- the transfer of information via a LinguisticExpression. + fun LinguisticCommunication : Class ; + fun LinguisticCommunication_Class : SubClass LinguisticCommunication Communication ; + + -- This is the subclass of + -- ContentBearingPhysical which are language_related. Note that this Class + -- encompasses both Language and the the elements of Languages, + -- e.g. Words. + fun LinguisticExpression : Class ; + fun LinguisticExpression_Class : SubClass LinguisticExpression ContentBearingPhysical ; + + -- An Object has the Attribute of Liquid if + -- it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. + fun Liquid : Ind PhysicalState ; + + -- Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, + -- viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Liquid and any + -- component other than Liquid in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles + -- which are suspended in the Liquid. + fun LiquidMixture : Class ; + fun LiquidMixture_Class : SubClass LiquidMixture Mixture ; + + -- Any Motion where the patient is a + -- Liquid. This class would cover, in particular, the flow of + -- Water. + fun LiquidMotion : Class ; + fun LiquidMotion_Class : SubClass LiquidMotion Motion ; + + -- Every List is a particular ordered n_tuple of + -- items. Generally speaking, Lists are created by means of the ListFn + -- Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a + -- List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other + -- Lists, may be an item in a List. Note too that Lists are + -- extensional _ two lists that have the same items in the same order are + -- identical. Note too that a List may contain no items. In that case, + -- the List is the NullList. + fun List : Class ; + + -- A Function that returns the concatenation + -- of the two Lists that are given as arguments. For example, the value of + -- (ListConcatenateFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday) (ListFn Wednesday + -- Thursday)) would be (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday). + fun ListConcatenateFn : El List -> El List -> Ind List ; + + -- A Function that takes any number of arguments and + -- returns the List containing those arguments in exactly the same order. + fun ListFn : [El Entity] -> Ind List ; + + -- A Function that takes a List as its sole + -- argument and returns the number of items in the List. For example, + -- (ListLengthFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would return the + -- value 3. + fun ListLengthFn : El List -> Ind NonnegativeInteger ; + + -- (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item + -- that is in the ?NUMBER position in the List ?LIST. For example, + -- (ListOrderFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday) 2) would return the + -- value Tuesday. + fun ListOrderFn : El List -> El PositiveInteger -> Ind Entity ; + + -- Any instance of Hearing which is intentional. + fun Listening : Class ; + fun Listening_Class : SubClass Listening (both Hearing IntentionalProcess) ; + + -- Unit of volume in the metric + -- system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic + -- decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l. + fun Liter : Ind UnitOfVolume ; + + -- This Attribute applies to Organisms that are + -- alive. + fun Living : Ind AnimacyAttribute ; + + -- (LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the + -- RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the Integer ?INT. + fun LogFn : El RealNumber -> El PositiveInteger -> Ind RealNumber ; + + -- This Class comprises all + -- of the logical operators (viz. 'and', 'or', 'not', '=>', and '<=>'). + fun LogicalOperator : Class ; + + -- Any instance of Seeing which is intentional. + fun Looking : Class ; + fun Looking_Class : SubClass Looking (both IntentionalProcess Seeing) ; + + -- SI luminous flux measure. Symbol: lm. It is the + -- amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 Steradian from a + -- uniform point source having an intensity of one Candela. Lumen = + -- cd*sr = cd * 1. + fun Lumen : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- SI illuminance measure. Symbol: lx. It is the + -- amount of illumination provided when one Lumen is evenly distributed + -- over an area of 1 square Meter. This is also equivalent to the + -- illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one + -- Meter from a point source of one Candela. Lux = lm/m^2 = + -- m^(_2)*cd. + fun Lux : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Machines are Devices that that have a + -- well_defined resource and result and that automatically convert + -- the resource into the result. + fun Machine : Class ; + fun Machine_Class : SubClass Machine Device ; + + -- The magnitude of a PhysicalQuantity is the + -- numeric value for the quantity. In other words, MagnitudeFn converts + -- a PhysicalQuantity with an associated UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary + -- RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the ConstantQuantity 2 + -- Kilometers is the RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a + -- quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original + -- quantity. + fun MagnitudeFn : El PhysicalQuantity -> Ind RealNumber ; + + -- The Class of Processes where the agent + -- cares for or maintains the Object. + fun Maintaining : Class ; + fun Maintaining_Class : SubClass Maintaining IntentionalProcess ; + + -- The subclass of Creation in which an individual + -- Artifact or a type of Artifact is made. + fun Making : Class ; + fun Making_Class : SubClass Making (both Creation IntentionalProcess) ; + + -- An Attribute indicating that an Organism is + -- male in nature. + fun Male : Ind SexAttribute ; + + -- A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature + -- and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat + -- glands. + fun Mammal : Class ; + fun Mammal_Class : SubClass Mammal WarmBloodedVertebrate ; + + -- The class of Male Humans. + fun Man : Class ; + fun Man_Class : SubClass Man Human ; + + -- OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing + -- the activities of others. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess + -- and its sibling Managing. The latter implies a long_term relationship between + -- the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which + -- the activities of the regulated are referred. + fun Managing : Class ; + fun Managing_Class : SubClass Managing (both Guiding OrganizationalProcess) ; + + -- An intentional move or play within a Contest. + -- In many cases, a Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for + -- winning the Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi_arbitrary + -- division of the overarching Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game. + fun Maneuver : Class ; + fun Maneuver_Class : SubClass Maneuver IntentionalProcess ; + + -- A ManualHumanLanguage is a + -- HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such + -- as the shape, position, and movement of the hands. + fun ManualHumanLanguage : Class ; + fun ManualHumanLanguage_Class : SubClass ManualHumanLanguage HumanLanguage ; + + -- The Making of Artifacts on a mass + -- scale. + fun Manufacture : Class ; + fun Manufacture_Class : SubClass Manufacture Making ; + + -- Any Corporation which manufactures Products. + fun Manufacturer : Class ; + fun Manufacturer_Class : SubClass Manufacturer Corporation ; + + -- The Class of all Months which are March. + fun March : Class ; + fun March_Class : SubClass March Month ; + + -- The Class of Mammals which have a pouch for + -- their young. + fun Marsupial : Class ; + fun Marsupial_Class : SubClass Marsupial Mammal ; + + -- A subclass of + -- ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of the amount of + -- matter in an Object. + fun MassMeasure : Class ; + fun MassMeasure_Class : SubClass MassMeasure ConstantQuantity ; + + -- The OrganizationalProcess of joining an + -- EducationalOrganization as a student. + fun Matriculation : Class ; + fun Matriculation_Class : SubClass Matriculation JoiningAnOrganization ; + + -- (MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of + -- ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, + -- MaxFn returns one of its arguments. + fun MaxFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; + + -- This BinaryFunction assigns two + -- GraphNodes to the GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs + -- between the two GraphNodes. + fun MaximalWeightedPathFn : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> Ind GraphPath ; + + -- The Class of all Months which are May. + fun May : Class ; + fun May_Class : SubClass May Month ; + + -- This BinaryFunction maps a + -- RealNumber and a UnitOfMeasure to that Number of units. It is + -- used to express `measured' instances of PhysicalQuantity. Example: + -- the concept of three meters is represented as (MeasureFn 3 + -- Meter). + fun MeasureFn : El RealNumber -> El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind PhysicalQuantity ; + + -- The Class of Calculating Processes where + -- the aim is to determine the PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the patient. + fun Measuring : Class ; + fun Measuring_Class : SubClass Measuring Calculating ; + + -- Any Device whose purpose is to measure a + -- PhysicalQuantity. + fun MeasuringDevice : Class ; + fun MeasuringDevice_Class : SubClass MeasuringDevice Device ; + + -- Any Food which was originally part of an + -- Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal + -- blood that is eaten as food. Note that this class covers both raw + -- meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking. + -- Note too that preparations involving Meat and FruitOrVegetable + -- are classed directly under Food. + fun Meat : Class ; + fun Meat_Class : SubClass Meat Food ; + + -- The coming together of two or more + -- CognitiveAgents for the purpose of Communication. This covers informal + -- meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board + -- of directors meeting. + fun Meeting : Class ; + fun Meeting_Class : SubClass Meeting SocialInteraction ; + + -- One MegaByte (MB) of information. One + -- MegaByte is 1024 KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is + -- different from the one accepted in the SI system. + fun MegaByte : Ind UnitOfInformation ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into + -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original + -- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MegaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000 Hertz. + fun MegaFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; + + -- The Class of Processes where an Object is + -- heated and converted from a Solid to a Liquid. + fun Melting : Class ; + fun Melting_Class : SubClass Melting StateChange ; + + -- Any Corporation which sells + -- goods or services to customers for a profit. + fun MercantileOrganization : Class ; + fun MercantileOrganization_Class : SubClass MercantileOrganization Corporation ; + + -- (MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) + -- denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1 + -- and not to ?OBJ2. + fun MereologicalDifferenceFn : El Object -> El Object -> Ind Object ; + + -- (MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) + -- denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1 + -- and ?OBJ2. + fun MereologicalProductFn : El Object -> El Object -> Ind Object ; + + -- (MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) + -- denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to either + -- ?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2. + fun MereologicalSumFn : El Object -> El Object -> Ind Object ; + + -- A Metal is an ElementalSubstance that conducts heat + -- and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered + -- into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements + -- (ElementalSubstances) are metals. + fun Metal : Class ; + fun Metal_Class : SubClass Metal ElementalSubstance ; + + -- SI UnitOfLength. Symbol: m. It is one of the + -- base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Meter + -- is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time + -- interval of 1/299792458 of a SecondDuration. + fun Meter : Ind UnitOfLength ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into + -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. + -- For example, (MicroFn Meter) is .000001 Meters. + fun MicroFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; + + -- An Organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope. + fun Microorganism : Class ; + fun Microorganism_Class : SubClass Microorganism Organism ; + + -- English length unit of miles. + fun Mile : Ind UnitOfLength ; + + -- MilitaryForce is the subclass of + -- Organizations that are organized along military lines and for the + -- purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not + -- the force is an official GovernmentOrganization. + fun MilitaryForce : Class ; + fun MilitaryForce_Class : SubClass MilitaryForce PoliticalOrganization ; + + -- Any heavily armed Organization + -- that is part of a Government and that is charged with representing the + -- Government in international conflicts. + fun MilitaryOrganization : Class ; + fun MilitaryOrganization_Class : SubClass MilitaryOrganization (both GovernmentOrganization MilitaryForce) ; + + -- Any Process that is carried out by a + -- military organization. Note that this class covers Processes, e.g. + -- military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as + -- those which are unscripted. + fun MilitaryProcess : Class ; + fun MilitaryProcess_Class : SubClass MilitaryProcess PoliticalProcess ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into + -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. + -- For example, (MilliFn Gram) is .001 Grams. + fun MilliFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; + + -- Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: mm. A millimeter + -- is the 1000th part of a meter + fun Millimeter : Ind UnitOfLength ; + + -- (MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of + -- ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, + -- MinFn returns one of its arguments. + fun MinFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; + + -- Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous + -- substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or + -- synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form + -- and properties of a naturally occurring mineral. + fun Mineral : Class ; + fun Mineral_Class : SubClass Mineral Substance ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph + -- the Class of GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the Graph and + -- which have the least number of GraphArcs. + fun MinimalCutSetFn : El Graph -> Desc GraphPath ; + + -- This BinaryFunction assigns two + -- GraphNodes to the GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs + -- between the two GraphNodes. + fun MinimalWeightedPathFn : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> Ind GraphPath ; + + -- The Class of all clock Minutes. + fun Minute : Class ; + fun Minute_Class : SubClass Minute TimeInterval ; + + -- Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. + fun MinuteDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and + -- a subclass of Hours to the Minutes within each Hour corresponding to that + -- NonnegativeInteger. For example, (MinuteFn 30 (HourFn 17 Day)) is the Class + -- of all 5:30's in the afternoon. For another example, (MinuteFn 15 Hour) would return + -- the class of all instances of quarter past the hour. For still another example, + -- (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912))))) denotes + -- 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912. + fun MinuteFn : El NonnegativeInteger -> Desc Hour -> Desc Minute ; + + -- A Mixture is two or more PureSubstances, + -- combined in varying proportions _ each retaining its own specific properties. + -- The components of a Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without + -- the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly + -- dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. + fun Mixture : Class ; + fun Mixture_Class : SubClass Mixture Substance ; + + -- MmMercury is a UnitOfMeasure + -- for barometricPressure. It is used to express the number + -- of millimeters of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer + -- by the surrounding air pressure. + fun MmMercury : Ind UnitOfAtmosphericPressure ; + + -- SI amount of substance + -- unit. symbol: mol. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as + -- follows: the Mole is the amount of substance of a system which + -- contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 + -- Kilograms of carbon 12. Note that, when this UnitOfMeasure is + -- used, the elementary entities must be specified _ they may be atoms, + -- molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such particles. + fun Mole : Ind UnitOfMass ; + + -- A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a + -- CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties + -- of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more Atoms + -- linked by a chemical bond. + fun Molecule : Class ; + fun Molecule_Class : SubClass Molecule CompoundSubstance ; + + -- Soft_bodied Invertebrate that is usually + -- contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, + -- octopi, and squid. + fun Mollusk : Class ; + fun Mollusk_Class : SubClass Mollusk Invertebrate ; + + -- The Class of all calendar Mondays. + fun Monday : Class ; + fun Monday_Class : SubClass Monday Day ; + + -- Various Primates with relatively long + -- tails. + fun Monkey : Class ; + fun Monkey_Class : SubClass Monkey Primate ; + + -- An Object with this Attribute has + -- the same color on every part of its surface. + fun Monochromatic : Ind ColorAttribute ; + + -- The Class of all calendar Months. + fun Month : Class ; + fun Month_Class : SubClass Month TimeInterval ; + + -- Time unit. A month's duration is at least + -- 28 days, and no more than 31 days. Note that this unit is a range, rather + -- than an exact amount, unlike most other units. + fun MonthDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of Month and a + -- subclass of Year to the class containing the Months corresponding to thos Years. + -- For example (MonthFn January (YearFn 1912)) is the class containing the eighth + -- Month, i.e. August, of the Year 1912. For another example, (MonthFn August + -- Year) is equal to August, the class of all months of August. Note that this function + -- returns a Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. + -- DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals + -- and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of + -- these functions classes rather than individuals. + fun MonthFn : Desc Month -> Desc Year -> Desc Month ; + + -- Part of a Word which cannot be subdivided + -- and which expresses a meaning. + fun Morpheme : Class ; + fun Morpheme_Class : SubClass Morpheme LinguisticExpression ; + + -- A NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little + -- if any vascular tissue. + fun Moss : Class ; + fun Moss_Class : SubClass Moss NonFloweringPlant ; + + -- Any Process of movement. + fun Motion : Class ; + fun Motion_Class : SubClass Motion Process ; + + -- Motion where an Object is moving toward the + -- ground. + fun MotionDownward : Class ; + fun MotionDownward_Class : SubClass MotionDownward Motion ; + + -- A ContentBearingObject which depicts motion + -- (and which may have an audio or text component as well). This Class covers + -- films, videos, etc. + fun MotionPicture : Class ; + fun MotionPicture_Class : SubClass MotionPicture Text ; + + -- Motion where an Object is moving away from the ground. + fun MotionUpward : Class ; + fun MotionUpward_Class : SubClass MotionUpward Motion ; + + -- A TimeZone that covers much of the + -- Rocky Mountain region of the United States. + fun MountainTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; + + -- The Class of multigraphs. A multigraph + -- is a Graph containing at least one pair of GraphNodes that are + -- connected by more than one GraphArc. + fun MultiGraph : Class ; + fun MultiGraph_Class : SubClass MultiGraph Graph ; + + -- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, + -- then (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product + -- of these numbers. + fun MultiplicationFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; + + -- Nonrigid Tissue appearing only in Animals and + -- composed largely of contractile cells. + fun Muscle : Class ; + fun Muscle_Class : SubClass Muscle (both AnimalSubstance Tissue) ; + + -- The subclass of RadiatingSound where the + -- sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately. + fun Music : Class ; + fun Music_Class : SubClass Music RadiatingSound ; + + -- A Device which is manipulated by a Human + -- and whose purpose is to produce Music. + fun MusicalInstrument : Class ; + fun MusicalInstrument_Class : SubClass MusicalInstrument Device ; + + -- A SetOrClass is a MutuallyDisjointClass + -- just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of + -- the original SetOrClass. + fun MutuallyDisjointClass : Class ; + fun MutuallyDisjointClass_Class : SubClass MutuallyDisjointClass SetOrClass ; + + -- A Class of Arthropods that includes + -- centipedes and millipedes. + fun Myriapod : Class ; + fun Myriapod_Class : SubClass Myriapod Arthropod ; + + -- A Promise where nothing is promised in return, + -- i.e. a nudum pactum. + fun NakedPromise : Ind DeonticAttribute ; + + -- The Process of assigning a name to someone or something. + fun Naming : Class ; + fun Naming_Class : SubClass Naming Declaring ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into + -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original + -- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MicroFn SecondDuration) is .000000001 + -- SecondDurations. + fun NanoFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; + + -- The broadest GeopoliticalArea, i.e. Nations are + -- GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and + -- comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts + -- of loose international organizations). + fun Nation : Class ; + fun Nation_Class : SubClass Nation (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; + + -- The subclass of HumanLanguages which + -- are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This + -- Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, + -- Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural + -- languages. + fun NaturalLanguage : Class ; + fun NaturalLanguage_Class : SubClass NaturalLanguage HumanLanguage ; + + -- A Process that take place in nature + -- spontanously. + fun NaturalProcess : Class ; + fun NaturalProcess_Class : SubClass NaturalProcess Process ; + + -- Any Substance that is not the result of + -- an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally. + fun NaturalSubstance : Class ; + fun NaturalSubstance_Class : SubClass NaturalSubstance Substance ; + + -- The relation of common sense adjacency. Note that, if + -- an object is Near another object, then the objects are not connected. + fun Near : Ind SymmetricPositionalAttribute ; + + -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that are + -- necessary, i.e. true in every possible world. + fun Necessity : Ind AlethicAttribute ; + + -- The TimePoint that is before all other TimePoints. + fun NegativeInfinity : Ind TimePoint ; + + -- An Integer that is less than zero. + fun NegativeInteger : Class ; + fun NegativeInteger_Class : SubClass NegativeInteger (both Integer NegativeRealNumber) ; + + -- A RealNumber that is less than zero. + fun NegativeRealNumber : Class ; + fun NegativeRealNumber_RealNumber : SubClassC NegativeRealNumber RealNumber + (\NUMBER -> lessThan (var RealNumber Quantity ? NUMBER) + (el Integer Quantity ? (toInt 0))); + + -- A system in Vertebrates that is made up of + -- the Brain, the spinal cord, nerves, etc. + fun NervousSystem : Class ; + fun NervousSystem_Class : SubClass NervousSystem (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure Organ) ; + + -- Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have no charge. + fun Neutron : Class ; + fun Neutron_Class : SubClass Neutron SubatomicParticle ; + + -- SI force measure. Symbol: N. It is that force + -- which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 Meter per + -- SecondDuration. Newton = m*kg*s^(_2). + fun Newton : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Instances of + -- this Class are UnitsOfMeasure that are applied to a single + -- dimension, and so are not intrinsically defined by the functional + -- composition of other units. + fun NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure : Class ; + fun NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure_Class : SubClass NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure UnitOfMeasure ; + + -- A Plant that reproduces with spores and + -- does not produce flowers. + fun NonFloweringPlant : Class ; + fun NonFloweringPlant_Class : SubClass NonFloweringPlant Plant ; + + -- The stage of an Organism before it is FullyFormed. + fun NonFullyFormed : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; + + -- Any SetOrClass that contains at least one instance. + fun NonNullSet : Class ; + fun NonNullSet_Class : SubClass NonNullSet SetOrClass ; + + -- An Integer that is greater than or equal to zero. + fun NonnegativeInteger : Class ; + fun NonnegativeInteger_Class : SubClass NonnegativeInteger (both Integer NonnegativeRealNumber) ; + + -- A RealNumber that is greater than or equal to zero. + fun NonnegativeRealNumber : Class ; + fun NonnegativeRealNumber_RealNumber : SubClassC NonnegativeRealNumber RealNumber (\NUMBER -> greaterThanOrEqualTo(var RealNumber Quantity ? NUMBER)(el Integer Quantity ? (toInt 0))); + + -- A Class containing all of the + -- Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, + -- etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that + -- something ought or ought not to be the case. + fun NormativeAttribute : Class ; + fun NormativeAttribute_Class : SubClass NormativeAttribute RelationalAttribute ; + + -- The compass direction of North. + fun North : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; + + -- One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words + -- that conventionally denote Objects. + fun Noun : Class ; + fun Noun_Class : SubClass Noun Word ; + + -- A Phrase that has the same function as a Noun. + fun NounPhrase : Class ; + fun NounPhrase_Class : SubClass NounPhrase Phrase ; + + -- The Class of all Months which are November. + fun November : Class ; + fun November_Class : SubClass November Month ; + + -- The List that has no items. The uniqueness of + -- NullList follows from the extensionality of Lists, i.e. the fact that + -- two Lists with the same items in the same order are identical. + fun NullList : Ind List ; + + -- Any SetOrClass that contains no instances. + fun NullSet : Class ; + fun NullSet_Class : SubClass NullSet SetOrClass ; + + -- A measure of how many things there are, or how + -- much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into + -- RealNumber, ComplexNumber, and ImaginaryNumber. + fun Number : Class ; + fun Number_Class : SubClass Number Quantity ; + + -- NumberE is the RealNumber that is the base for + -- natural logarithms. It is approximately equal to 2.718282. + fun NumberE : Ind PositiveRealNumber ; + + -- (NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator + -- of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER. + fun NumeratorFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; + + -- A BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an Organism. + -- It is generally ingested as Food, and it is of primary interest because of its role + -- in the biologic functioning of the Organism. + fun Nutrient : Class ; + fun Nutrient_Class : SubClass Nutrient BiologicallyActiveSubstance ; + + -- Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary + -- objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, + -- and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical + -- class. In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal + -- extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the + -- time_axis. + fun Object : Class ; + fun Object_Class : SubClass Object Physical ; + + -- The Class of NormativeAttributes that are + -- associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is + -- broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable. + fun ObjectiveNorm : Class ; + fun ObjectiveNorm_Class : SubClass ObjectiveNorm NormativeAttribute ; + + -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that an + -- Agent is required, by some authority, to make true. + fun Obligation : Ind DeonticAttribute ; + + -- The Class of all Months which are October. + fun October : Class ; + fun October_Class : SubClass October Month ; + + -- An Integer that is not evenly divisible by 2. + fun OddInteger : Class ; + fun OddInteger_Class : SubClass OddInteger Integer ; + + -- The subclass of Committing in which a + -- CognitiveAgent offers something Physical to another agent. Offerings + -- may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a + -- UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to + -- effect a Transaction of some sort). + fun Offering : Class ; + fun Offering_Class : SubClass Offering Committing ; + + -- SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric + -- resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference + -- of potential of 1 Volt, applied between these two points, + -- produces in this conductor a current of 1 Ampere, this conductor not + -- being the force of any electromotive force. Ohm = V/A = + -- m^2*kg*s^(_3)*A^(_2). + fun Ohm : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- The Class of properties that are + -- detectable by smell. + fun OlfactoryAttribute : Class ; + fun OlfactoryAttribute_Class : SubClass OlfactoryAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; + + -- This is used to assert that an object is on top of + -- another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves + -- contact. + fun On : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; + + -- The class of GeometricFigures that + -- have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines. + fun OneDimensionalFigure : Class ; + fun OneDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass OneDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure ; + + -- The class of TwoDimensionalFigures that + -- are not ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures. + fun OpenTwoDimensionalFigure : Class ; + fun OpenTwoDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass OpenTwoDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure ; + + -- A Directing in which the receiver is + -- commanded to realize the content of a ContentBearingObject. Orders + -- are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or + -- which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee. + fun Ordering : Class ; + fun Ordering_Class : SubClass Ordering Directing ; + + -- A somewhat independent BodyPart that performs a + -- specialized function. Note that this functional definition covers bodily + -- systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system. + fun Organ : Class ; + fun Organ_Class : SubClass Organ BodyPart ; + + -- A PhysiologicProcess of a + -- particular Organ or Tissue. + fun OrganOrTissueProcess : Class ; + fun OrganOrTissueProcess_Class : SubClass OrganOrTissueProcess AutonomicProcess ; + + -- This class encompasses Organisms, + -- CorpuscularObjects that are parts of Organisms, i.e. BodyParts, + -- and CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by + -- Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies. + fun OrganicObject : Class ; + fun OrganicObject_Class : SubClass OrganicObject CorpuscularObject ; + + -- Generally, a living individual, including all + -- Plants and Animals. + fun Organism : Class ; + fun Organism_Class : SubClass Organism (both Agent OrganicObject) ; + + -- A physiologic function of the + -- Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple + -- Organs or Tissues. + fun OrganismProcess : Class ; + fun OrganismProcess_Class : SubClass OrganismProcess PhysiologicProcess ; + + -- An Organization is a corporate or similar + -- institution. The members of an Organization typically have a common + -- purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments, + -- etc. of organizations. For example, both the Shell Corporation and the + -- accounting department at Shell would both be instances of Organization. + -- Note too that the existence of an Organization is dependent on the existence + -- of at least one member (since Organization is a subclass of Collection). + -- Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a fictitious member + -- should be assumed. + fun Organization : Class ; + fun Organization_Class : SubClass Organization (both CognitiveAgent Group) ; + + -- An IntentionalProcess that involves an Organization. + fun OrganizationalProcess : Class ; + fun OrganizationalProcess_Class : SubClass OrganizationalProcess IntentionalProcess ; + + -- English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a Cup. + fun Ounce : Ind UnitOfVolume ; + + -- The class of ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures that are + -- produced by the intersection of a Cone with a ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure. + fun Oval : Class ; + fun Oval_Class : SubClass Oval ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure ; + + -- A TimeZone that covers much of the + -- western part of the United States. + fun PacificTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; + + -- A SetOrClass is a PairwiseDisjointClass + -- just in case every instance of the SetOrClass is either equal to or disjoint + -- from every other instance of the SetOrClass. + fun PairwiseDisjointClass : Class ; + fun PairwiseDisjointClass_Class : SubClass PairwiseDisjointClass SetOrClass ; + + -- An Organization which is much like + -- a MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it + -- is not associated with a Government. + fun ParamilitaryOrganization : Class ; + fun ParamilitaryOrganization_Class : SubClass ParamilitaryOrganization MilitaryForce ; + + -- An umbrella Class for any Word that does not + -- fit into the other subclasses of Word. A ParticleWord is generally a small + -- term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', + -- 'since', etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the + -- subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc. Note that the class ParticleWord + -- includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its', + -- etc. + fun ParticleWord : Class ; + fun ParticleWord_Class : SubClass ParticleWord Word ; + + -- SI pressure measure. Symbol:Pa. It is the + -- pressure of one Newton per square Meter. Pascal = N/m^2 + -- = m^(_1)*kg*s^(_2). + fun Pascal : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition + -- to the TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at + -- NegativeInfinity. + fun PastFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; + + -- A Certificate that expresses the content of an + -- invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental + -- entity. + fun Patent : Class ; + fun Patent_Class : SubClass Patent Certificate ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath to + -- the sum of the arcWeights on the GraphArcs in the GraphPath. + fun PathWeightFn : El GraphPath -> Ind Quantity ; + + -- A disordered process, activity, or + -- state of the Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of + -- multiple Organs or Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a + -- negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are + -- less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have + -- systemic effects. + fun PathologicProcess : Class ; + fun PathologicProcess_Class : SubClass PathologicProcess BiologicalProcess ; + + -- PerFn maps two instances of PhysicalQuantity to + -- the FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances. For example, + -- (PerFn (MeasureFn 2 (MicroFn Gram)) (MeasureFn 1 (KiloFn + -- Gram))) denotes the FunctionQuantity of 2 micrograms per kiogram. + -- This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge engineer to + -- dynamically generate instances of FunctionQuantity. + fun PerFn : El PhysicalQuantity -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Ind FunctionQuantity ; + + -- Sensing some aspect of the material world. + -- Note that the agent of this sensing is assumed to be an Animal. + fun Perception : Class ; + fun Perception_Class : SubClass Perception PsychologicalProcess ; + + -- Any Attribute whose presence is detected + -- by an act of Perception. + fun PerceptualAttribute : Class ; + fun PerceptualAttribute_Class : SubClass PerceptualAttribute InternalAttribute ; + + -- A Series whose elements are published separately + -- and on a periodic basis. + fun Periodical : Class ; + fun Periodical_Class : SubClass Periodical Series ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of + -- Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the Periodical corresponding + -- to the number. + fun PeriodicalIssueFn : Desc Periodical -> El PositiveInteger -> Desc Periodical ; + + -- A Residence where people live, i.e. + -- where people have a home. + fun PermanentResidence : Class ; + fun PermanentResidence_Class : SubClass PermanentResidence Residence ; + + -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that an + -- Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true. + fun Permission : Ind DeonticAttribute ; + + -- A set of Words in a Language which form a unit, + -- i.e. express a meaning in the Language. + fun Phrase : Class ; + fun Phrase_Class : SubClass Phrase LinguisticExpression ; + + -- An entity that has a location in space_time. + -- Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in + -- space_time. + fun Physical : Class ; + fun Physical_Class : SubClass Physical Entity ; + + -- An InternalAttribute given by physical + -- properties of the object. + fun PhysicalAttribute : Class ; + fun PhysicalAttribute_Class : SubClass PhysicalAttribute InternalAttribute ; + + -- A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of + -- some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's + -- diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable + -- solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial + -- coordinates). Every PhysicalQuantity is either a ConstantQuantity + -- or FunctionQuantity. Instances of ConstantQuantity are dependent + -- on a UnitOfMeasure, while instances of FunctionQuantity are + -- Functions that map instances of ConstantQuantity to other instances + -- of ConstantQuantity (e.g., a TimeDependentQuantity is a + -- FunctionQuantity). Although the name and definition of + -- PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, a PhysicalQuantity need + -- not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, + -- etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. + -- Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of PhysicalQuantity. + -- A PhysicalQuantity is distinguished from a pure Number by the fact that + -- the former is associated with a dimension of measurement. + fun PhysicalQuantity : Class ; + fun PhysicalQuantity_Class : SubClass PhysicalQuantity Quantity ; + + -- The physical state of an Object. There + -- are three reified instances of this Class: Solid, Liquid, and Gas. + -- Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one + -- substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical + -- states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a + -- substance still called iron. + fun PhysicalState : Class ; + fun PhysicalState_Class : SubClass PhysicalState InternalAttribute ; + + -- PhysicalSystem is the class of complex + -- Physical things. A PhysicalSystem may have one or more + -- corresponding abstract Graph representations. + fun PhysicalSystem : Class ; + fun PhysicalSystem_Class : SubClass PhysicalSystem Physical ; + + -- A normal process of an Organism + -- or part of an Organism. + fun PhysiologicProcess : Class ; + fun PhysiologicProcess_Class : SubClass PhysiologicProcess BiologicalProcess ; + + -- Pi is the RealNumber that + -- is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. It is + -- approximately equal to 3.141592653589793. + fun Pi : Ind PositiveRealNumber ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into + -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original + -- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (PicoFn SecondDuration) is .000000000001 + -- SecondDurations. + fun PicoFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; + + -- English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a + -- Quart. + fun Pint : Ind UnitOfVolume ; + + -- A specification of a sequence of Processes which + -- is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time. + fun Plan : Class ; + fun Plan_Class : SubClass Plan Procedure ; + + -- The value of an angle in a plane. + fun PlaneAngleMeasure : Class ; + fun PlaneAngleMeasure_Class : SubClass PlaneAngleMeasure AngleMeasure ; + + -- Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a + -- set of goals or objectives. + fun Planning : Class ; + fun Planning_Class : SubClass Planning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; + + -- An Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing + -- by synthesis of Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of + -- chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion. + fun Plant : Class ; + fun Plant_Organism : SubClassC Plant Organism (\PLANT -> and (forall PlantSubstance (\SUBSTANCE -> part(var PlantSubstance Object ? SUBSTANCE)(var Organism Object ? PLANT))) (forall PlantAnatomicalStructure (\STRUCTURE -> part(var PlantAnatomicalStructure Object ? STRUCTURE)(var Organism Object ? PLANT)))); + + -- AnatomicalStructures that + -- are possessed exclusively by Plants. + fun PlantAnatomicalStructure : Class ; + fun PlantAnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass PlantAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure ; + + -- BodySubstances that are produced + -- exclusively by Plants. + fun PlantSubstance : Class ; + fun PlantSubstance_Class : SubClass PlantSubstance BodySubstance ; + + -- An extremely energetic PhysicalState that consists + -- of atomic nuclei stripped of electrons. That is, a plasma is composed of + -- positive ions and free electrons. Plasma behaves differently enough from + -- Gas that it is referred to as the fourth state of matter. + fun Plasma : Ind PhysicalState ; + + -- The shape of an Object with this Attribute + -- can easily be altered. + fun Pliable : Ind InternalAttribute ; + + -- A Poisoning is caused by an external + -- substance. Since Poisoning is not possible without some biologic + -- function which affects the Organism being injured, it is a subclass + -- of BiologicalProcess. + fun Poisoning : Class ; + fun Poisoning_Class : SubClass Poisoning Injuring ; + + -- The Class of Processes where the agent + -- pierces the surface of the Object with an instrument. + fun Poking : Class ; + fun Poking_Class : SubClass Poking IntentionalProcess ; + + -- Any GovernmentOrganization + -- that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the Government. + fun PoliceOrganization : Class ; + fun PoliceOrganization_Class : SubClass PoliceOrganization GovernmentOrganization ; + + -- An Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort + -- of political change. + fun PoliticalOrganization : Class ; + fun PoliticalOrganization_Class : SubClass PoliticalOrganization Organization ; + + -- An OrganizationalProcess carried + -- out by, for or against officially constituted governments. Some examples + -- would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative, + -- or even overthrowing a government in a revolution. + fun PoliticalProcess : Class ; + fun PoliticalProcess_Class : SubClass PoliticalProcess OrganizationalProcess ; + + -- A powder produced by FloweringPlants that contains male + -- gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of FloweringPlants of the same + -- species. + fun Pollen : Class ; + fun Pollen_Class : SubClass Pollen (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; + + -- An Object with this Attribute has + -- different colors on different parts of its surface. + fun Polychromatic : Ind ColorAttribute ; + + -- A formal position of reponsibility within an + -- Organization. Examples of Positions include president, laboratory + -- director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc. + fun Position : Class ; + fun Position_Class : SubClass Position SocialRole ; + + -- Attributes characterizing the + -- orientation of an Object, e.g. Vertical versus Horizontal, Left + -- versus Right etc. + fun PositionalAttribute : Class ; + fun PositionalAttribute_Class : SubClass PositionalAttribute RelationalAttribute ; + + -- The TimePoint that is after all other TimePoints. + fun PositiveInfinity : Ind TimePoint ; + + -- An Integer that is greater than zero. + fun PositiveInteger : Class ; + fun PositiveInteger_Class : SubClass PositiveInteger (both NonnegativeInteger PositiveRealNumber) ; + + -- A RealNumber that is greater than + -- zero. + fun PositiveRealNumber : Class ; + fun PositiveRealNumber_NonnegativeRealNumber : SubClassC PositiveRealNumber NonnegativeRealNumber (\NUMBER -> greaterThan(var NonnegativeRealNumber Quantity ? NUMBER)(el Integer Quantity ? (toInt 0))); + + -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that are + -- possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world. + fun Possibility : Ind AlethicAttribute ; + + -- English pound of force. The conversion + -- factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A + -- mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this + -- constant. + fun PoundForce : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- English mass unit of pounds. + fun PoundMass : Ind UnitOfMass ; + + -- (PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the SetOrClass + -- ?CLASS to the SetOrClass of all subclasses of ?CLASS. + fun PowerSetFn : El SetOrClass -> Desc SetOrClass ; + + -- Precipitation is the process of + -- water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a + -- liquid or frozen state. + fun Precipitation : Class ; + fun Precipitation_Class : SubClass Precipitation (both Falling (both WaterMotion WeatherProcess)) ; + + -- A unary function that maps an Integer to + -- its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4. + fun PredecessorFn : El Integer -> Ind Integer ; + + -- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses + -- which involve the formulation of a Proposition about a state of affairs + -- which might be realized in the future. + fun Predicting : Class ; + fun Predicting_Class : SubClass Predicting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; + + -- (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete + -- set of premises of the Argument ?ARGUMENT. + fun PremisesFn : El Argument -> Ind Proposition ; + + -- A Phrase that begins with a + -- preposition and that functions as an Adjective or an Adverb. + fun PrepositionalPhrase : Class ; + fun PrepositionalPhrase_Class : SubClass PrepositionalPhrase Phrase ; + + -- Any SocialInteraction where a + -- CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents attempts to make + -- another CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents believe + -- something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, + -- impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few + -- examples. + fun Pretending : Class ; + fun Pretending_Class : SubClass Pretending SocialInteraction ; + + -- Colors which can be blended to form any + -- color and which cannot be derived from any other colors. + fun PrimaryColor : Class ; + fun PrimaryColor_Class : SubClass PrimaryColor ColorAttribute ; + + -- The Class of Mammals which are + -- Primates. + fun Primate : Class ; + fun Primate_Class : SubClass Primate Mammal ; + + -- An Integer that is evenly divisible only + -- by itself and 1. + fun PrimeNumber : Class ; + fun PrimeNumber_Class : SubClass PrimeNumber Integer ; + + -- A class containing all of the Attributes + -- relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. Likely and + -- Unlikely. + fun ProbabilityAttribute : Class ; + fun ProbabilityAttribute_Class : SubClass ProbabilityAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; + + -- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations, + -- ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of + -- affairs. (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability + -- of ?FORMULA. + fun ProbabilityFn : Formula -> Ind RealNumber ; + + -- A sequence_dependent specification. Some + -- examples are ComputerPrograms, finite_state machines, cooking recipes, + -- musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts + -- of plays and movies. + fun Procedure : Class ; + fun Procedure_Class : SubClass Procedure Proposition ; + + -- The class of things that happen + -- and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events + -- like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading, + -- and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that occurs in + -- time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have + -- participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players + -- in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose + -- spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages + -- roughly perpendicular to the time_axis. + fun Process : Class ; + fun Process_Class : SubClass Process Physical ; + + -- An Artifact that is produced by Manufacture. + fun Product : Class ; + fun Product_Class : SubClass Product Artifact ; + + -- Prohibition is the DeonticAttribute that + -- applies to Formulas that an Agent is forbidden, by some authority, + -- to make true. + fun Prohibition : Ind DeonticAttribute ; + + -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that + -- an Agent promises to make true. Promises may be implicit or explicit. + -- They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner. + fun Promise : Ind DeonticAttribute ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to the + -- Set of Objects owned by the Agent. + fun PropertyFn : El Agent -> Ind Set ; + + -- Propositions are Abstract entities that + -- express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, + -- the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the + -- entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that + -- propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual + -- sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by + -- theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish + -- Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A + -- Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, + -- but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. + -- A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: + -- strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is + -- on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed + -- on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence + -- of sounds or by some non_latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form + fun Proposition : Class ; + fun Proposition_Class : SubClass Proposition Abstract ; + + -- The BodyPosition of lying down, being in a + -- horizontal position. + fun Prostrate : Ind BodyPosition ; + + -- A Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by + -- peptide bonds. + fun Protein : Class ; + fun Protein_Class : SubClass Protein Nutrient ; + + -- Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have a + -- positive charge. + fun Proton : Class ; + fun Proton_Class : SubClass Proton SubatomicParticle ; + + -- The Class of pseudographs. A pseudograph + -- is a Graph containing at least one GraphLoop. + fun PseudoGraph : Class ; + fun PseudoGraph_Class : SubClass PseudoGraph Graph ; + + -- Attributes that characterize the mental + -- or behavioral life of an Organism. + fun PsychologicalAttribute : Class ; + fun PsychologicalAttribute_Class : SubClass PsychologicalAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; + + -- A clinically significant + -- dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. + -- These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies + -- or manifestations. + fun PsychologicalDysfunction : Class ; + fun PsychologicalDysfunction_Class : SubClass PsychologicalDysfunction (both DiseaseOrSyndrome PsychologicalAttribute) ; + + -- A BiologicalProcess which takes place in + -- the mind or brain of an Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior + -- of the Organism. + fun PsychologicalProcess : Class ; + fun PsychologicalProcess_Class : SubClass PsychologicalProcess BiologicalProcess ; + + -- The Manufacture of Texts. Note that + -- there is no implication that the Texts are distributed. Such + -- distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of Dissemination. + fun Publication : Class ; + fun Publication_Class : SubClass Publication (both ContentDevelopment Manufacture) ; + + -- A Contract between two Agents in + -- which one Agent agrees to render the other some good or service in + -- exchange for currency. + fun PurchaseContract : Ind DeonticAttribute ; + + -- The Class of Substances with constant + -- composition. A PureSubstance can be either an element (ElementalSubstance) + -- or a compound of elements (CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt + -- (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), + -- iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). + fun PureSubstance : Class ; + fun PureSubstance_Class : SubClass PureSubstance Substance ; + + -- The class of IntentionalProcesses where something is + -- sought. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking. + fun Pursuing : Class ; + fun Pursuing_Class : SubClass Pursuing IntentionalProcess ; + + -- The Class of Processes where something is put + -- in a location. Note that the location is specified with the CaseRole + -- destination. + fun Putting : Class ; + fun Putting_Class : SubClass Putting Transfer ; + + -- Any specification of how many or how much of + -- something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: + -- Number (how many) and PhysicalQuantity (how much). + fun Quantity : Class ; + fun Quantity_Class : SubClass Quantity Abstract ; + + -- Any InternalChange where a PhysicalQuantity + -- associated with the patient is altered. + fun QuantityChange : Class ; + fun QuantityChange_Class : SubClass QuantityChange InternalChange ; + + -- English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a + -- UnitedStatesGallon. + fun Quart : Ind UnitOfVolume ; + + -- A request for information. For example, John asked + -- Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union + -- address. + fun Questioning : Class ; + fun Questioning_Class : SubClass Questioning Directing ; + + -- SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the + -- angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's + -- radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a + -- circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the + -- radius. Radian = m/m = 1. + fun Radian : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ; + + -- Processes in which some form of electromagnetic + -- radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given + -- off or absorbed by something else. + fun Radiating : Class ; + fun Radiating_Class : SubClass Radiating Motion ; + + -- RadiatingElectromagnetic + -- is the subclass of Radiating processes in which electromagnetic + -- radiation is transmitted or absorbed. + fun RadiatingElectromagnetic : Class ; + fun RadiatingElectromagnetic_Class : SubClass RadiatingElectromagnetic Radiating ; + + -- Any instance of Radiating where the + -- wavelengths are longer than those of visible light and shorter than those + -- of radio emissions. + fun RadiatingInfrared : Class ; + fun RadiatingInfrared_Class : SubClass RadiatingInfrared RadiatingElectromagnetic ; + + -- The subclass of Radiating in which + -- light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, + -- and glittering. + fun RadiatingLight : Class ; + fun RadiatingLight_Class : SubClass RadiatingLight RadiatingElectromagnetic ; + + -- Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from + -- a nuclear reaction. + fun RadiatingNuclear : Class ; + fun RadiatingNuclear_Class : SubClass RadiatingNuclear Radiating ; + + -- The subclass of Radiating in which + -- sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, + -- roaring, and whistling. + fun RadiatingSound : Class ; + fun RadiatingSound_Class : SubClass RadiatingSound Radiating ; + + fun RadiatingXRay : Class ; + fun RadiatingXRay_Class : SubClass RadiatingXRay RadiatingElectromagnetic ; + + -- A TemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 RankineDegrees is + -- the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 KelvinDegrees). + fun RankineDegree : Ind UnitOfTemperature ; + + -- Any RealNumber that is the product of + -- dividing two Integers. + fun RationalNumber : Class ; + fun RationalNumber_Class : SubClass RationalNumber RealNumber ; + + -- (RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns + -- the rational representation of ?NUMBER. + fun RationalNumberFn : El Number -> Ind RationalNumber ; + + -- A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which + -- content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation. + -- Note that the class Interpreting should be used in cases where a + -- Text is read silently. + fun Reading : Class ; + fun Reading_Class : SubClass Reading ContentDevelopment ; + + -- Any Number that can be expressed as a + -- (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any Number that has a position + -- on the number line. + fun RealNumber : Class ; + fun RealNumber_Class : SubClass RealNumber Number ; + + -- (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of + -- ?NUMBER that is a RealNumber. + fun RealNumberFn : El Number -> Ind RealNumber ; + + -- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses + -- which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive + -- evidence, that a particular Proposition or Sentence is true. + fun Reasoning : Class ; + fun Reasoning_Class : SubClass Reasoning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; + + -- (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal + -- element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator + -- (MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal + -- element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a + -- reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be + -- 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is equal to + -- applying the ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power + -- _1. + fun ReciprocalFn : El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; + + -- A Process that is carried out for + -- the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since RecreationOrExercise is a + -- subclass of IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether + -- or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same + -- program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely + -- to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an + -- instance of RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of + -- watching the television program would however be in the class of Seeing, since + -- being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention). + fun RecreationOrExercise : Class ; + fun RecreationOrExercise_Class : SubClass RecreationOrExercise IntentionalProcess ; + + -- A function that is useful for generating + -- recurring time intervals. For example, (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (HourFn 6 Day) + -- (HourFn 12 Day)) returns the Class of TimeIntervals beginning at 6 in the + -- morning and ending at 12 noon. For another example, (RecurrentTimeInterval + -- Saturday Sunday) returns the Class of all weekends. For still another example, + -- (RecurrentTimeInterval June August) returns the Class containing the academic + -- summer period. + fun RecurrentTimeIntervalFn : Desc TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval ; + + -- The Attribute of redness. + fun Red : Ind PrimaryColor ; + + -- A topographic location. Regions encompass + -- surfaces of Objects, imaginary places, and GeographicAreas. Note + -- that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at + -- itself. Note too that Region is not a subclass of SelfConnectedObject, + -- because some Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not + -- connected with one another. + fun Region : Class ; + fun Region_Class : SubClass Region Object ; + + -- an Guiding whose aim is the enforcement + -- of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess + -- and the related concept Managing. The latter implies a long_term relationship + -- between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the + -- former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are + -- referred. + fun RegulatoryProcess : Class ; + fun RegulatoryProcess_Class : SubClass RegulatoryProcess Guiding ; + + -- Any Attribute that an Entity has by + -- virtue of a relationship that it bears to another Entity or set of Entities, + -- e.g. SocialRoles and PositionalAttributes. + fun RelationalAttribute : Class ; + fun RelationalAttribute_Class : SubClass RelationalAttribute Attribute ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that maps two + -- SetOrClasses to the difference between these SetOrClasses. More + -- precisely, (RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) denotes the instances + -- of ?CLASS1 that are not also instances of ?CLASS2. + fun RelativeComplementFn : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; + + -- A means of converting TimePositions + -- between different TimeZones. (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE) + -- denotes the TimePosition in CoordinatedUniversalTime that is + -- contemporaneous with the TimePosition ?TIME in TimeZone ?ZONE. + -- For example, (RelativeTimeFn (MeasureFn 14 HourDuration) EasternTimeZone) + -- would return the value (MeasureFn 19 HourDuration). + fun RelativeTimeFn : El TimePosition -> El TimeZone -> Ind TimePosition ; + + -- Any instance of Transfer which results in + -- a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something + -- which he/she grasps previously. + fun Releasing : Class ; + fun Releasing_Class : SubClass Releasing Transfer ; + + -- An Organization whose members + -- share a set of religious beliefs. + fun ReligiousOrganization : Class ; + fun ReligiousOrganization_Class : SubClass ReligiousOrganization (both BeliefGroup Organization) ; + + -- An OrganizationalProcess that is + -- carried out within or by a ReligiousOrganization. + fun ReligiousProcess : Class ; + fun ReligiousProcess_Class : SubClass ReligiousProcess OrganizationalProcess ; + + -- (RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the + -- remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR. + -- The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR. + fun RemainderFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; + + -- The Class of PsychologicalProcesses which + -- involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge + -- which was previously acquired. + fun Remembering : Class ; + fun Remembering_Class : SubClass Remembering PsychologicalProcess ; + + -- The Class of Processes where something is + -- taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location + -- are specified with the CaseRoles patient and origin, respectively. + fun Removing : Class ; + fun Removing_Class : SubClass Removing Transfer ; + + -- The Class of Processes where the agent + -- makes a modification or series of modifications to an Object that is not + -- functioning as intended so that it works properly. + fun Repairing : Class ; + fun Repairing_Class : SubClass Repairing IntentionalProcess ; + + -- The Process of biological reproduction. + -- This can be either a sexual or an asexual process. + fun Replication : Class ; + fun Replication_Class : SubClass Replication OrganismProcess ; + + -- Any ArtWork that represents + -- something Physical. + fun RepresentationalArtWork : Class ; + fun RepresentationalArtWork_Class : SubClass RepresentationalArtWork (both ArtWork Icon) ; + + -- Reproductive structure of Organisms. + -- Consists of an Embryonic Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. + -- Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and FruitOrVegetables, as + -- well as the eggs produced by Animals. + fun ReproductiveBody : Class ; + fun ReproductiveBody_Class : SubClass ReproductiveBody BodyPart ; + + -- A ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external + -- covering of scales or horny plates. Reptiles breathe by means of + -- Lungs and generally lay eggs. + fun Reptile : Class ; + fun Reptile_Class : SubClass Reptile ColdBloodedVertebrate ; + + -- A request expresses a desire that some future + -- action be performed. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support + -- from the 3rd Bomber Group. Note that this class covers proposals, + -- recommendations, suggestions, etc. + fun Requesting : Class ; + fun Requesting_Class : SubClass Requesting Directing ; + + -- A Building or part of a Building which provides + -- some accomodation for sleeping. + fun Residence : Class ; + fun Residence_Class : SubClass Residence StationaryArtifact ; + + -- A Building which provides some + -- accomodation for sleeping. Note that this class does not cover just + -- permanent residences, e.g. Houses and condominium and apartment buildings, + -- but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories. + -- ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from CommercialBuildings, + -- which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential + -- function. + fun ResidentialBuilding : Class ; + fun ResidentialBuilding_Class : SubClass ResidentialBuilding (both Building Residence) ; + + -- This PositionalAttribute is derived from the + -- left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the right, so that, + -- if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the + -- two objects overlap. + fun Right : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; + + -- The shape of an Object with this Attribute + -- cannot be altered without breaking. + fun Rigid : Ind InternalAttribute ; + + -- Roadway is the subclass of LandTransitways + -- that are areas intended for surface travel by self_powered, wheeled + -- vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks. Roadways have been + -- at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles. + -- Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and + -- expressways. + fun Roadway : Class ; + fun Roadway_Class : SubClass Roadway LandTransitway ; + + -- The Class of Mammals with one or two pairs + -- of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and + -- rabbits. + fun Rodent : Class ; + fun Rodent_Class : SubClass Rodent Mammal ; + + -- A properPart of a Building which is separated from + -- the exterior of the Building and/or other Rooms of the Building by walls. + -- Some Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, + -- entertainment, etc. + fun Room : Class ; + fun Room_Class : SubClass Room StationaryArtifact ; + + -- An Object with this Attribute has a rough + -- surface. + fun Rough : Ind TextureAttribute ; + + -- (RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the Integer closest + -- to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two + -- Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger Integer. + fun RoundFn : El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; + + -- Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a + -- way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a + -- period of time. + fun Running : Class ; + fun Running_Class : SubClass Running Ambulating ; + + -- A WaterArea whose Water is saline, e.g. + -- oceans and seas. + fun SaltWaterArea : Class ; + fun SaltWaterArea_Class : SubClass SaltWaterArea WaterArea ; + + -- A Class of Attributes that specify, in + -- a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of Object in + -- another kind of Object. + fun SaturationAttribute : Class ; + fun SaturationAttribute_Class : SubClass SaturationAttribute InternalAttribute ; + + -- The Class of all calendar Saturdays. + fun Saturday : Class ; + fun Saturday_Class : SubClass Saturday Day ; + + -- The Class of all clock Seconds. + fun Second : Class ; + fun Second_Class : SubClass Second TimeInterval ; + + -- SI UnitOfDuration. Symbol: s. + -- It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as + -- follows: the SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of + -- the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine + -- levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. + fun SecondDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and a + -- subclass of Minutes to the Seconds within each Minute corresponding to that + -- PositiveRealNumber. For example, (SecondFn 4 (MinuteFn 5 Hour)) is the Class + -- of all fourth Seconds of every fifth Minute of every hour. For another example, + -- (SecondFn 8 Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute. For still + -- another example, + -- + -- (SecondFn 9 (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912)))))) + -- + -- denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912. + fun SecondFn : El PositiveRealNumber -> Desc Minute -> Desc Second ; + + -- The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody + -- of a FloweringPlant. + fun Seed : Class ; + fun Seed_Class : SubClass Seed (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; + + -- The subclass of Perception in which the + -- sensing is done by an ocular Organ. + fun Seeing : Class ; + fun Seeing_Class : SubClass Seeing Perception ; + + -- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses + -- which involve opting for one or more Entity out of a larger set of Entities. + -- Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating. + fun Selecting : Class ; + fun Selecting_Class : SubClass Selecting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; + + -- A SelfConnectedObject is any + -- Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts. + fun SelfConnectedObject : Class ; + fun SelfConnectedObject_Class : SubClass SelfConnectedObject Object ; + + -- A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of + -- Physical is exchanged for an instance of CurrencyMeasure. + fun Selling : Class ; + fun Selling_Class : SubClass Selling FinancialTransaction ; + + -- A syntactically well_formed formula of a + -- Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which + -- may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a Proposition. + fun Sentence : Class ; + fun Sentence_Class : SubClass Sentence LinguisticExpression ; + + -- An Agent that has rights but may or may + -- not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are + -- present, then the Agent is also an instance of CognitiveAgent. + -- Domesticated animals are an example of SentientAgents that are not + -- also CognitiveAgents. + fun SentientAgent : Class ; + fun SentientAgent_Class : SubClass SentientAgent Agent ; + + -- A Process where a SelfConnectedObject is + -- separated into (some of) its parts. Note that Separating is different + -- from Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not + -- being connected. Note too that Separating is different from + -- Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated + -- may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated. + fun Separating : Class ; + fun Separating_Class : SubClass Separating DualObjectProcess ; + + -- The Class of all Months which are September. + fun September : Class ; + fun September_Class : SubClass September Month ; + + -- A Text consisting of multiple self_contained units. + -- Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television + -- series made up of many episodes, a film serial, etc. + fun Series : Class ; + fun Series_Class : SubClass Series Text ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that maps a type of Series + -- (e.g. the Encyclopedia_Britannica or the Popular_Mechanics periodical) and a + -- number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number. + fun SeriesVolumeFn : Desc Series -> El PositiveInteger -> Desc Text ; + + -- ServiceProcess denotes the class + -- of events in which one agent performs a service for another. The + -- service need not be commercial, and it need not be the case that + -- the serviceRecipient pays or recompenses the serviceProvider + -- for the service. + fun ServiceProcess : Class ; + fun ServiceProcess_Class : SubClass ServiceProcess SocialInteraction ; + + -- A SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as + -- other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. Sets differ + -- from Classes in two important respects. First, Sets are extensional _ + -- two Sets with the same elements are identical. Second, a Set can be + -- an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that Sets + -- have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that Sets + -- are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a Set may occur more + -- than once in the Set. + fun Set : Class ; + fun Set_Class : SubClass Set SetOrClass ; + + -- The SetOrClass of Sets + -- and Classes, i.e. any instance of Abstract that has elements or + -- instances. + fun SetOrClass : Class ; + fun SetOrClass_Class : SubClass SetOrClass Abstract ; + + -- Attributes that indicate the sex of an + -- Organism. + fun SexAttribute : Class ; + fun SexAttribute_Class : SubClass SexAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; + + -- Sexual Processes of biological + -- reproduction. + fun SexualReproduction : Class ; + fun SexualReproduction_Class : SubClass SexualReproduction Replication ; + + -- Any Attribute that relates to the + -- shape of an Object. + fun ShapeAttribute : Class ; + fun ShapeAttribute_Class : SubClass ShapeAttribute InternalAttribute ; + + -- The Process of changing the shape of an Object. + fun ShapeChange : Class ; + fun ShapeChange_Class : SubClass ShapeChange InternalChange ; + + -- The subclass of Impelling where the patient + -- is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of + -- Device. + fun Shooting : Class ; + fun Shooting_Class : SubClass Shooting Impelling ; + + -- A ShoreArea is a LandArea approximately + -- 1_3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, + -- or lake. A ShoreArea may comprise a variety of LandForms, such as dunes, + -- sloughs, and marshes. + fun ShoreArea : Class ; + fun ShoreArea_Class : SubClass ShoreArea LandArea ; + + -- SI electric conductance measure. Symbol: S. + -- In the case of direct current, the conductance in Siemens is the + -- reciprocal of the resistance in Ohms, in the case of alternating current, + -- it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms. siemens = A/V = + -- m^(_2)*kg(_1)*s^(3)*A^2. + fun Siemens : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- SI dose equivalent measure. Symbol: Sv. It is + -- a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation. The Sievert makes it + -- possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes + -- into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, + -- since each form of such radiation__e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons__ + -- has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed + -- dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in Sievert) is + -- the dose of the radiation in Gray multiplied by a quality factor that + -- is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. + -- Accordingly, one Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation + -- roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one Gray of gamma + -- radiation. Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(_2) + fun Sievert : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- (SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. + -- This is one of the following values: _1, 1, or 0. + fun SignumFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; + + -- (SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the + -- PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side + -- opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right_angled triangle. + fun SineFn : El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Ind RealNumber ; + + -- Speaking that is also Music. + fun Singing : Class ; + fun Singing_Class : SubClass Singing (both Music Speaking) ; + + -- SingleAgentProcess + -- is the Class of all Processes that require exactly one agent in order to occur. + fun SingleAgentProcess : Class ; + fun SingleAgentProcess_Class : SubClass SingleAgentProcess Process ; + + -- A PermanentResidence which is + -- intended to be the home of a single SocialUnit. This class covers + -- Houses, ApartmentUnits, and CondominiumUnits. + fun SingleFamilyResidence : Class ; + fun SingleFamilyResidence_Class : SubClass SingleFamilyResidence PermanentResidence ; + + -- The BodyPosition of being recumbent, i.e. + -- knees bent and back side supported. + fun Sitting : Ind BodyPosition ; + + -- The system of Bones that make up the supporting structure + -- of Vertebrates. + fun Skeleton : Class ; + fun Skeleton_Class : SubClass Skeleton (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure BodyPart) ; + + -- English mass unit of slugs. + fun Slug : Ind UnitOfMass ; + + -- The subclass of Perception in which the + -- sensing is done by an olefactory Organ. + fun Smelling : Class ; + fun Smelling_Class : SubClass Smelling Perception ; + + -- A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is + -- produced by Combustion. + fun Smoke : Class ; + fun Smoke_Class : SubClass Smoke Cloud ; + + -- An Object with this Attribute has a smooth + -- surface. + fun Smooth : Ind TextureAttribute ; + + -- The subclass of + -- IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between + -- CognitiveAgents. + fun SocialInteraction : Class ; + fun SocialInteraction_Class : SubClass SocialInteraction IntentionalProcess ; + + -- The Class of all Attributes that + -- specify the position or status of a CognitiveAgent within an + -- Organization or other Group. + fun SocialRole : Class ; + fun SocialRole_Class : SubClass SocialRole RelationalAttribute ; + + -- A GroupOfPeople who all have the same home. + fun SocialUnit : Class ; + fun SocialUnit_Class : SubClass SocialUnit GroupOfPeople ; + + -- An Object has the Attribute of Solid if it + -- has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. + fun Solid : Ind PhysicalState ; + + -- The value of an angle in a solid. + fun SolidAngleMeasure : Class ; + fun SolidAngleMeasure_Class : SubClass SolidAngleMeasure AngleMeasure ; + + -- A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in + -- a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. + -- A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. + -- Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given + -- amount of water. + fun Solution : Class ; + fun Solution_Class : SubClass Solution LiquidMixture ; + + -- The volume of sound relative to a listener. + fun SoundAttribute : Class ; + fun SoundAttribute_Class : SubClass SoundAttribute RelationalAttribute ; + + -- The compass direction of South. + fun South : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; + + -- Any LinguisticGeneration which is also a + -- Vocalizing, i.e. any LinguisticCommunication by a Human which + -- involves his/her vocal cords. + fun Speaking : Class ; + fun Speaking_Class : SubClass Speaking (both LinguisticCommunication Vocalizing) ; + + -- Maps an instance of LengthMeasure and an instance of + -- TimeDuration to the speed represented by this proportion of distance and time. + -- For example, (SpeedFn (MeasureFn 55 Mile)(MeasureFn 1 HourDuration)) + -- represents the velocity of 55 miles per hour. + fun SpeedFn : El LengthMeasure -> El TimeDuration -> Ind FunctionQuantity ; + + -- A flexible column made out of bones called + -- vertebrae. The main function of the SpinalColumn is to protect the + -- spinal cord. + fun SpinalColumn : Class ; + fun SpinalColumn_Class : SubClass SpinalColumn (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure Organ) ; + + -- A SpokenHumanLanguage is a + -- HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also + -- berepresented visually through writing, although not all + -- SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form. + fun SpokenHumanLanguage : Class ; + fun SpokenHumanLanguage_Class : SubClass SpokenHumanLanguage HumanLanguage ; + + -- Any ReproductiveBody of a NonFloweringPlant. + fun Spore : Class ; + fun Spore_Class : SubClass Spore (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; + + -- A Game which requires some degree of physical + -- exercion from the participants of the game. + fun Sport : Class ; + fun Sport_Class : SubClass Sport Game ; + + -- (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal + -- square root of ?NUMBER. + fun SquareRootFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Number ; + + -- The BodyPosition of being upright, i.e. being + -- fully extended and supported by nothing other than one's own feet. + fun Standing : Ind BodyPosition ; + + -- Any Process where the PhysicalState + -- of part of the patient of the Process changes. + fun StateChange : Class ; + fun StateChange_Class : SubClass StateChange InternalChange ; + + -- The class StateOfMind is distinguished from + -- its complement TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are + -- transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make_up. + fun StateOfMind : Class ; + fun StateOfMind_Class : SubClass StateOfMind PsychologicalAttribute ; + + -- Administrative subdivisions of a + -- Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that + -- may exist. This Class includes the states of the United States, as + -- well as the provinces of Canada and European countries. + fun StateOrProvince : Class ; + fun StateOrProvince_Class : SubClass StateOrProvince (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; + + -- A WaterArea in which water does not flow + -- constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds. + fun StaticWaterArea : Class ; + fun StaticWaterArea_Class : SubClass StaticWaterArea WaterArea ; + + -- Instances of this Class commit the agent to some truth. + -- For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese. + fun Stating : Class ; + fun Stating_Class : SubClass Stating LinguisticCommunication ; + + -- A StationaryArtifact is an Artifact + -- that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this Class are + -- architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, + -- single_family houses, etc. + fun StationaryArtifact : Class ; + fun StationaryArtifact_Class : SubClass StationaryArtifact Artifact ; + + -- SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is + -- the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose + -- area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition + -- is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, + -- cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square + -- with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Steradian = + -- m^2/m^2 = 1. + fun Steradian : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ; + + -- A relatively narrow WaterArea where the + -- water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, + -- etc. + fun StreamWaterArea : Class ; + fun StreamWaterArea_Class : SubClass StreamWaterArea (both FlowRegion WaterArea) ; + + -- The class of ElementalSubstances that + -- are smaller than Atoms and compose Atoms. + fun SubatomicParticle : Class ; + fun SubatomicParticle_Class : SubClass SubatomicParticle ElementalSubstance ; + + -- The Class of NormativeAttributes + -- which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of + -- these Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the + -- same subject over time. This Class is, generally speaking, only used when + -- mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge + -- source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to + -- this Class. + fun SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute : Class ; + fun SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute_Class : SubClass SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute NormativeAttribute ; + + -- An Object in which every part is similar to + -- every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a + -- Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts _ any parts have + -- properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance + -- may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the + -- temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part + -- to another. An example would be a body of water. + fun Substance : Class ; + fun Substance_Class : SubClass Substance SelfConnectedObject ; + + -- The Class of Transfers where one thing is + -- replaced with something else. + fun Substituting : Class ; + fun Substituting_Class : SubClass Substituting (both DualObjectProcess Transfer) ; + + -- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, + -- then (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference + -- between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2. An + -- exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case + -- (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2. + fun SubtractionFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to + -- its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6. + fun SuccessorFn : El Integer -> Ind Integer ; + + -- A short Text that is a summary of another, + -- longer Text. + fun Summary : Class ; + fun Summary_Class : SubClass Summary Text ; + + -- The Class of all calendar Sundays. + fun Sunday : Class ; + fun Sunday_Class : SubClass Sunday Day ; + + -- Instances of this Class suppose, for the sake of + -- argument, that a proposition is true. For example, John considered what he + -- would do if he won the lottery. + fun Supposing : Class ; + fun Supposing_Class : SubClass Supposing LinguisticCommunication ; + + -- Processes which involve altering + -- the properties that apply to the surface of an Object. + fun SurfaceChange : Class ; + fun SurfaceChange_Class : SubClass SurfaceChange InternalChange ; + + -- Any TherapeuticProcess that involves making an + -- incision in the Animal that is the patient of the TherapeuticProcess. + fun Surgery : Class ; + fun Surgery_Class : SubClass Surgery TherapeuticProcess ; + + -- A LiquidMixture where at least one of the + -- components of the Mixture is equally distributed throughout the Mixture + -- but is not dissolved in it. + fun Suspension : Class ; + fun Suspension_Class : SubClass Suspension LiquidMixture ; + + -- Any deliberate and controlled BodyMotion + -- through water that is accomplished by an Organism. + fun Swimming : Class ; + fun Swimming_Class : SubClass Swimming BodyMotion ; + + -- The Class of alphanumeric sequences. + fun SymbolicString : Class ; + fun SymbolicString_Class : SubClass SymbolicString ContentBearingObject ; + + -- SymmetricAttribute is the class of + -- PositionalAttribute that hold between two items regardless of their + -- order or orientation. + fun SymmetricPositionalAttribute : Class ; + fun SymmetricPositionalAttribute_Class : SubClass SymmetricPositionalAttribute PositionalAttribute ; + + -- Any Substance that is the result of an + -- IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by Humans. + fun SyntheticSubstance : Class ; + fun SyntheticSubstance_Substance : SubClassC SyntheticSubstance Substance + (\SUBSTANCE -> exists IntentionalProcess + (\PROCESS -> result (var IntentionalProcess Process ? PROCESS) + (var Substance Entity ? SUBSTANCE))); + + -- The Class of Systeme + -- International (SI) units. + fun SystemeInternationalUnit : Class ; + fun SystemeInternationalUnit_Class : SubClass SystemeInternationalUnit UnitOfMeasure ; + + -- The subclass of Perception in which + -- the sensing is done by Touching. Note that Touching need not involve + -- TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in + -- both of his legs would have no TactilePerception of anything his legs + -- were Touching. + fun TactilePerception : Class ; + fun TactilePerception_Class : SubClass TactilePerception Perception ; + + -- (TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the + -- PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of + -- the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right_angled + -- triangle. + fun TangentFn : El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Ind RealNumber ; + + -- The Class of Attributes relating to + -- the taste of Objects. + fun TasteAttribute : Class ; + fun TasteAttribute_Class : SubClass TasteAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; + + -- The subclass of Perception in which the + -- sensing is done by of an Organ which can discriminate various tastes. + fun Tasting : Class ; + fun Tasting_Class : SubClass Tasting Perception ; + + -- Measures of temperature. + -- In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the + -- average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing. + fun TemperatureMeasure : Class ; + fun TemperatureMeasure_Class : SubClass TemperatureMeasure ConstantQuantity ; + + -- The basic Function for expressing + -- the composition of larger TimeIntervals out of smaller TimeIntervals. + -- For example, if ThisSeptember is an instance of September, + -- (TemporalCompositionFn ThisSeptember Day) denotes the Class of + -- consecutive days that make up ThisSeptember. Note that one can obtain + -- the number of instances of this Class by using the function CardinalityFn. + fun TemporalCompositionFn : El TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval ; + + -- A Residence which is strictly temporary, + -- i.e. where no one makes his/her home. + fun TemporaryResidence : Class ; + fun TemporaryResidence_Class : SubClass TemporaryResidence Residence ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure + -- into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original + -- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (TeraFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 Hertz. + fun TeraFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a + -- GraphArc to the terminal node of the GraphArc. Note that this + -- is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined + -- for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. + fun TerminalNodeFn : El GraphArc -> Ind GraphNode ; + + -- OrganizationalProcesses where someone + -- ceases to be an employee of an Organization. Note that this covers being + -- laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job. + fun TerminatingEmployment : Class ; + fun TerminatingEmployment_Class : SubClass TerminatingEmployment LeavingAnOrganization ; + + -- SI magnetic flux density measure. Symbol: T. + -- One Tesla equals one Weber per square Meter. Tesla = Wb/m^2 = + -- kg*s^(_2)*A^(_1). + fun Tesla : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- A LinguisticExpression or set of + -- LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related + -- to Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular + -- topic, and that are inscribed in a CorpuscularObject by Humans. + fun Text : Class ; + fun Text_Class : SubClass Text (both Artifact (both ContentBearingObject LinguisticExpression)) ; + + -- Any Attribute that characterizes the + -- texture of an Object. + fun TextureAttribute : Class ; + fun TextureAttribute_Class : SubClass TextureAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; + + -- A Process that is carried out + -- for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated + -- with a DiseaseOrSyndrome. + fun TherapeuticProcess : Class ; + fun TherapeuticProcess_Class : SubClass TherapeuticProcess Repairing ; + + -- The class of GeometricFigures that + -- have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids + -- like polyhedrons and cylinders. + fun ThreeDimensionalFigure : Class ; + fun ThreeDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass ThreeDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure ; + + -- The Class of all calendar Thursdays. + fun Thursday : Class ; + fun Thursday_Class : SubClass Thursday Day ; + + -- A UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of continuous time. All instances of + -- this Class are returned by Functions that map a time quantity into + -- another ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, 'the + -- temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a + -- TimeDependentQuantity, since its value depends on the time. + fun TimeDependentQuantity : Class ; + fun TimeDependentQuantity_Class : SubClass TimeDependentQuantity UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity ; + + -- Any measure of length of time, + -- with or without respect to the universal timeline. + fun TimeDuration : Class ; + fun TimeDuration_Class : SubClass TimeDuration TimeMeasure ; + + -- An interval of time. + -- Note that a TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the + -- universal timeline. Note too that a TimeInterval has no gaps, + -- i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals. + fun TimeInterval : Class ; + fun TimeInterval_Class : SubClass TimeInterval TimePosition ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that takes two TimePoints + -- as arguments and returns the TimeInterval defined by these two TimePoints. + -- Note that the first TimePoint must occur earlier than the second TimePoint. + fun TimeIntervalFn : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Ind TimeInterval ; + + -- The class of temporal durations (instances + -- of TimeDuration) and positions of TimePoints and TimeIntervals along + -- the universal timeline (instances of TimePosition). + fun TimeMeasure : Class ; + fun TimeMeasure_Class : SubClass TimeMeasure ConstantQuantity ; + + -- An extensionless point on + -- the universal timeline. The TimePoints at which Processes occur + -- can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but + -- conceptually TimePoints are point_like and not interval_like. That + -- is, it doesn't make sense to talk about how long a TimePoint + -- lasts. + fun TimePoint : Class ; + fun TimePoint_Class : SubClass TimePoint TimePosition ; + + -- Any TimePoint or TimeInterval + -- along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to + -- PositiveInfinity. + fun TimePosition : Class ; + fun TimePosition_Class : SubClass TimePosition TimeMeasure ; + + -- An Attribute which is used to specify coordinates + -- in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to + -- the same TimePositions. + fun TimeZone : Class ; + fun TimeZone_Class : SubClass TimeZone RelationalAttribute ; + + -- An aggregation of similarly specialized Cells + -- and the associated intercellular substance. Tissues are relatively + -- non_localized in comparison to BodyParts, Organs or Organ components. + -- The main features of Tissues are self_connectivity (see + -- SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the + -- same granularity are instances of Tissue as well). + fun Tissue : Class ; + fun Tissue_Class : SubClass Tissue BodySubstance ; + + -- Any Transfer where two Objects are + -- brought into immediate physical contact with one another. + fun Touching : Class ; + fun Touching_Class : SubClass Touching Transfer ; + + -- Attributes that indicate the the + -- behavior/personality traits of an Organism. + fun TraitAttribute : Class ; + fun TraitAttribute_Class : SubClass TraitAttribute PsychologicalAttribute ; + + -- The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where + -- something is exchanged for something else. + fun Transaction : Class ; + fun Transaction_Class : SubClass Transaction (both ChangeOfPossession DualObjectProcess) ; + + -- Any instance of Translocation where the agent + -- and the patient are not the same thing. + fun Transfer : Class ; + fun Transfer_Class : SubClass Transfer Translocation ; + + -- Transitway is the broadest class + -- of regions which may be passed through as a path in instances + -- of Translocation. Transitway includes land, air, and sea + -- regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways. + fun Transitway : Class ; + fun Transitway_Class : SubClass Transitway (both Region SelfConnectedObject) ; + + -- Converting content from one Language into another. + -- This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written translation. + fun Translating : Class ; + fun Translating_Class : SubClass Translating (both ContentDevelopment DualObjectProcess) ; + + -- Translocation is that class of Motions + -- in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round + -- trips, the origin and destination are the same, but the intervening + -- motion passes through other locations. Translocation represents linear + -- motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is + -- not necessary, Ambulating is a kind of Translocation. + fun Translocation : Class ; + fun Translocation_Class : SubClass Translocation Motion ; + + -- Motion from one point to another by means + -- of a TransportationDevice. + fun Transportation : Class ; + fun Transportation_Class : SubClass Transportation Translocation ; + + -- A TransportationDevice is a Device + -- which serves as the instrument in a Transportation Process which carries + -- the patient of the Process from one point to another. + fun TransportationDevice : Class ; + fun TransportationDevice_Class : SubClass TransportationDevice Device ; + + -- A Tree is a DirectedGraph that has no + -- GraphLoops. + fun Tree : Class ; + fun Tree_Class : SubClass Tree Graph ; + + -- The TruthValue of being true. + fun True : Ind TruthValue ; + + -- The Class of truth values, e.g. True and + -- False. These are Attributes of Sentences and Propositions. + fun TruthValue : Class ; + fun TruthValue_Class : SubClass TruthValue RelationalAttribute ; + + -- The Class of all calendar Tuesdays. + fun Tuesday : Class ; + fun Tuesday_Class : SubClass Tuesday Day ; + + -- Any two OneDimensionalFigures (i.e. + -- straight lines) meeting at a single GeometricPoint. + fun TwoDimensionalAngle : Class ; + fun TwoDimensionalAngle_Class : SubClass TwoDimensionalAngle OpenTwoDimensionalFigure ; + + -- The class of GeometricFigures that + -- have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures + -- like circles and polygons. + fun TwoDimensionalFigure : Class ; + fun TwoDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass TwoDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure ; + + -- A subclass of FunctionQuantity, instances of which are returned by + -- UnaryFunctions that map from one instance of the Class + -- ConstantQuantity to another instance of the Class + -- ConstantQuantity. + fun UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity : Class ; + fun UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity_Class : SubClass UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity FunctionQuantity ; + + -- Attribute that applies to Organisms that + -- are unconscious. An Organism may be Unconscious because it is Dead + -- or because of a blow to the head, a drug, etc. + fun Unconscious : Ind ConsciousnessAttribute ; + + -- The Class of Removing processes where the agent + -- uncovers the patient, either completely or only partially. + fun Uncovering : Class ; + fun Uncovering_Class : SubClass Uncovering Removing ; + + -- The Attribute of a CognitiveAgent when + -- he/she is unemployed. + fun Unemployed : Ind SocialRole ; + + -- Any instance of Detaching which results in + -- a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something + -- which he/she grasps previously. + fun Ungrasping : Class ; + fun Ungrasping_Class : SubClass Ungrasping Detaching ; + + -- Any instance of Getting that is not part + -- of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Getting where nothing + -- is given in return. Some examples of UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, + -- commandeering, stealing, etc. + fun UnilateralGetting : Class ; + fun UnilateralGetting_Class : SubClass UnilateralGetting Getting ; + + -- Any instance of Giving that is not part + -- of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Giving where nothing + -- is received in return. Some examples of UnilateralGiving are: honorary + -- awards, gifts, and financial grants. + fun UnilateralGiving : Class ; + fun UnilateralGiving_Class : SubClass UnilateralGiving Giving ; + + -- The Attribute of Regions that are + -- unilluminated, i.e in which no shapes are visually discernable. + fun Unilluminated : Ind VisualAttribute ; + + -- A BinaryFunction that maps two SetOrClasses to + -- the union of these SetOrClasses. An object is an element of the union + -- of two SetOrClasses just in case it is an instance of either SetOrClass. + fun UnionFn : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; + + -- A List in which no item appears more than once, + -- i.e. a List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 + -- such that (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) + -- return the same value. + fun UniqueList : Class ; + fun UniqueList_Class : SubClass UniqueList List ; + + -- UnitFn returns just the UnitOfMeasure of a PhysicalQuantity with an associated + -- UnitOfMeasure and RealNumber magnitude. For example, the unit of + -- the ConstantQuantity (MeasureFn 2 Kilometer) is the + -- UnitOfMeasure Kilometer. + fun UnitFn : El PhysicalQuantity -> Ind UnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used + -- with MeasureFn to form instances of AngleMeasure. + fun UnitOfAngularMeasure : Class ; + fun UnitOfAngularMeasure_Class : SubClass UnitOfAngularMeasure NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form + -- instances of AreaMeasure. + fun UnitOfArea : Class ; + fun UnitOfArea_Class : SubClass UnitOfArea CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- UnitOfAtmosphericPressure includes those instances of + -- UnitOfMeasure used to measure atmospheric pressure (barometricPressure), + -- e.g., InchMercury. + fun UnitOfAtmosphericPressure : Class ; + fun UnitOfAtmosphericPressure_Class : SubClass UnitOfAtmosphericPressure CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form + -- instances of CurrencyMeasure. + fun UnitOfCurrency : Class ; + fun UnitOfCurrency_Class : SubClass UnitOfCurrency NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form + -- instances of TimeDuration. Note that TimeDuration is a subclass of TimeMeasure. + fun UnitOfDuration : Class ; + fun UnitOfDuration_Class : SubClass UnitOfDuration NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Every instance of this + -- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form + -- instances of FrequencyMeasure. + fun UnitOfFrequency : Class ; + fun UnitOfFrequency_Class : SubClass UnitOfFrequency CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Every instance of this + -- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form + -- instances of InformationMeasure. + fun UnitOfInformation : Class ; + fun UnitOfInformation_Class : SubClass UnitOfInformation NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Every instance of this + -- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form + -- instances of LengthMeasure. + fun UnitOfLength : Class ; + fun UnitOfLength_Class : SubClass UnitOfLength NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Every instance of this + -- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form + -- instances of MassMeasure, which denote the amount of matter in + -- PhysicalObjects. + fun UnitOfMass : Class ; + fun UnitOfMass_Class : SubClass UnitOfMass NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- A standard of measurement for some dimension. + -- For example, the Meter is a UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, + -- as is the Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a UnitOfMeasure that + -- makes it primitive or fundamental, rather, a system of units (e.g. + -- SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and + -- assigns units for each. + fun UnitOfMeasure : Class ; + fun UnitOfMeasure_Class : SubClass UnitOfMeasure PhysicalQuantity ; + + -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form + -- instances of TemperatureMeasure. + fun UnitOfTemperature : Class ; + fun UnitOfTemperature_Class : SubClass UnitOfTemperature NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form + -- instances of VolumeMeasure. + fun UnitOfVolume : Class ; + fun UnitOfVolume_Class : SubClass UnitOfVolume CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Unit of volume commonly used in the United Kingdom. + fun UnitedKingdomGallon : Ind UnitOfVolume ; + + -- A currency measure. 1 UnitedStatesCent is equal to .01 UnitedStatesDollars. + fun UnitedStatesCent : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; + + -- A currency measure. + fun UnitedStatesDollar : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; + + -- Unit of volume commonly used in the United States. + fun UnitedStatesGallon : Ind UnitOfVolume ; + + -- The ProbabilityAttribute of being improbable, i.e. more + -- likely than not to be False. + fun Unlikely : Ind ProbabilityAttribute ; + + -- A DeductiveArgument which is valid, i.e. the set of premises in fact entails the conclusion. + fun ValidDeductiveArgument : Class ; + fun ValidDeductiveArgument_Class : SubClass ValidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument ; + + -- Vehicle is the subclass of + -- TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods + -- from one place to another by moving from one place to the other + -- with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes. Contrast + -- with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket + -- checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means + -- of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to + -- the destination. + fun Vehicle : Class ; + fun Vehicle_Class : SubClass Vehicle TransportationDevice ; + + -- Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed + -- and the direction of the speed. For example (VelocityFn (MeasureFn 55 Mile) + -- (MeasureFn 2 HourDuration) ?REFERENCE North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles + -- per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE. + fun VelocityFn : El LengthMeasure -> El TimeDuration -> El Region -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Ind FunctionQuantity ; + + -- One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words + -- that conventionally denote Processes. + fun Verb : Class ; + fun Verb_Class : SubClass Verb Word ; + + -- A Phrase that has the same function as a Verb. + fun VerbPhrase : Class ; + fun VerbPhrase_Class : SubClass VerbPhrase Phrase ; + + -- An Animal which has a spinal column. + fun Vertebrate : Class ; + fun Vertebrate_Animal : SubClassC Vertebrate Animal + (\VERT -> and (and (and (exists SpinalColumn (\SPINE -> component (var SpinalColumn CorpuscularObject ? SPINE) + (var Animal CorpuscularObject ? VERT))) + (forall NervousSystem (\S -> part (var NervousSystem Object ? S) + (var Animal Object ? VERT)))) + (forall Skeleton (\SKELETON -> part (var Skeleton Object ? SKELETON) + (var Animal Object ? VERT)))) + (forall Exoskeleton (\SKELETON -> part (var Exoskeleton Object ? SKELETON) + (var Animal Object ? VERT)))); + + -- Attribute used to indicate that an Object + -- is positioned height_wise with respect to another Object. + fun Vertical : Ind PositionalAttribute ; + + -- A Contest where one participant attempts to + -- physically injure another participant. + fun ViolentContest : Class ; + fun ViolentContest_Class : SubClass ViolentContest Contest ; + + -- An Organism consisting of a core of a single + -- nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate + -- only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the + -- usual characteristics of living things. + fun Virus : Class ; + fun Virus_Class : SubClass Virus Microorganism ; + + -- The Class of visually discernible + -- properties. + fun VisualAttribute : Class ; + fun VisualAttribute_Class : SubClass VisualAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; + + -- A Nutrient present in natural products or made + -- synthetically, which is essential in the diet of Humans and other higher + -- Animals. Included here are Vitamin precursors and provitamins. + fun Vitamin : Class ; + fun Vitamin_Class : SubClass Vitamin Nutrient ; + + -- The vocal cords, are composed + -- of two folds of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the + -- larynx. They vibrate, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the + -- lungs during Vocalizing. + fun VocalCords : Class ; + fun VocalCords_Class : SubClass VocalCords Organ ; + + -- Any instance of RadiatingSound where the + -- instrument is the Human vocal cords. This covers grunts, screams, + -- roars, as well as Speaking. + fun Vocalizing : Class ; + fun Vocalizing_Class : SubClass Vocalizing (both BodyMotion RadiatingSound) ; + + -- SI electric potential measure. Symbol: V. It is + -- the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting + -- wire carrying a constant current of 1 Ampere, when the power dissipated + -- between these points is equal to 1 Watt. Volt = W/A = + -- m^2*kg*s^(_3)*A^(_1). + fun Volt : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions. + fun VolumeMeasure : Class ; + fun VolumeMeasure_Class : SubClass VolumeMeasure FunctionQuantity ; + + -- Voting is the activity of voting in an + -- Election. Voting is typically done by individuals, while Elections + -- are conducted by Organizations. The voting process by an individual + -- voter is part of an Election process. + fun Voting : Class ; + fun Voting_Class : SubClass Voting Deciding ; + + -- Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in such a + -- way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground. + fun Walking : Class ; + fun Walking_Class : SubClass Walking Ambulating ; + + -- A military confrontation between two or more + -- GeopoliticalAreas or Organizations whose members are GeopoliticalAreas. + -- As the corresponding axiom specifies, a War is made up of Battles. + fun War : Class ; + fun War_Class : SubClass War ViolentContest ; + + -- Vertebrates whose body temperature + -- is internally regulated. + fun WarmBloodedVertebrate : Class ; + fun WarmBloodedVertebrate_Class : SubClass WarmBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate ; + + -- A Contract that states the cirumstances + -- under which defects in the product will be corrected for no charge. + -- A Warranty is usually limited to a length of time that is specified + -- in the Warranty itself. A Warranty also includes information about + -- what is not covered and actions that invalidate the Warranty. + fun Warranty : Ind DeonticAttribute ; + + -- The Class of samples of the compound H20. Note + -- that this Class covers both pure and impure Water. + fun Water : Class ; + fun Water_Class : SubClass Water CompoundSubstance ; + + -- A body which is made up predominantly of water, + -- e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. + fun WaterArea : Class ; + fun WaterArea_Class : SubClass WaterArea GeographicArea ; + + -- Any Cloud that is composed primarily of water vapor. + fun WaterCloud : Class ; + fun WaterCloud_Class : SubClass WaterCloud Cloud ; + + -- Any LiquidMotion where the Liquid is Water. + fun WaterMotion : Class ; + fun WaterMotion_Class : SubClass WaterMotion LiquidMotion ; + + -- SI power measure. Symbol: W. A UnitOfMeasure + -- that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by + -- TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production + -- of energy (or work) at the rate of one Joule per SecondDuration. + -- Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(_3). + fun Watt : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to a + -- CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the Agent. + -- Note that this Function is generally used in conjunction with the + -- Function PropertyFn, e.g. (WealthFn (PropertyFn BillGates)) would + -- return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings. + fun WealthFn : El Agent -> Ind CurrencyMeasure ; + + -- The Class of Devices that are designed + -- primarily to damage or destroy Humans/Animals, StationaryArtifacts or + -- the places inhabited by Humans/Animals. + fun Weapon : Class ; + fun Weapon_Class : SubClass Weapon Device ; + + -- WearableItem is the subclass of + -- Artifacts that are made to be worn on the body. + fun WearableItem : Class ; + fun WearableItem_Class : SubClass WearableItem Artifact ; + + -- WeatherProcess is the broadest class of + -- processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused + -- with instances of SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short_term weather + -- events. + fun WeatherProcess : Class ; + fun WeatherProcess_Class : SubClass WeatherProcess Motion ; + + -- SI magnetic flux measure. Symbol: Wb. It is the + -- magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an + -- electromotive force of 1 Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform + -- rate in 1 SecondDuration. Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(_2)*A^(_1). + fun Weber : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; + + -- Any Declaring that leads to one person being + -- the spouse of another. + fun Wedding : Class ; + fun Wedding_Class : SubClass Wedding Declaring ; + + -- The Class of all calendar Wednesdays. + fun Wednesday : Class ; + fun Wednesday_Class : SubClass Wednesday Day ; + + -- The Class of all calendar weeks. + fun Week : Class ; + fun Week_Class : SubClass Week TimeInterval ; + + -- Time unit. A week's duration is seven days. + fun WeekDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; + + -- The compass direction of West. + fun West : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; + + -- An Attribute which indicates that the + -- associated Object is fully saturated with a Liquid, i.e. + -- every part of the Object has a subpart which is a Liquid. + fun Wet : Ind SaturationAttribute ; + + -- The Class of Processes where a Liquid is + -- added to an Object. + fun Wetting : Class ; + fun Wetting_Class : SubClass Wetting Putting ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps an Object or + -- Process to the exact TimeInterval during which it exists. Note + -- that, for every TimePoint ?TIME outside of the TimeInterval + -- (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold. + fun WhenFn : El Physical -> Ind TimeInterval ; + + -- Maps an Object and a TimePoint at which the Object exists to + -- the Region where the Object existed at that TimePoint. + fun WhereFn : El Physical -> El TimePoint -> Ind Region ; + + -- The Attribute of being white in color. + fun White : Ind PrimaryColor ; + + -- Any Motion of Air. + fun Wind : Class ; + fun Wind_Class : SubClass Wind GasMotion ; + + -- The class of Female Humans. + fun Woman : Class ; + fun Woman_Class : SubClass Woman Human ; + + -- A term of a Language that represents a concept. + fun Word : Class ; + fun Word_Class : SubClass Word LinguisticExpression ; + + -- Long, narrow, soft_bodied Invertebrates. + fun Worm : Class ; + fun Worm_Class : SubClass Worm Invertebrate ; + + -- A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which + -- content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented + -- mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both + -- transcription and original creation of written Texts. + fun Writing : Class ; + fun Writing_Class : SubClass Writing ContentDevelopment ; + + -- The Class of all calendar Years. + fun Year : Class ; + fun Year_Class : SubClass Year TimeInterval ; + + -- Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year = 365 days = 31536000 seconds. + fun YearDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; + + -- A UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar + -- Year. For example, (YearFn 1912) returns the Class containing just one instance, + -- the year of 1912. As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, + -- while negative integers return years in B.C.E. Note that this function returns a Class + -- as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. MonthFn, DayFn, + -- HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals + -- and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of + -- these functions classes rather than individuals. + fun YearFn : El Integer -> Desc Year ; + + -- The Attribute of being yellow in color. + fun Yellow : Ind PrimaryColor ; + + -- (abstractCounterpart ?AB ?PHYS + -- relates a Physical entity to an Abstract one which is an idealized + -- model in some dimension of the Physical entity. For example, an + -- Abstract GraphNode could be stated to be the counterpart of an + -- actual Computer in a ComputerNetwork. + fun abstractCounterpart : El Abstract -> El Physical -> Formula ; + + -- (acquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means that ?H1 has + -- met and knows something about ?H2, such as ?H2's name and appearance. + -- Statements made with this predicate should be temporally specified with + -- holdsDuring. Note that acquaintance is not symmetric. For the + -- symmetric version, see mutualAcquaintance. + fun acquaintance : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; + + -- Simply relates an Object to a ConstantQuantity + -- specifying the age of the Object. + fun age : El Object -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ; + + -- (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is + -- an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process + -- ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an + -- agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple. + fun agent : El Process -> El Agent -> Formula ; + + -- A TernaryPredicate that is + -- used to state the distance between the top of an Object and + -- another point that is below the top of the Object (often this + -- other point will be sea level). Note that this Predicate can be + -- used to specify, for example, the height of geographic features, + -- e.g. mountains, the altitude of aircraft, and the orbit of satellites + -- around the Earth. + fun altitude : El Physical -> El Physical -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- The transitive closure of the parent predicate. + -- (ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the + -- parent of ?DESCENDANT or the parent of the parent of DESCENDANT or etc. + fun ancestor : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; + + -- (angleOfFigure ?ANGLE ?FIGURE) means that + -- the TwoDimensionalAngle ?ANGLE is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE. + fun angleOfFigure : El GeometricFigure -> El GeometricFigure -> Formula ; + + -- (angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means that + -- the two_dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the PlaneAngleMeasure of + -- ?MEASURE. + fun angularMeasure : El TwoDimensionalAngle -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- This predicate indicates the value of a + -- GraphArc in a Graph. This could map to the length of a road in + -- a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system. + fun arcWeight : El GraphArc -> El Quantity -> Formula ; + + -- (atomicNumber ?ELEMENT ?NUMBER) means that + -- the ElementalSubstance ?ELEMENT has the atomic number ?NUMBER. The + -- atomic number is the number of Protons in the nucleus of an Atom. + fun atomicNumber : Desc ElementalSubstance -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ; + + -- (attends ?DEMO ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON attends, + -- i.e. is a member of the audience, of the performance event ?DEMO. + fun attends : El Demonstrating -> El Human -> Formula ; + + -- (attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that + -- ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, + -- (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red). + fun attribute : El Object -> El Attribute -> Formula ; + + -- (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is + -- creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is + -- author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. + fun authors : El Agent -> Desc Text -> Formula ; + + -- A partial function that relates a List to a + -- RealNumber, provided that the List only has list elements that are + -- RealNumbers. The RealNumber associated with the List is equal to the + -- mathematical average of the RealNumbers in the List divided by the total + -- number of list elements. + fun average : El List -> El RealNumber -> Formula ; + + -- (barometricPressure ?AREA ?PRESSURE) means that the atmospheric + -- pressure measured at ?AREA is ?PRESSURE. Barometric pressure is + -- typically expressed in units of InchMercury or MmMercury. For + -- example, standard sea level pressure is 29.92 inches (760 mm) of mercury: + -- (barometricPressure SeaLevel (MeasureFn 29.92 InchMercury)). + fun barometricPressure : El Object -> El UnitOfAtmosphericPressure -> Formula ; + + -- (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 + -- precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline. + fun before : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; + + -- (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 + -- is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline. + fun beforeOrEqual : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; + + -- The epistemic predicate of belief. (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means + -- that ?AGENT believes the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. + fun believes : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- (between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is + -- spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3. Note that this implies that + -- ?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1 + -- and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2. + fun between : El Object -> El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- The temperature at which a PureSubstance changes + -- state from a Liquid to a Gas. + fun boilingPoint : Desc PureSubstance -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the + -- lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT. + fun bottom : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; + + -- The general relationship of being a brother. + -- (brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON. + fun brother : El Man -> El Human -> Formula ; + + -- The causation relation between instances of Process. + -- (causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of Process ?PROCESS1 + -- brings about the instance of Process ?PROCESS2. + fun causes : El Process -> El Process -> Formula ; + + -- (causesProposition ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means + -- that the state of affairs described by ?FORMULA1 + -- causes, or mechanistically brings about, the state of affairs + -- described by ?FORMULA2. Note that unlike entails, the time + -- during which ?FORMULA2 holds cannot precede the time during which + -- ?FORMULA1 holds, although ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 can hold + -- simultaneously. Note, also, that causesProposition is a + -- predicate, not a truth function. The following rule + -- (contraposition) does not hold: (=> (causesProp ?FORMULA1 + -- ?FORMULA2) (causesProp (not ?FORMULA2) (not ?FORMULA1))). + fun causesProposition : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- The causation relation between subclasses of Process. + -- (causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of Process ?PROCESS1 + -- brings about the subclass of Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (causesSubclass Killing + -- Death). + fun causesSubclass : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; + + -- (citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the + -- Human ?PERSON is a citizen of Nation ?NATION. + fun citizen : El Human -> El Nation -> Formula ; + + -- (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) + -- means that some part of the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. + -- Note that if (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), + -- then (completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). A complete filler of (a part of) a hole + -- is connected with everything with which (that part of) the hole itself is connected. + -- A perfect filler of (a part of) a hole completely fills every proper + -- part of (that part of) that hole. + fun completelyFills : El Object -> El Hole -> Formula ; + + -- A specialized common sense notion of part + -- for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) + -- means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component + -- include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a + -- country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare piece, which + -- is also a subrelation of part. + fun component : El CorpuscularObject -> El CorpuscularObject -> Formula ; + + -- (conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that + -- the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the + -- Argument ?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT + -- entails ?PROPOSITION. + fun conclusion : El Argument -> El Proposition -> Formula ; + + -- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. + -- conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional + -- probability. (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means + -- that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is + -- ?NUMBER. + fun conditionalProbability : Formula -> Formula -> El RealNumber -> Formula ; + + -- Expresses the relationship between a Formula, + -- an Entity, and an ObjectiveNorm when the Entity brings it about that + -- the Formula has the ObjectiveNorm. + fun confersNorm : El Entity -> Formula -> El ObjectiveNorm -> Formula ; + + -- Expresses the relationship between a + -- a Formula, an Entity, and a CognitiveAgent when the Entity + -- obligates the CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the Formula is true. + fun confersObligation : Formula -> El Entity -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; + + -- Expresses the relationship between a Formula, + -- an Entity, and a CognitiveAgent when the Entity authorizes the + -- CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the Formula is true. + fun confersRight : Formula -> El Entity -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; + + -- (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 + -- meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2. + fun connected : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- This is the most general + -- connection relation between EngineeringComponents. If + -- (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor + -- ?COMP2 can be an engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation + -- connectedEngineeringComponents is a SymmetricRelation, there is no + -- information in the direction of connection between two components. It is + -- also an IrreflexiveRelation, no EngineeringComponent bears this relation + -- to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type + -- with the connection. + fun connectedEngineeringComponents : El EngineeringComponent -> El EngineeringComponent -> Formula ; + + -- The relationship between three things, when one of + -- the three things connects the other two. More formally, (connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) + -- means that (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3) + -- and not (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3). + fun connects : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; + + -- connectsEngineeringComponents + -- is a TernaryPredicate that maps from an EngineeringConnection to the + -- EngineeringComponents it connects. Since EngineeringComponents cannot + -- be connected to themselves and there cannot be an EngineeringConnection + -- without a connectedEngineeringComponents Predicate, the second and third + -- arguments of any connectsEngineeringComponents relationship will always be + -- distinct for any given first argument. + fun connectsEngineeringComponents : El EngineeringComponent -> El EngineeringComponent -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; + + -- (considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders + -- about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. + fun considers : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- (consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two + -- Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it + -- is possible for both of them to be true at the same time. + fun consistent : El Proposition -> El Proposition -> Formula ; + + -- The relation of spatial containment for two + -- separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an + -- automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used. + -- (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has + -- a space (i.e. a Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2. + fun contains : El SelfConnectedObject -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- A subrelation of represents. This + -- predicate relates a ContentBearingPhysical to the Proposition that is + -- expressed by the ContentBearingPhysical. Examples include the relationships + -- between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its + -- musical content. + fun containsInformation : El ContentBearingPhysical -> El Proposition -> Formula ; + + -- A contraryAttribute is a set of Attributes + -- such that something can not simultaneously have more than one of these Attributes. + -- For example, (contraryAttribute Pliable Rigid) means that nothing can be both + -- Pliable and Rigid. + fun contraryAttribute : [El Attribute] -> Formula ; + + -- (cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the + -- Object or Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, + -- or jointly with the Object or Process ?THING2. This covers the + -- following temporal relations: is co_incident with, is concurrent with, + -- is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with. + fun cooccur : El Physical -> El Physical -> Formula ; + + -- relates an Object to an exact copy of the + -- Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original + -- with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal + -- location. + fun copy : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that Object ?OBJ1 + -- traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being connected to it. + fun crosses : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- A BinaryPredicate that specifies a + -- TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution + -- of one day, for a particular Object or Process. + fun date : El Physical -> El Day -> Formula ; + + -- The general relationship of daughterhood. + -- (daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is + -- the biological daughter of ?PARENT. + fun daughter : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; + + -- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. + -- (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less + -- likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. + fun decreasesLikelihood : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- Expresses the relationship between an + -- Entity, a Formula, and an ObjectiveNorm when the Entity + -- brings it about that the Formula does not have the ObjectiveNorm. + fun deprivesNorm : El Entity -> Formula -> El ObjectiveNorm -> Formula ; + + -- A TernaryPredicate that is + -- used to state the distance between the top of an Object and + -- another point that is above the top of the Object (often this + -- other point will be sea level). Note that this Predicate can be + -- used to specify, for example, the depth of marine life or submarines, + -- for example. + fun depth : El Physical -> El Physical -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants + -- to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there + -- is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. + -- Note too that desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former + -- is a PropositionalAttitude, while wants is an ObjectAttitude. + fun desires : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- (destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that + -- ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, + -- Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went + -- to Danbury. Note that this is a very general CaseRole and, in + -- particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. + -- Thus, John would be the destination in the following proposition: + -- Tom gave a book to John. + fun destination : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- (developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) + -- means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of + -- ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are developmentalForms + -- of frogs and butterflies, respectively. + fun developmentalForm : El OrganicObject -> El DevelopmentalAttribute -> Formula ; + + -- (diameter ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the diameter + -- of the Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH. + fun diameter : El Circle -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- (direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the + -- Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one + -- would use this Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving + -- North. + fun direction : El Process -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ; + + -- Classes are disjoint only if they share no + -- instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to + -- them is empty. + fun disjoint : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Formula ; + + -- A disjointDecomposition of a Class + -- C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually disjoint. + fun disjointDecomposition : Class -> [Class] -> Formula ; + + -- (distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the + -- shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT. Note + -- that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that + -- the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of + -- a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that + -- separates two distinct objects. + fun distance : El Physical -> El Physical -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- A relation between objects + -- in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text stated in + -- a particular HumanLanguage. The domain of documentation is not + -- constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does + -- not quote the names when associating them with their documentation. + fun documentation : El Entity -> El HumanLanguage -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ; + + -- (duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the + -- duration of the TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this + -- Predicate can be used in conjunction with the Function WhenFn + -- to specify the duration of any instance of Physical. + fun duration : El TimeInterval -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ; + + -- (during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that + -- ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2. + fun during : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; + + -- (earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that + -- the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 + -- begins. + fun earlier : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; + + -- (editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is + -- an editor of ?TEXT. + fun editor : El Agent -> Desc Text -> Formula ; + + -- (element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case + -- ?ENTITY is contained in the Set ?SET. An Entity can be an element + -- of another Entity only if the latter is a Set. + fun element : El Entity -> El Set -> Formula ; + + -- (employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has + -- hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly + -- or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary + -- compensation. + fun employs : El Organization -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; + + -- (engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) + -- means that the EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a + -- properPart of ?SUPER. This relation is an AsymmetricRelation, since + -- two EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other. + fun engineeringSubcomponent : El EngineeringComponent -> El EngineeringComponent -> Formula ; + + -- The operator of logical entailment. (entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) + -- means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 + -- by means of the proof theory of SUO_KIF. + fun entails : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- (equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case + -- ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2. + fun equal : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- A binary predicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingObject. + -- (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by + -- each instance of ?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, + -- and vice versa. An example would be the relationship between English and Russian + -- editions of Agatha Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that + -- (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies + -- (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1). + fun equivalentContentClass : Desc ContentBearingObject -> Desc ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; + + -- A BinaryPredicate relating two + -- instances of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) + -- means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to + -- the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship + -- between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed + -- copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) + -- implies (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and + -- (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2). + fun equivalentContentInstance : El ContentBearingObject -> El ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; + + -- The actual, minimal location of an Object. + -- This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate located. + fun exactlyLocated : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- This predicate relates a Class to a + -- set of Attributes, and it means that the elements of this set exhaust the + -- instances of the Class. For example, (exhaustiveAttribute PhysicalState + -- Solid Fluid Liquid Gas Plasma) means that there are only five instances of + -- the class PhysicalState, viz. Solid, Fluid, Liquid, Gas and Plasma. + fun exhaustiveAttribute : Desc Attribute -> [El Attribute] -> Formula ; + + -- An exhaustiveDecomposition of a + -- Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every instance of C is an + -- instance of one of the subclasses in the set. Note: this does not necessarily + -- mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see partition _ a partition + -- is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition). + fun exhaustiveDecomposition : Class -> [Class] -> Formula ; + + -- (experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means + -- that ?AGENT experiences the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo + -- is the experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo + -- sees the fish. Note that experiencer, unlike agent, does + -- not entail a causal relation between its arguments. + fun experiencer : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used + -- by ?AGENT as a resource in an unspecified instance of Process. This + -- Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the + -- relations agent and resource. + fun exploits : El Object -> El Agent -> Formula ; + + -- (expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) means that the + -- LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS is part of the Language ?LANG. + fun expressedInLanguage : El LinguisticExpression -> El Language -> Formula ; + + -- (faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of + -- ?OBJ (see FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. + -- More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of + -- ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it + -- intersected with its back (see BackFn). + fun faces : El Object -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ; + + -- A very general Predicate for biological + -- relationships. (familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that + -- ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor. + fun familyRelation : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; + + -- The general relationship of fatherhood. + -- (father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father of ?CHILD. + fun father : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; + + -- Holes can be filled. (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) + -- means that the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that + -- fills here means perfectly filled. Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts in common (rather, + -- they may occupy the same spatial region). + fun fills : El Object -> El Hole -> Formula ; + + -- (finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that + -- ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same + -- ending TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1. + fun finishes : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; + + -- (frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the + -- Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME. + fun frequency : Desc Process -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ; + + -- (geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeographicArea ?PART is + -- part of the GeographicArea ?WHOLE. + fun geographicSubregion : El GeographicArea -> El GeographicArea -> Formula ; + + -- (geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?LENGTH) + -- means that ?LENGTH is the distance between the two + -- GeometricPoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT2. + fun geometricDistance : El GeometricPoint -> El GeometricPoint -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- (geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the + -- GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the GeometricFigure ?WHOLE. + fun geometricPart : El GeometricFigure -> El GeometricFigure -> Formula ; + + -- (geopoliticalSubdivision ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any + -- geopolitical part of ?AREA2, that is, ?AREA1 is + -- an integral geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), + -- having its own associated GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by + -- the government of ?AREA2. Cf. dependentGeopoliticalArea. + fun geopoliticalSubdivision : El GeopoliticalArea -> El GeopoliticalArea -> Formula ; + + -- (graphMeasure ?GRAPH ?MEAS) fixes a + -- UnitOfMeasure that is used for the arcWeight of a given Graph. Stating + -- such a relationship entails that the components of given graph are the + -- abstractCounterparts of sets of Physical Entity(ies). + fun graphMeasure : El Graph -> El UnitOfMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- A basic relation for Graphs and their + -- parts. (graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a GraphArc + -- or GraphNode of the Graph ?GRAPH. + fun graphPart : El GraphElement -> El Graph -> Formula ; + + -- The state of grasping an Object. (grasps ?ANIMAL ?OBJ) means + -- that the Animal ?ANIMAL is intentionally holding + -- on to the Object ?OBJ. + fun grasps : El Animal -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true + -- just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the Quantity + -- ?NUMBER2. + fun greaterThan : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; + + -- (greaterThanByQuality ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?ATT) means that + -- ?ENTITY1 has more of the given quality ?ATT than ?ENTITY2 + fun greaterThanByQuality : El Entity -> El Entity -> El Attribute -> Formula ; + + -- (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 + -- ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater + -- than the Quantity ?NUMBER2. + fun greaterThanOrEqualTo : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; + + -- This Predicate expresses the concept of a + -- conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. + -- Accordingly, (hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of + -- Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the Proposition expressed by + -- ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between + -- the Predicates hasPurpose and result. Although the second argument + -- of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, + -- a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result + -- may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may + -- have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no + -- goal, a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on. + fun hasPurpose : El Physical -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- Expresses a cognitive attitude of an + -- agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical. More precisely, + -- (hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of + -- ?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Very complex + -- issues are involved here. In particular, the rules of inference of the + -- first order predicate calculus are not truth_preserving for the second + -- argument position of this Predicate. + fun hasPurposeForAgent : El Physical -> Formula -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; + + -- Similar to the capability Predicate + -- with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/ + -- demonstrated to some measurable degree. + fun hasSkill : Desc Process -> El Agent -> Formula ; + + -- The height of an Object is the distance between + -- its top and its bottom. + fun height : El SelfConnectedObject -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the + -- proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note + -- that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every TimePoint which is a + -- temporalPart of ?TIME. + fun holdsDuring : El TimePosition -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- Expresses a relationship between a + -- Formula and a CognitiveAgent whereby the CognitiveAgent has + -- the obligation to bring it about that the Formula is true. + fun holdsObligation : Formula -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; + + -- Expresses a relationship between a Formula + -- and a CognitiveAgent whereby the CognitiveAgent has the right to + -- bring it about that the Formula is true. + fun holdsRight : Formula -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; + + -- (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a + -- Hole in ?OBJ. A Hole is a fillable body located at the + -- surface an Object. + fun hole : El Hole -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; + + -- The relation between a Human and a PermanentResidence + -- of the Human. + fun home : El Human -> El PermanentResidence -> Formula ; + + -- (husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the + -- husband of ?WOMAN. + fun husband : El Man -> El Woman -> Formula ; + + -- (identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) + -- means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their + -- respective lists. Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share + -- exactly the same items, they may order these items differently. + fun identicalListItems : El List -> El List -> Formula ; + + -- A SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an immediateSubclass + -- of another SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and + -- there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it. + fun immediateSubclass : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Formula ; + + -- The analog of element and instance for Lists. + -- (inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the List ?LIST. For example, + -- (inList Tuesday (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would be true. + fun inList : El Entity -> El List -> Formula ; + + -- A very general Predicate. + -- (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the + -- scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be + -- either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in + -- avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY. + fun inScopeOfInterest : El CognitiveAgent -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. + -- (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more + -- likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. + fun increasesLikelihood : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. + -- (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of + -- ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent. + fun independentProbability : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- A very basic notion of living within something + -- else. (inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence + -- (either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of ?ORGANISM. + fun inhabits : El Organism -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- A very general Predicate. (inhibits ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means + -- that the Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders + -- the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an + -- object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types + -- of Processes, not between instances. + fun inhibits : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; + + -- (instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL + -- is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not + -- changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an instrument in the + -- following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that instrument + -- and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair. + fun instrument : El Process -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means + -- that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and + -- any superficialPart ?OBJ2. + fun interiorPart : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (involvedInEvent ?EVENT ?THING) means + -- that in the Process ?EVENT, the Entity ?THING plays some CaseRole. + fun involvedInEvent : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- The epistemic predicate of knowing. (knows + -- ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by + -- ?FORMULA. Note that knows entails conscious awareness, so this + -- Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or + -- unconscious knowledge. + fun knows : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- (larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is + -- larger, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. + fun larger : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON) + -- means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON. + fun leader : El Agent -> El Human -> Formula ; + + -- (legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means + -- that ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2 are relatives by virtue of a legal relationship. + -- Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc. + fun legalRelation : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; + + -- binary predicate that is used to state the measure + -- of an Object along its longest span. + fun length : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ; + + -- (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just + -- in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the Quantity ?NUMBER2. + fun lessThan : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; + + -- (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true + -- just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to + -- the Quantity ?NUMBER2. + fun lessThanOrEqualTo : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; + + -- (lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE) means that the + -- straight line ?LINE has the LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE. + fun lineMeasure : El OneDimensionalFigure -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- Binary predicate that is used to state the measure + -- of an Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note + -- that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that + -- the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of + -- a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that + -- separates two distinct objects. + fun linearExtent : El Object -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- a TernaryPredicate that specifies the + -- GraphArc connecting two GraphNodes. + fun links : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> El GraphArc -> Formula ; + + -- (located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is partlyLocated at ?OBJ, + -- and there is no part or subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at ?OBJ. + fun located : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the + -- Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the Attribute ?MANNER. The Attributes + -- of Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the + -- speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports + -- competition. + fun manner : El Process -> El Attribute -> Formula ; + + -- (material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that + -- ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation + -- encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. + -- For example, plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Compare + -- part and its subrelations, viz component and piece. + fun material : Desc Substance -> El CorpuscularObject -> Formula ; + + -- A very general Predicate for + -- asserting that a particular Object is measured by a particular + -- PhysicalQuantity. In general, the second argument of this + -- Predicate will be a term produced with the Function MeasureFn. + fun measure : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ; + + -- (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that + -- ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 + -- overlapsSpatially the other. + fun meetsSpatially : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) + -- means that the terminal point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the + -- initial point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2. + fun meetsTemporally : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; + + -- The temperature at which a PureSubstance changes + -- state from a Solid to a Liquid. Note that Arsenic can sublimate directly + -- from Solid to Gas which means that its melting and boiling points are equal. + fun meltingPoint : Desc PureSubstance -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- A specialized common sense notion of part for + -- uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of + -- sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock. + fun member : El SelfConnectedObject -> El Collection -> Formula ; + + -- A BinaryRelation that is used to state the + -- normative force of a Proposition. (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means + -- that the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the NormativeAttribute + -- ?PROP. For example, (modalAttribute (exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (and + -- (instance ?ACT Giving) (agent ?ACT John) (patient ?ACT ?OBJ) + -- (destination ?ACT Tom))) Obligation) means that John is obligated to give + -- Tom something. + fun modalAttribute : Formula -> El NormativeAttribute -> Formula ; + + -- A BinaryPredicate that associates an + -- Object or Process with its value expressed as an instance of + -- CurrencyMeasure. + fun monetaryValue : El Physical -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- The general relationship of motherhood. + -- (mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother + -- of ?CHILD. + fun mother : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; + + -- (multiplicativeFactor ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) + -- means that ?NUMBER1 is a factor of ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 can be multiplied by + -- some Integer to give ?NUMBER2 as a result. + fun multiplicativeFactor : El Integer -> El Integer -> Formula ; + + -- (mutualAcquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means + -- that ?H1 and ?H2 have met each other and know something about each other, + -- such as name and appearance. Statements made with this predicate should + -- be temporally specified with holdsDuring. See also the weaker, + -- non_symmetric version of this predicate, acquaintance. + fun mutualAcquaintance : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; + + -- (names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY + -- has the SymbolicString ?STRING as its name. Note that names and represents + -- are the two immediate subrelations of refers. The predicate names is used + -- when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the + -- predicate represents is used for referring items that have such content. + fun names : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- (needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is + -- physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT. + fun needs : El CognitiveAgent -> El Physical -> Formula ; + + -- (occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) + -- means that ?PERSON holds the Position ?POSITION at Organization ?ORG. + -- For example, (occupiesPosition TomSmith ResearchDirector + -- AcmeLaboratory) means that TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs. + fun occupiesPosition : El Human -> El Position -> El Organization -> Formula ; + + -- A general Predicate for indicating how two + -- Objects are oriented with respect to one another. For example, + -- (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North) means that ?OBJ1 is north of ?OBJ2, and + -- (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned + -- vertically with respect to ?OBJ2. + fun orientation : El Object -> El Object -> El PositionalAttribute -> Formula ; + + -- (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE + -- indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies + -- that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not + -- participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the + -- origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a + -- submarine. + fun origin : El Process -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means + -- that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 + -- is a part of the other. + fun overlapsPartially : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means + -- that the Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a + -- reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation. + fun overlapsSpatially : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) + -- means that the TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 + -- have a TimeInterval as a common part. + fun overlapsTemporally : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; + + -- (parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the + -- OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another, + -- i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point. + fun parallel : El OneDimensionalFigure -> El OneDimensionalFigure -> Formula ; + + -- The general relationship of parenthood. + -- (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent + -- of ?CHILD. + fun parent : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; + + -- A binary predicate is a partial ordering on a set or class + -- only if the relation is reflexive on the set or class, + -- and it is both an antisymmetric relation, and a transitive relation. + fun partialOrderingOn : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + + -- The basic mereological relation. All other + -- mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. + -- (part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the Object ?PART is part + -- of the Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since part is a + -- ReflexiveRelation, every Object is a part of itself. + fun part : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?OBJ completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. + -- Note that if (partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). + -- Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may + -- stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as + -- (is a limit case of) a partial one. + fun partiallyFills : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- A partition of a class C is a set of + -- mutually disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C. + -- Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses + -- in the partition. + fun partition : Class -> [Class] -> Formula ; + + -- (partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the + -- instance of Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ. For + -- example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe. + -- Note that partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: located + -- is an immediate subrelation of partlyLocated and exactlyLocated is + -- an immediate subrelation of located. + fun partlyLocated : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route + -- along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the + -- following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101. + fun path : El Motion -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- A BinaryPredicate that specifies the + -- length (in number of GraphNodes) of a GraphPath. + -- (pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in + -- the GraphPath ?PATH. + fun pathLength : El GraphPath -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ; + + -- (patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY + -- is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. + -- For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the + -- canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients. Note + -- that the patient of a Process may or may not undergo structural + -- change as a result of the Process. The CaseRole of patient is used + -- when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a + -- Process. + fun patient : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along + -- at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth). + fun penetrates : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- A specialized common sense notion of part for + -- arbitrary parts of Substances. Quasi_synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, + -- etc. Compare component, another subrelation of part. + fun piece : El Substance -> El Substance -> Formula ; + + -- (pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE) means that + -- the GeometricPoint ?POINT is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE. + fun pointOfFigure : El GeometricFigure -> El GeometricFigure -> Formula ; + + -- (pointOfIntersection ?FIGURE1 ?FIGURE2 + -- ?POINT) means that the two straight lines ?FIGURE1 and ?FIGURE2 meet at the + -- point ?POINT. + fun pointOfIntersection : El OneDimensionalFigure -> El OneDimensionalFigure -> El GeometricPoint -> Formula ; + + -- Relation that holds between an Agent and + -- an Object when the Agent has ownership of the Object. + fun possesses : El Agent -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- A very general Predicate. (precondition + -- ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an + -- instance of ?PROC1 also exists. + fun precondition : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; + + -- (prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that + -- CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1 + -- over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal. + fun prefers : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; + + -- (premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the + -- Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the Argument + -- ?ARGUMENT. + fun premise : El Argument -> El Proposition -> Formula ; + + -- A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 + -- prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring + -- in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 cannot occur at the same time and place. + -- For example, innoculating prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a + -- relation between types of Processes, not between instances. + fun prevents : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; + + -- (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that + -- ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a + -- TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an + -- IrreflexiveRelation). + fun properPart : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) + -- means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by + -- ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that + -- properlyFills is the dual of completelyFills, and is so + -- related to partiallyFills that ?OBJ properlyFills ?HOLE just in + -- case ?OBJ partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect + -- filler is both complete and proper in this sense). + -- Every hole is connected with everything with which a proper filler + -- of the hole is connected. Every proper part of a perfect filler of (a part of) a hole properly + -- fills (that part of) that hole. + fun properlyFills : El Object -> El Hole -> Formula ; + + -- This Predicate holds between an instance of + -- Entity and an instance of Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) + -- means that ?ENTITY has the Attribute ?ATTR. + fun property : El Entity -> El Attribute -> Formula ; + + -- (publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG + -- publishes ?TEXT. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's + -- Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. + fun publishes : El Organization -> Desc Text -> Formula ; + + -- (radius ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the radius of + -- the Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH. + fun radius : El Circle -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- A subrelation of represents. + -- (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which + -- expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical + -- performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the + -- reading of a poem. + fun realization : El Process -> El Proposition -> Formula ; + + -- (refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 + -- mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that refers is + -- more general in meaning than represents, because presumably something + -- can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. + -- For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of + -- oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, + -- the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options + -- for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, + -- etc. + fun refers : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- A binary predicate is reflexive on a set or class only if + -- every instance of the set or class bears the relation to itself. + fun reflexiveOn : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + + -- (relatedEvent ?EVENT1 ?EVENT2) means + -- that the Process ?EVENT1 is related to the Process ?EVENT2. The + -- relationship is between separate individual events, not events and + -- their subprocesses. On the other hand, two subProcesses of the same + -- overarching event may be relatedEvents. The argument order does not + -- imply temporal ordering. + fun relatedEvent : El Process -> El Process -> Formula ; + + -- Used to signify a three_place + -- relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept + -- in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source. + fun relatedExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; + + -- Means that the two arguments are + -- related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity + -- of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO + -- concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate + -- relatedExternalConcept. + fun relatedInternalConcept : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- (relative ?O1 ?O2) means that ?O1 + -- and ?O2 are relatives, whether through common ancestry (consanguinity), + -- someone's marriage (affinity), or someone's adoption. This definition is + -- intentionally broad, so as to capture a wide array of `familial' + -- relations. The notion of who counts as `family' also varies between + -- cultures, but that aspect of meaning is not addressed here. + fun relative : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; + + -- A very general semiotics Predicate. + -- (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, + -- expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The Predicates + -- containsInformation and realization are subrelations of represents. + -- Note that represents is a subrelation of refers, since something can + -- represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the + -- documentation string for names. + fun represents : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- A very general predicate. + -- (representsForAgent ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT + -- chooses to use ?ENTITY1 to 'stand for' ?ENTITY2. + fun representsForAgent : El Entity -> El Entity -> El Agent -> Formula ; + + -- A very general predicate. + -- (representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the + -- LinguisticExpression ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the Language + -- ?LANGUAGE. + fun representsInLanguage : El LinguisticExpression -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; + + fun resourceS : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- (result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is + -- a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the + -- following proposition: Eric built a house. + fun result : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- The relationship between two Organisms that + -- have the same mother and father. Note that this relationship does + -- not hold between half_brothers, half_sisters, etc. + fun sibling : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; + + -- (side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of the object, + -- as opposed to the top or bottom. + fun side : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; + + -- The general relationship of being a sister. + -- (sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON. + fun sister : El Woman -> El Human -> Formula ; + + -- (smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 + -- is smaller, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. + fun smaller : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- The general relationship of being a son. + -- (son ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological + -- son of ?PARENT. + fun son : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; + + -- The relationship of marriage between two Humans. + fun spouse : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; + + -- (starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that + -- ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same + -- initial TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2. + fun starts : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; + + -- The relation between a Human and a TemporaryResidence + -- of the Human. + fun stays : El Human -> El TemporaryResidence -> Formula ; + + -- Means that the second argument can be + -- ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it. + fun subAttribute : El Attribute -> El Attribute -> Formula ; + + -- (subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that + -- the Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the Collection ?COLL2. + fun subCollection : El Collection -> El Collection -> Formula ; + + -- The relation between two Graphs when one + -- Graph is a part of the other. (subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means + -- that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2. + fun subGraph : El Graph -> El Graph -> Formula ; + + -- (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a + -- sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and + -- the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both + -- Lists. Elements that are common to both Lists and are consecutive in one + -- list must also be consecutive in the other list. (Therefore _ the list of + -- prime numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 5 7] is not a subList of the + -- natural numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]). + fun subList : El List -> El List -> Formula ; + + -- (subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means + -- that ?ORG1 is an Organization which is a part of the Organization + -- ?ORG2. Note that subOrganization is a ReflexiveRelation, so every + -- Organization is a subOrganization of itself. + fun subOrganization : El Organization -> El Organization -> Formula ; + + -- (subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 + -- is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally + -- used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular + -- context. + fun subPlan : El Plan -> El Plan -> Formula ; + + -- (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC + -- is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally + -- distinguished part (proper or not) of a Process. + fun subProcess : El Process -> El Process -> Formula ; + + -- (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that + -- ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. + -- In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks + -- of abstract content. + fun subProposition : El Proposition -> El Proposition -> Formula ; + + -- (subSystem ?SUB ?SYSTEM) means that the + -- PhysicalSystem ?SUB is a part of the PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM. + fun subSystem : El PhysicalSystem -> El PhysicalSystem -> Formula ; + + -- (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is + -- a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of + -- ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses. + fun subclass : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Formula ; + + -- (subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the + -- elements of the Set ?SET1 are also elements of the Set ?SET2. + fun subset : El Set -> El Set -> Formula ; + + -- (subsumedExternalConcept + -- ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed + -- by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower + -- in meaning than ?STRING. + fun subsumedExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; + + -- A BinaryPredicate that relates two + -- subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 + -- ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is + -- also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1. Examples include the + -- relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and + -- one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of + -- ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate + -- instances, the Predicate subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note + -- that subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for + -- example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its + -- Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and + -- not just for a single instance. + fun subsumesContentClass : Desc ContentBearingObject -> Desc ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; + + -- A BinaryPredicate relating two + -- instances of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) + -- means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed + -- by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and + -- one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, + -- rather than Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship + -- between Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a + -- part of that work, the relation subsumesContentClass should be used. + fun subsumesContentInstance : El ContentBearingObject -> El ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; + + -- (subsumingExternalConcept + -- ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes + -- the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader + -- in meaning than ?STRING. + fun subsumingExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; + + -- (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) + -- means that ?ATTR2 is the Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 + -- on the scale that they share. + fun successorAttribute : El Attribute -> El Attribute -> Formula ; + + -- The transitive closure of + -- successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means + -- that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting + -- ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2. + fun successorAttributeClosure : El Attribute -> El Attribute -> Formula ; + + -- (superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) + -- means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own + -- (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are + -- externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too + -- is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and + -- MereologicalProductFn. + fun superficialPart : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- (surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 + -- is a maximally connected superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some + -- SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow + -- object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface. + fun surface : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; + + -- (synonymousExternalConcept + -- ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the + -- same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE. + fun synonymousExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; + + -- (systemPart ?PART ?SYSTEM) means that + -- the Physical thing ?PART is a SystemElement in the PhysicalSystem + -- ?SYSTEM. + fun systemPart : El Physical -> El PhysicalSystem -> Formula ; + + -- The temporal analogue of the spatial part + -- predicate. (temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that TimePosition ?POS1 + -- is part of TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since temporalPart is a + -- ReflexiveRelation every TimePostion is a temporalPart of itself. + fun temporalPart : El TimePosition -> El TimePosition -> Formula ; + + -- (temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 + -- ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the TimePoints + -- ?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before + -- ?POINT3. + fun temporallyBetween : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; + + -- (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 + -- ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the + -- TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the TimePoint + -- ?POINT3. + fun temporallyBetweenOrEqual : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; + + -- This relation holds between an instance of + -- Physical and an instance of TimePosition just in case the temporal + -- lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (time + -- ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note + -- that time does for instances of Physical what holdsDuring does + -- for instances of Formula. The constants located and time are + -- the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively. + fun time : El Physical -> El TimePosition -> Formula ; + + fun totalOrderingOn : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + + -- (top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest maximal + -- superficial part of ?OBJECT. + fun top : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; + + -- (transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION + -- ?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of CurrencyMeasure being + -- exhanged in the FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION. + fun transactionAmount : El FinancialTransaction -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- (traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 + -- crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that crosses and + -- penetrates are subrelations of traverses. + fun traverses : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; + + -- The BinaryPredicate that relates a Sentence + -- to its TruthValue. + fun truth : El Sentence -> El TruthValue -> Formula ; + + -- The class of names that uniquely identify + -- an instance of Entity. Some examples of uniqueIdentifiers are the keys + -- of tables in database applications and + -- the ISBN (International Standard Book Number). + fun uniqueIdentifier : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> Formula ; + + -- (uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by + -- ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified Process. This Predicate, + -- as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the CaseRoles + -- agent and instrument. + fun uses : El Object -> El Agent -> Formula ; + + -- Some Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete + -- stages or versions. (version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 + -- is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this Predicate relates subclasses of + -- Artifact and not instances. + fun version : Desc Artifact -> Desc Artifact -> Formula ; + + -- (wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, + -- i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is + -- no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent. + fun wants : El CognitiveAgent -> El Physical -> Formula ; + + -- (wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING) means that ?AGENT is wearing + -- the item of Clothing ?CLOTHING. + fun wears : El Animal -> El Clothing -> Formula ; + + -- (weight ?O ?MM) means that on planet earth + -- the SelfConnectedObject ?O has the weight ?MM. + fun weight : El SelfConnectedObject -> El MassMeasure -> Formula ; + + -- binary predicate that is used to state the measure + -- of an Object from side to side at its widest span. + fun width : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ; + + -- (wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of ?MAN. + fun wife : El Woman -> El Man -> Formula ; + + + -- relations + fun SingleValuedRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> Formula) -> Formula; + def SingleValuedRelation c f = + forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x)) (f (var c c ? y))) + (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y)))); + + fun AntisymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def AntisymmetricRelation c f = + forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) + (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))) + (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y)))) ; + + fun IntentionalRelation : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f = + -- assume binary predicate, since it is mostly used for that + forall c1 (\x -> forall c2 (\y -> inScopeOfInterest (var c1 CognitiveAgent ? x) (var c2 Entity ? y))); + + + fun ReflexiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def ReflexiveRelation c f = + forall c (\x -> f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? x)); + + fun SymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def SymmetricRelation c f = + forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) + (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x)))); + + fun EquivalenceRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def EquivalenceRelation c f = + and (and (ReflexiveRelation c f) + (SymmetricRelation c f)) + (TransitiveRelation c f); + + fun TransitiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def TransitiveRelation c f = + forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c (\z -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) + (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))) + (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z))))); + + fun IrreflexiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def IrreflexiveRelation c f = + forall c (\x -> not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? x))) ; + + fun AsymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def AsymmetricRelation c f = + and (AntisymmetricRelation c f) (IrreflexiveRelation c f); + + fun PropositionalAttitude : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def PropositionalAttitude c f = + AsymmetricRelation c f; + + fun ObjectAttitude : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def ObjectAttitude c1 c2 f = + IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f ; + + fun IntransitiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def IntransitiveRelation c f = + forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c (\z -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) + (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))) + (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z)))))) ; + + fun PartialOrderingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def PartialOrderingRelation c f = + and (and (TransitiveRelation c f) + (AntisymmetricRelation c f)) + (ReflexiveRelation c f) ; + + fun TrichotomizingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def TrichotomizingRelation c f = + forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> or (or (and (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) + (not (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y)))) + (not (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x)))) + (and (and (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) + (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))) + (not (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))))) + (and (and (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x)) + (not (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y)))) + (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)))))); + + fun TotalOrderingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def TotalOrderingRelation c f = + and (PartialOrderingRelation c f) (TrichotomizingRelation c f) ; + + fun OneToOneFunction : (c1, c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> Ind c2) -> Formula ; + def OneToOneFunction c1 c2 f = forall c1(\x -> + forall c1 (\y -> impl (not (equal (var c1 Entity ? x) (var c1 Entity ? y))) + (not (equal (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? x))) + (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? y))))))); + + fun SequenceFunction : (c : Class) -> (El Integer -> Ind c) -> Formula ; + def SequenceFunction c f = + OneToOneFunction Integer c f ; + + fun AssociativeFunction : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> Formula ; + def AssociativeFunction c f = + forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c (\z -> equal (el c Entity ? (f (var c c ? x) (el c c ? (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))))) + (el c Entity ? (f (el c c ? (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) (var c c ? z)))))); + + fun CommutativeFunction : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c1 -> Ind c2) -> Formula ; + def CommutativeFunction c1 c2 f = + forall c1 (\x -> forall c1 (\y -> equal (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? x) (var c1 c1 ? y))) + (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? y) (var c1 c1 ? y))))); + + fun identityElement : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> El c -> Formula ; + def identityElement c f elem = + forall c (\x -> equal (el c Entity ? (f (var c c ? x) elem)) (var c Entity ? x)); + + fun distributes : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> Formula ; + def distributes c f g = + forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c (\z -> equal (el c Entity ? (g (el c c ? (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) (var c c ? z))) + (el c Entity ? (f (el c c ? (g (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z))) (el c c ? (g (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z)))))))); + + fun inverse : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def inverse c f g = + forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> equiv (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) + (g (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x)))); + + fun subRelation2El : (c1,c2,c3,c4 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> (El c3 -> El c4 -> Formula) -> Formula ; + def subRelation2El c1 c2 c3 c4 f g = + forall c1 (\x -> forall c2 (\y -> impl (f (var c1 c1 ? x) (var c2 c2 ? y)) + (g (var c1 c3 ? x) (var c2 c4 ? y)))); + + + --others + fun toInt : Int -> Ind Integer ; + fun toRealNum : Float -> Ind RealNumber ; - --- Any AnatomicalStructure which --- is not normally found in the Organism of which it is a part, i.e. it is --- the result of a PathologicProcess. This class covers tumors, birth marks, --- goiters, etc. -fun AbnormalAnatomicalStructure : Class ; -fun AbnormalAnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass AbnormalAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure ; - --- This is a PositionalAttribute derived from the --- up/down schema and not involving contact. Note that this means directly --- above, i.e., if one object is Above another object, then the projections --- of the two objects overlap. -fun Above : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - --- The value of (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) --- is the absolute value of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. -fun AbsoluteValueFn : El RealNumber -> Ind NonnegativeRealNumber ; - - --- Properties or qualities as distinguished from any --- particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. --- Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical --- objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular --- place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment. -fun Abstract : Class ; -fun Abstract_Class : SubClass Abstract Entity ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into --- the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership --- in the Class. -fun AbstractionFn : Class -> Ind Attribute ; - - --- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then --- (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these --- numbers. -fun AdditionFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - --- Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close --- to, near or abutting ?OBJ2. This PositionalAttribute covers the --- following common sense notions: adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, --- is juxtaposed, and is close to. -fun Adjacent : Ind SymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - --- One of the parts of speech. The Class of --- Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Objects. -fun Adjective : Class ; -fun Adjective_Class : SubClass Adjective Word ; - --- One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words --- that conventionally denote Attributes of Processes. -fun Adverb : Class ; -fun Adverb_Class : SubClass Adverb Word ; - --- A Disseminating whose purpose is to --- promote the sale of an Object represented in a Text or Icon --- (the advertisement). -fun Advertising : Class ; -fun Advertising_Class : SubClass Advertising Disseminating ; - --- A GroupOfPeople whose members all have the --- same age. -fun AgeGroup : Class ; -fun AgeGroup_Class : SubClass AgeGroup GroupOfPeople ; - --- Something or someone that can act on its own and --- produce changes in the world. -fun Agent : Class ; -fun Agent_Class : SubClass Agent Object ; - --- Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the --- atmosphere surrounding Earth. -fun Air : Class ; -fun Air_Class : SubClass Air GasMixture ; - --- A Class containing all of the Attributes --- relating to the notions of possibility and necessity. -fun AlethicAttribute : Class ; -fun AlethicAttribute_Class : SubClass AlethicAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; - --- A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, --- but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue. -fun Alga : Class ; -fun Alga_Class : SubClass Alga NonFloweringPlant ; - --- Any BodyMotion which is accomplished by --- means of the legs of an Animal for the purpose of moving from one --- point to another. -fun Ambulating : Class ; -fun Ambulating_Class : SubClass Ambulating (both BodyMotion Translocation) ; - - --- SI electric current measure. Symbol: A. It is --- one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the Ampere is --- that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel --- conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross_section, and --- placed 1 Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors --- a force equal to 2*10^(_7) Newton per Meter of length. -fun Ampere : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- A cold_blooded, smooth_skinned Vertebrate --- which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by --- gills. When mature, the Amphibian breathes with Lungs. -fun Amphibian : Class ; -fun Amphibian_Class : SubClass Amphibian ColdBloodedVertebrate ; - --- Atomic mass unit. Symbol: u. It is the mass of --- the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope. -fun Amu : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - --- A normal or pathological part --- of the anatomy or structural organization of an Organism. This --- class covers BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off --- by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies. -fun AnatomicalStructure : Class ; -fun AnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass AnatomicalStructure OrganicObject ; - --- The value of an angle in a plane or in a --- solid. -fun AngleMeasure : Class ; -fun AngleMeasure_Class : SubClass AngleMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - --- The Angstrom is a LengthMeasure. --- 1 Angstrom = 10^(_10) m -fun Angstrom : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - --- A plane angle measure. -fun AngularDegree : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ; - - --- Attributes that indicate whether an --- Organism is alive or not. -fun AnimacyAttribute : Class ; -fun AnimacyAttribute_Class : SubClass AnimacyAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; - --- An Organism with eukaryotic Cells, and lacking --- stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments. -fun Animal : Class ; -fun Animal_Organism : SubClassC Animal Organism (\ANIMAL -> and (forall AnimalSubstance (\SUBSTANCE -> part(var AnimalSubstance Object ? SUBSTANCE)(var Organism Object ? ANIMAL))) (forall AnimalAnatomicalStructure (\STRUCTURE -> part(var AnimalAnatomicalStructure Object ? STRUCTURE)(var Organism Object ? ANIMAL)))) ; - - --- AnatomicalStructures that --- are possessed exclusively by Animals. -fun AnimalAnatomicalStructure : Class ; -fun AnimalAnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass AnimalAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure ; - --- The subclass of Languages used by --- Animals other than Humans. -fun AnimalLanguage : Class ; -fun AnimalLanguage_Class : SubClass AnimalLanguage Language ; - --- BodySubstances that are produced --- exclusively by Animals. -fun AnimalSubstance : Class ; -fun AnimalSubstance_Class : SubClass AnimalSubstance BodySubstance ; - --- AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute is the class of --- PositionalAttribute that hold in only one direction. I.e. two objects cannot --- simulataneously be On each other. -fun AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute : Class ; -fun AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute_Class : SubClass AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute PositionalAttribute ; - --- Various Primates with no tails or only short --- tails. -fun Ape : Class ; -fun Ape_Class : SubClass Ape Primate ; - --- The Class of all Months which are April. -fun April : Class ; -fun April_Class : SubClass April Month ; - --- The Class of Mammals that dwell chiefly --- in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses. -fun AquaticMammal : Class ; -fun AquaticMammal_Class : SubClass AquaticMammal Mammal ; - --- A Class of Arthropods that includes --- ticks and spiders. -fun Arachnid : Class ; -fun Arachnid_Class : SubClass Arachnid Arthropod ; - --- Measures of the amount of space in two --- dimensions. -fun AreaMeasure : Class ; -fun AreaMeasure_Class : SubClass AreaMeasure FunctionQuantity ; - --- Any proposition which has the form of a deductive --- or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply --- a conclusion. -fun Argument : Class ; -fun Argument_Class : SubClass Argument Proposition ; - --- Artifacts that are created primarily for --- aesthetic appreciation. Note that this Class does not include --- most examples of architecture, which belong under StationaryArtifact. -fun ArtWork : Class ; -fun ArtWork_Class : SubClass ArtWork Artifact ; - --- A Class of Invertebrate that includes --- Arachnids and Insects. -fun Arthropod : Class ; -fun Arthropod_Class : SubClass Arthropod Invertebrate ; - --- A relatively short Text that either is unbound or is --- bound with other Articles in a Book. -fun Article : Class ; -fun Article_Class : SubClass Article Text ; - --- A CorpuscularObject that is the product of a --- Making. -fun Artifact : Class ; -fun Artifact_Class : SubClass Artifact CorpuscularObject ; - --- The subclass of Languages that are --- designed by Humans. -fun ArtificialLanguage : Class ; -fun ArtificialLanguage_Class : SubClass ArtificialLanguage Language ; - --- Asexual Processes of biological --- reproduction. -fun AsexualReproduction : Class ; -fun AsexualReproduction_Class : SubClass AsexualReproduction Replication ; - --- Attribute that applies to Organisms that are --- sleeping. -fun Asleep : Ind ConsciousnessAttribute ; - - --- The Class of all astronomical --- objects of significant size. It includes SelfConnectedObjects --- like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as Collections like --- nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth --- is an AstronomicalBody, but every Region of Earth is a --- GeographicArea. -fun AstronomicalBody : Class ; -fun AstronomicalBody_Class : SubClass AstronomicalBody Region ; - --- An extremely small unit of matter that retains its --- identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an AtomicNucleus and --- Electrons surrounding the AtomicNucleus. -fun Atom : Class ; -fun Atom_Class : SubClass Atom ElementalSubstance ; - --- MassMeasure that is also known as the gram_atom. --- Defined as the mass in grams of 1 Mole of pure substance. For example, --- 1 AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 Grams of pure Carbon 12. 2 AtomGrams --- of the same substance will be 24 Grams of it. This is an unusual unit in --- that it is essentially 1 Mole of 'stuff' measured in grams, so that the --- actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance. -fun AtomGram : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - --- The core of the Atom. It is composed of --- Protons and Neutrons. -fun AtomicNucleus : Class ; -fun AtomicNucleus_Class : SubClass AtomicNucleus SubatomicParticle ; - --- A Process where one Object becomes attached --- to another Object. Note that this differs from Putting in that two --- things which are attached may already be in the same location. Note that --- Combining is different from Attaching in that the former applies to --- Substances, while the latter applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too --- that Attaching is different from Putting in that one or both of the --- two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location --- where they were combined. -fun Attaching : Class ; -fun Attaching_Class : SubClass Attaching DualObjectProcess ; - --- A Device whose purpose is to attach one thing --- to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc. -fun AttachingDevice : Class ; -fun AttachingDevice_Class : SubClass AttachingDevice Device ; - --- A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the --- agent attempts to inflict damage on the patient. -fun Attack : Class ; -fun Attack_Class : SubClass Attack Maneuver ; - --- Qualities which we cannot or choose not to --- reify into subclasses of Object. -fun Attribute : Class ; -fun Attribute_Class : SubClass Attribute Abstract ; - --- A sound level capable of being heard by a Human. -fun Audible : Ind SoundAttribute ; - - --- The Class of all Months which are August. -fun August : Class ; -fun August_Class : SubClass August Month ; - --- The class of PhysiologicProcesses of --- which there is not conscious awareness and control. -fun AutonomicProcess : Class ; -fun AutonomicProcess_Class : SubClass AutonomicProcess PhysiologicProcess ; - --- Attribute that applies to Organisms that are --- neither Unconscious nor Asleep. -fun Awake : Ind ConsciousnessAttribute ; - - --- A Function that maps an Object to the side --- that is opposite the FrontFn of the Object. Note that this is a --- partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples --- and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in --- much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. --- Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, --- it does not have significant practical implications, since there is --- widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. -fun BackFn : El SelfConnectedObject -> Ind SelfConnectedObject ; - - --- A small, typically one_celled, prokaryotic --- Microorganism. -fun Bacterium : Class ; -fun Bacterium_Class : SubClass Bacterium Microorganism ; - --- A ViolentContest between two or more military --- units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the --- metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some --- sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of --- Contest. -fun Battle : Class ; -fun Battle_Class : SubClass Battle ViolentContest ; - --- SI activity measure. Symbol: Bq. It measures --- the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is --- that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic --- disintegration per SecondDuration. Becquerel = s^(_1). -fun Becquerel : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to --- the TimePoint at which the interval begins. -fun BeginFn : El TimeInterval -> Ind TimePoint ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath --- to the GraphNode that is the beginning of the GraphPath. Note that, --- unlike InitialNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), --- BeginNodeFn is a total function _ every GraphPath has a beginning. -fun BeginNodeFn : El GraphPath -> Ind GraphNode ; - - --- A GroupOfPeople whose members share a belief --- or set of beliefs. -fun BeliefGroup : Class ; -fun BeliefGroup_Class : SubClass BeliefGroup GroupOfPeople ; - --- This PositionalAttribute is derived from the --- up/down schema and may or may not involve contact. Note that this means --- directly below, i.e., if one object is Below another object, then the --- projections of the two objects overlap. -fun Below : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - --- A FinancialTransaction where an instance of --- CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger --- instance of CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of --- Game. -fun Betting : Class ; -fun Betting_Class : SubClass Betting FinancialTransaction ; - --- Any Food that is ingested by Drinking. --- Note that this class is disjoint with the other subclasses of Food, --- i.e. Meat and FruitOrVegetable. -fun Beverage : Class ; -fun Beverage_Class : SubClass Beverage Food ; - --- Elements from the number system with base 2. --- Every BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0. -fun BinaryNumber : Class ; -fun BinaryNumber_Class : SubClass BinaryNumber RealNumber ; - --- Attributes that apply specifically --- to instances of Organism. -fun BiologicalAttribute : Class ; -fun BiologicalAttribute_Class : SubClass BiologicalAttribute InternalAttribute ; - --- A Process embodied in an Organism. -fun BiologicalProcess : Class ; -fun BiologicalProcess_Class : SubClass BiologicalProcess InternalChange ; - --- A Substance that is --- capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an --- Organism. This Class includes Substances used in the treatment, --- diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. --- This Class also includes Substances that occur naturally in the body --- and are administered therapeutically. Finally, BiologicallyActiveSubstance --- includes Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special --- handling because of their toxicity. -fun BiologicallyActiveSubstance : Class ; -fun BiologicallyActiveSubstance_Class : SubClass BiologicallyActiveSubstance Substance ; - --- A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature --- and characterized by the presence of feathers. -fun Bird : Class ; -fun Bird_Class : SubClass Bird WarmBloodedVertebrate ; - --- The Process of being born. -fun Birth : Class ; -fun Birth_Class : SubClass Birth OrganismProcess ; - --- One Bit of information. A one or a zero. -fun Bit : Ind UnitOfInformation ; - - --- The Attribute of being black in color. -fun Black : Ind PrimaryColor ; - - --- A fluid present in Animals that transports --- Nutrients to and waste products away from various BodyParts. -fun Blood : Class ; -fun Blood_Class : SubClass Blood BodySubstance ; - --- The Attribute of being blue in color. -fun Blue : Ind PrimaryColor ; - - --- Any BodyPart which contains an unfilled space, --- e.g. BodyVessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc. -fun BodyCavity : Class ; -fun BodyCavity_Class : SubClass BodyCavity BodyPart ; - --- Any BodyPart which is a covering of another --- BodyPart or of an entire Organism. This would include the rinds of --- FruitOrVegetables and the skins of Animals. -fun BodyCovering : Class ; -fun BodyCovering_Class : SubClass BodyCovering BodyPart ; - --- The place where two BodyParts --- meet or connect. -fun BodyJunction : Class ; -fun BodyJunction_Class : SubClass BodyJunction BodyPart ; - --- Any Motion where the agent is an Organism --- and the patient is a BodyPart. -fun BodyMotion : Class ; -fun BodyMotion_Class : SubClass BodyMotion Motion ; - --- A collection of Cells and Tissues which --- are localized to a specific area of an Organism and which are not --- pathological. The instances of this Class range from gross structures --- to small components of complex Organs. -fun BodyPart : Class ; -fun BodyPart_Class : SubClass BodyPart AnatomicalStructure ; - --- The class of Attributes expressing --- configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans, --- e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc. -fun BodyPosition : Class ; -fun BodyPosition_Class : SubClass BodyPosition BiologicalAttribute ; - --- Extracellular material and mixtures of --- cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted --- by an Organism. Included here are Substances such as saliva, dental --- enamel, sweat, hormones, and gastric acid. -fun BodySubstance : Class ; -fun BodySubstance_Class : SubClass BodySubstance Substance ; - --- Any tube_like structure which occurs naturally in --- an Organism and through which a BodySubstance can circulate. -fun BodyVessel : Class ; -fun BodyVessel_Class : SubClass BodyVessel BodyCavity ; - --- The Class of Processes where a Substance is --- heated and converted from a Liquid to a Gas. -fun Boiling : Class ; -fun Boiling_Class : SubClass Boiling StateChange ; - --- Rigid Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up --- the skeleton of Vertebrates. Note that this Class also includes teeth. -fun Bone : Class ; -fun Bone_Class : SubClass Bone (both AnimalSubstance Tissue) ; - - --- A Text that has pages and is bound. -fun Book : Class ; -fun Book_Class : SubClass Book Text ; - --- The subclass of Getting Processes where --- the agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation --- that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest). -fun Borrowing : Class ; -fun Borrowing_Class : SubClass Borrowing Getting ; - --- The Process of respiration, by which oxygen --- is made available to an Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, --- exhalation, and alternations between the two. -fun Breathing : Class ; -fun Breathing_Class : SubClass Breathing (both AutonomicProcess OrganismProcess) ; - - --- An energy measure. -fun BritishThermalUnit : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- The Class of StationaryArtifacts which are --- intended to house Humans and their activities. -fun Building : Class ; -fun Building_Class : SubClass Building StationaryArtifact ; - --- A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of --- CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of Physical. -fun Buying : Class ; -fun Buying_Class : SubClass Buying FinancialTransaction ; - --- One Byte of information. A Byte is eight --- Bits. -fun Byte : Ind UnitOfInformation ; - - --- IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve --- the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of Quantity. -fun Calculating : Class ; -fun Calculating_Class : SubClass Calculating IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - --- A Calorie is an energy measure. -fun Calorie : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- SI luminosity intensity measure. Symbol: cd. --- It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as --- follows: the Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, --- of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 --- Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 --- Watt per Steradian. -fun Candela : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- The Class of Carnivores with completely --- separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles. -fun Canine : Class ; -fun Canine_Class : SubClass Canine Carnivore ; - --- An element of living cells and a source of --- energy for Animals. This class includes both simple Carbohydrates, --- i.e. sugars, and complex Carbohydrates, i.e. starches. -fun Carbohydrate : Class ; -fun Carbohydrate_Class : SubClass Carbohydrate Nutrient ; - -fun CardinalityFn : El (either SetOrClass Collection) -> Ind Number ; - --- The Class of flesh_eating Mammals. Members --- of this Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes --- cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks. -fun Carnivore : Class ; -fun Carnivore_Class : SubClass Carnivore Mammal ; - --- Transfer from one point to another by means of --- an Animal or Human. -fun Carrying : Class ; -fun Carrying_Class : SubClass Carrying Transfer ; - --- (CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest --- Integer greater than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. -fun CeilingFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; - - --- The fundamental structural and functional unit of --- living Organisms. -fun Cell : Class ; -fun Cell_Class : SubClass Cell BodyPart ; - --- A TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point --- and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 CelsiusDegrees and 100 --- CelsiusDegrees. -fun CelsiusDegree : Ind (both TemperatureMeasure UnitOfMeasure) ; - - --- (CenterOfCircleFn ?CIRCLE) denotes the --- GeometricPoint that is the center of the Circle ?CIRCLE. -fun CenterOfCircleFn : El Circle -> Ind GeometricPoint ; - - --- Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: cm. It is --- the 100th part of a Meter -fun Centimeter : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - --- A TimeZone that covers much of the --- midwestern United States. -fun CentralTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; - - --- A Text that confers a right or obligation --- on the holder of the Certificate. Note that the right or obligation --- need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants --- certain privileges in the professional world. -fun Certificate : Class ; -fun Certificate_Class : SubClass Certificate Text ; - --- The Class of Processes where --- ownership of something is transferred from one Agent to another. -fun ChangeOfPossession : Class ; -fun ChangeOfPossession_Class : SubClass ChangeOfPossession SocialInteraction ; - --- An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. --- Note that a Character may or may not be part of a Language. Character --- is a subclass of SymbolicString, because every instance of Character is --- an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element. -fun Character : Class ; -fun Character_Class : SubClass Character SymbolicString ; - --- The Class of ChemicalProcesses --- in which a CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products. -fun ChemicalDecomposition : Class ; -fun ChemicalDecomposition_Class : SubClass ChemicalDecomposition (both ChemicalProcess Separating) ; - - --- A ChemicalProcess occurs whenever --- chemical compounds (CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. --- For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products --- appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical --- reaction takes place. Catalysts in a ChemicalProcess may speed up the --- reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of --- iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to --- gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen. -fun ChemicalProcess : Class ; -fun ChemicalProcess_Class : SubClass ChemicalProcess InternalChange ; - --- The Class of ChemicalProcesses in --- which a CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants. -fun ChemicalSynthesis : Class ; -fun ChemicalSynthesis_Class : SubClass ChemicalSynthesis (both ChemicalProcess Combining) ; - - --- The class of Ovals such that all GeometricPoints --- that make up the Circle are equidistant from a single GeometricPoint, --- known as the center of the Circle. -fun Circle : Class ; -fun Circle_Class : SubClass Circle Oval ; - --- A LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited --- by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. --- Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements --- like towns, villages, hamlets, etc. -fun City : Class ; -fun City_Class : SubClass City (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; - - --- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses --- which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. --- Note that Classifying is distinguished from Learning by the fact --- that the latter covers the acquisition by a CognitiveAgent of any --- Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label --- or category. -fun Classifying : Class ; -fun Classifying_Class : SubClass Classifying IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - --- Any TwoDimensionalFigure which --- has a well defined interior and exterior. -fun ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure : Class ; -fun ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure ; - --- Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other --- materials that are used to cover the bodies of Humans. -fun Clothing : Class ; -fun Clothing_Class : SubClass Clothing WearableItem ; - --- Any GasMixture that is visible, e.g. Smoke produced --- by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky. -fun Cloud : Class ; -fun Cloud_Class : SubClass Cloud GasMixture ; - --- A SentientAgent with responsibilities --- and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is --- essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although --- Human is a subclass of CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of --- CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of Human. For example, --- chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials --- (if they exist) may be CognitiveAgents. -fun CognitiveAgent : Class ; -fun CognitiveAgent_Class : SubClass CognitiveAgent SentientAgent ; - --- Vertebrates whose body temperature --- is not internally regulated. -fun ColdBloodedVertebrate : Class ; -fun ColdBloodedVertebrate_Class : SubClass ColdBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate ; - --- Collections have members like Classes, but, --- unlike Classes, they have a position in space_time and members can be --- added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the --- Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks --- of sheep. -fun Collection : Class ; -fun Collection_Class : SubClass Collection Object ; - --- The Class of Attributes relating to the --- color of Objects. -fun ColorAttribute : Class ; -fun ColorAttribute_Class : SubClass ColorAttribute InternalAttribute ; - --- The subclass of SurfaceChange where a --- ColorAttribute of the patient is altered. Note that the change in --- color may apply to just part of the object. -fun Coloring : Class ; -fun Coloring_Class : SubClass Coloring SurfaceChange ; - --- A Process where two or more SelfConnectedObjects --- are incorporated into a single SelfConnectedObject. Note that Combining --- is different from Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects --- being part of the other, while Attaching only results in the two objects --- being connected with one another. Note too that Combining is different --- from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or --- may not be moved from the location where they were combined. -fun Combining : Class ; -fun Combining_Class : SubClass Combining DualObjectProcess ; - --- The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which an Object --- reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all Processes in which --- something is burning. -fun Combustion : Class ; -fun Combustion_Class : SubClass Combustion ChemicalDecomposition ; - --- An Agent that provides products and/or --- services for a fee with the aim of making a profit. -fun CommercialAgent : Class ; -fun CommercialAgent_Class : SubClass CommercialAgent Agent ; - --- Any FinancialTransaction by a --- CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit. -fun CommercialService : Class ; -fun CommercialService_Class : SubClass CommercialService (both FinancialTransaction ServiceProcess) ; - - --- Instances of this Class commit the agent to some --- future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm. -fun Committing : Class ; -fun Committing_Class : SubClass Committing LinguisticCommunication ; - --- A SocialInteraction that involves --- the transfer of information between two or more CognitiveAgents. --- Note that Communication is closely related to, but essentially --- different from, ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation --- or modification of a ContentBearingObject, while Communication is --- the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message. -fun Communication : Class ; -fun Communication_Class : SubClass Communication (both ContentBearingProcess SocialInteraction) ; - - --- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses --- which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of --- two or more Entities. -fun Comparing : Class ; -fun Comparing_Class : SubClass Comparing (both DualObjectProcess IntentionalPsychologicalProcess) ; - - --- The complement of a given SetOrClass C is the --- SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an --- object is an instance of the complement of a SetOrClass C just in case it --- is not an instance of C. -fun ComplementFn : El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - --- A Number that has the form: x + yi, where x --- and y are RealNumbers and i is the square root of _1. -fun ComplexNumber : Class ; -fun ComplexNumber_Class : SubClass ComplexNumber Number ; - --- Instances --- of this Class are UnitsOfMeasure defined by the functional --- composition of other units, each of which might be a --- CompositeUnitOfMeasure or a NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure. -fun CompositeUnitOfMeasure : Class ; -fun CompositeUnitOfMeasure_Class : SubClass CompositeUnitOfMeasure UnitOfMeasure ; - --- The Class of Substances that contain --- two or more elements (ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. --- The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method --- of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). --- The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still --- retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium --- chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). -fun CompoundSubstance : Class ; -fun CompoundSubstance_Class : SubClass CompoundSubstance PureSubstance ; - --- The class of Languages designed for --- and interpreted by a computer. -fun ComputerLanguage : Class ; -fun ComputerLanguage_Class : SubClass ComputerLanguage ArtificialLanguage ; - --- A set of instructions in a computer --- programming language that can be executed by a computer. -fun ComputerProgram : Class ; -fun ComputerProgram_Class : SubClass ComputerProgram Procedure ; - --- The process of developing a --- ComputerProgram -fun ComputerProgramming : Class ; -fun ComputerProgramming_Class : SubClass ComputerProgramming ContentDevelopment ; - --- The Class of Processes where an Object is --- cooled and converted from a Gas to a Liquid. -fun Condensing : Class ; -fun Condensing_Class : SubClass Condensing StateChange ; - --- The Class of Keeping Processes where the --- patient is a Human or an Animal and is kept involuntarily. This covers --- caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc. -fun Confining : Class ; -fun Confining_Class : SubClass Confining Keeping ; - --- Attributes that indicate whether --- an Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of --- an Organism. -fun ConsciousnessAttribute : Class ; -fun ConsciousnessAttribute_Class : SubClass ConsciousnessAttribute StateOfMind ; - --- A ConstantQuantity --- is a PhysicalQuantity that has a constant value, e.g. 3 Meters and --- 5 HourDurations. The magnitude (see MagnitudeFn) of every --- ConstantQuantity is a RealNumber. ConstantQuantity is --- distinguished from FunctionQuantity, in that each instance of the --- latter is formed through the mapping of one PhysicalQuantity to --- another PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of ConstantQuantity is --- expressed with the BinaryFunction MeasureFn, which takes a --- Number and a UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 Meters --- is expressed as (MeasureFn 3 Meter). Instances of --- ConstantQuantity form a partial order (see --- PartialOrderingRelation) with the lessThan relation, since --- lessThan is a RelationExtendedToQuantities and lessThan is --- defined over the RealNumbers. The lessThan relation is not a --- total order (see TotalOrderingRelation) over the class --- ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of --- ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to --- elements of other subclasses of ConstantQuantity --- (such as mass quantities). -fun ConstantQuantity : Class ; -fun ConstantQuantity_Class : SubClass ConstantQuantity PhysicalQuantity ; - --- An ConstructedLanguage is a --- HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language --- community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by --- one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more --- grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved --- naturally. This Class includes languages like Esperanto that were --- created to facilitate international communication -fun ConstructedLanguage : Class ; -fun ConstructedLanguage_Class : SubClass ConstructedLanguage (both ArtificialLanguage HumanLanguage) ; - - --- The subclass of Making in which a --- StationaryArtifact is built. -fun Constructing : Class ; -fun Constructing_Class : SubClass Constructing Making ; - --- Any SelfConnectedObject that expresses --- content. This content may be a Proposition, e.g. when the ContentBearingObject --- is a Sentence or Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or --- physical object, as with an Icon, a Word or a Phrase. -fun ContentBearingObject : Class ; -fun ContentBearingObject_Class : SubClass ContentBearingObject (both ContentBearingPhysical CorpuscularObject) ; - - --- Any Object or Process that --- expresses content. This covers Objects that contain a Proposition, --- such as a book, as well as ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly --- contain a Proposition. -fun ContentBearingPhysical : Class ; -fun ContentBearingPhysical_Class : SubClass ContentBearingPhysical Physical ; - --- Any Process, for example --- ManualHumanLanguage, which may contain a Proposition. -fun ContentBearingProcess : Class ; -fun ContentBearingProcess_Class : SubClass ContentBearingProcess ContentBearingPhysical ; - --- A subclass of IntentionalProcess in --- which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew. -fun ContentDevelopment : Class ; -fun ContentDevelopment_Class : SubClass ContentDevelopment IntentionalProcess ; - --- A SocialInteraction where the agent and --- patient are CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. --- Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural --- language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or --- sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment. -fun Contest : Class ; -fun Contest_Class : SubClass Contest SocialInteraction ; - --- A Class containing Attributes that are --- specific to participants in a Contest. In particular, these Attributes --- indicate the position of one of the agents in the Contest with respect --- to other agent(s) in the Contest. Some examples of these Attributes --- are winning, losing, won, lost, etc. -fun ContestAttribute : Class ; -fun ContestAttribute_Class : SubClass ContestAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; - --- As defined in the CIA World Fact Book, --- Continent covers seven land masses: Africa, NorthAmerica, --- SouthAmerica, Antarctica, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. --- Note that Australia, counted as a continent in some other systems, --- is included in Oceania in the Fact Book. As a consequence, there --- is no Nation which is also a Continent. -fun Continent : Class ; -fun Continent_Class : SubClass Continent LandArea ; - --- The Making of an instance of Food. Note --- that this can cover any preparation of Food, e.g. making a salad, --- cutting up fruit, etc. It does not necessarily involve the application --- of heat. -fun Cooking : Class ; -fun Cooking_Class : SubClass Cooking Making ; - --- Any Decreasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity --- decreased is a TemperatureMeasure. -fun Cooling : Class ; -fun Cooling_Class : SubClass Cooling Decreasing ; - --- The subclass of SocialInteraction where --- the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common --- goal. -fun Cooperation : Class ; -fun Cooperation_Class : SubClass Cooperation SocialInteraction ; - --- A TimeZone which functions --- as the standard time zone. It is also known as Zulu time (in the military), --- Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone. Note that whenever --- a TimeZone is not specified, the TimePosition is understood to be with --- respect to the CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone. -fun CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; - - --- An Organization that has a special legal status --- that allows a group of persons to act as a CommercialAgent and that insulates --- the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the --- corporation's operation. -fun Corporation : Class ; -fun Corporation_Class : SubClass Corporation (both CommercialAgent Organization) ; - - --- A SelfConnectedObject whose parts have --- properties that are not shared by the whole. -fun CorpuscularObject : Class ; -fun CorpuscularObject_Class : SubClass CorpuscularObject SelfConnectedObject ; - --- (CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the --- PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the --- side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right_angled triangle. -fun CosineFn : El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Ind RealNumber ; - - --- SI electric charge measure. Symbol: C. It is --- the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of --- a conductor in an electric circuit during each SecondDuration by a --- current of 1 Ampere. Coulomb = s*A. -fun Coulomb : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- Enumerating something. The Class of Calculating --- Processes where the aim is to determine the Number corresponding to the --- patient. -fun Counting : Class ; -fun Counting_Class : SubClass Counting Calculating ; - --- A GeopoliticalArea that is larger than a city, --- usually encompassing several cities, and smaller than a StateOrProvince. --- Aside from City, this is the smallest geopolitical subdivision, and it is --- known by various names in various counties, e.g. parrish, commune, etc. -fun County : Class ; -fun County_Class : SubClass County (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; - - --- The Class of Putting processes where the agent --- covers the patient, either completely or only partially, with something --- else. -fun Covering : Class ; -fun Covering_Class : SubClass Covering Putting ; - --- The subclass of Process in which --- something is created. Note that the thing created is specified --- with the result CaseRole. -fun Creation : Class ; -fun Creation_Class : SubClass Creation InternalChange ; - --- A Class of Arthropods that mainly dwells --- in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes --- lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. -fun Crustacean : Class ; -fun Crustacean_Class : SubClass Crustacean Arthropod ; - --- English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a --- Pint. -fun Cup : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - --- Any element of the official currrency of some --- Nation. This covers both CurrencyBills and CurrencyCoins. -fun Currency : Class ; -fun Currency_Class : SubClass Currency FinancialInstrument ; - --- Instances of this --- subclass of ConstantQuantity are measures of monetaryValue --- stated in terms of some UnitOfCurrency such as UnitedStatesDollar, --- UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc. -fun CurrencyMeasure : Class ; -fun CurrencyMeasure_Class : SubClass CurrencyMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - --- A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph the --- Class of GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate --- graphs if cut. There may be more than one cutset for a given graph. -fun CutSetFn : El Graph -> Desc GraphPath ; - - --- The subclass of Poking Processes which --- involve a sharp instrument. -fun Cutting : Class ; -fun Cutting_Class : SubClass Cutting Poking ; - --- The Class of Processes where the agent --- brings about a situation where the patient no longer functions normally --- or as intended. -fun Damaging : Class ; -fun Damaging_Class : SubClass Damaging InternalChange ; - --- An Attribute which indicates that the associated --- Object contains some Liquid. -fun Damp : Ind SaturationAttribute ; - - --- Any BodyMotion of Humans which is --- deliberately coordinated with music. -fun Dancing : Class ; -fun Dancing_Class : SubClass Dancing BodyMotion ; - --- The Class of all calendar Days. -fun Day : Class ; -fun Day_Class : SubClass Day TimeInterval ; - --- Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours. -fun DayDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - --- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and --- a subclass of Months to the Days within each Month corresponding to that --- PositiveRealNumber. For example, (DayFn 16 August) is the Class of all --- sixteenth days of August. For another example, (DayFn 9 Month) would return --- the class of all ninth days of any month. For still another example, (DayFn 18 --- (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912. -fun DayFn : El PositiveInteger -> Desc Month -> Desc Day ; - - --- This Attribute applies to Organisms that are --- not alive. -fun Dead : Ind (both AnimacyAttribute ConsciousnessAttribute) ; - - --- The Process of dying. -fun Death : Class ; -fun Death_Class : SubClass Death OrganismProcess ; - --- The Class of all Months which are December. -fun December : Class ; -fun December_Class : SubClass December Month ; - --- The subclass of Selecting where the agent --- opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities --- that are open to him/her. -fun Deciding : Class ; -fun Deciding_Class : SubClass Deciding Selecting ; - --- The Class of LinguisticCommunications that --- effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. --- Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating. -fun Declaring : Class ; -fun Declaring_Class : SubClass Declaring LinguisticCommunication ; - --- Converting a document or message that has previously --- been encoded (see Encoding) into a Language that can be understood by a --- relatively large number of speakers. -fun Decoding : Class ; -fun Decoding_Class : SubClass Decoding Writing ; - --- Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity --- is decreased. -fun Decreasing : Class ; -fun Decreasing_Class : SubClass Decreasing QuantityChange ; - --- An Argument which has the form of a --- deduction, i.e. it is claimed that the set of premises entails the --- conclusion. -fun DeductiveArgument : Class ; -fun DeductiveArgument_Class : SubClass DeductiveArgument Argument ; - --- A Maneuver in a ViolentContest --- where the agent attempts to avoid being damaged. -fun DefensiveManeuver : Class ; -fun DefensiveManeuver_Class : SubClass DefensiveManeuver Maneuver ; - --- Exhibiting something or a range of things --- before the public in a particular location. This would cover software --- demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum --- exhibitions, etc. -fun Demonstrating : Class ; -fun Demonstrating_Class : SubClass Demonstrating Disseminating ; - --- (DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the --- denominator of the canonical reduced form of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. -fun DenominatorFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; - - --- DensityFn maps an instance of MassMeasure --- and an instance of VolumeMeasure to the density represented by this --- proportion of mass and volume. For example, (DensityFn (MeasureFn 3 Gram) --- (MeasureFn 1 Liter)) represents the density of 3 grams per liter. -fun DensityFn : El MassMeasure -> El VolumeMeasure -> Ind FunctionQuantity; - - --- A Class containing all of the Attributes --- relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition. -fun DeonticAttribute : Class ; -fun DeonticAttribute_Class : SubClass DeonticAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; - --- The spatial analogue of Planning. Designing a --- Collection of Objects involves determining a placement of the Objects --- with respect to one another and perhaps other Objects as well, in order to --- satisfy a particular purpose. -fun Designing : Class ; -fun Designing_Class : SubClass Designing IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - --- The subclass of Damagings in which --- the patient (or an essential element of the patient) is destroyed. --- Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely --- one of extent. -fun Destruction : Class ; -fun Destruction_Class : SubClass Destruction Damaging ; - --- A Process where the agent detaches one thing --- from something else. Note that Detaching is different from Separating --- in that the latter applies to Substances, while the former applies to --- CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Detaching is different from --- Removing in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or --- may not be moved from the location where they were attached. -fun Detaching : Class ; -fun Detaching_Class : SubClass Detaching DualObjectProcess ; - --- Attributes that indicate the --- stage of development of an Organism. -fun DevelopmentalAttribute : Class ; -fun DevelopmentalAttribute_Class : SubClass DevelopmentalAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; - --- A Device is an Artifact whose purpose is to --- serve as an instrument in a specific subclass of Process. -fun Device : Class ; -fun Device_Class : SubClass Device Artifact ; - --- A Process that is carried out for --- the purpose of determining the nature of a DiseaseOrSyndrome. -fun DiagnosticProcess : Class ; -fun DiagnosticProcess_Class : SubClass DiagnosticProcess Investigating ; - --- The Process by which Food that has been --- ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by --- the Organism. -fun Digesting : Class ; -fun Digesting_Class : SubClass Digesting (both AutonomicProcess OrganismProcess) ; - - --- The Class of directed graphs. A --- directed graph is a Graph in which all GraphArcs --- have direction, i.e. every GraphArc has an initial node (see --- InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). -fun DirectedGraph : Class ; -fun DirectedGraph_Class : SubClass DirectedGraph Graph ; - --- Instances of this Class urge some further action --- among the receivers. A Directing can be an Ordering, a Requesting or --- a Questioning. -fun Directing : Class ; -fun Directing_Class : SubClass Directing LinguisticCommunication ; - --- The act of changing the direction in --- which the patient of the act is oriented. -fun DirectionChange : Class ; -fun DirectionChange_Class : SubClass DirectionChange Motion ; - --- The subclass of PositionalAttributes --- that concern compass directions. -fun DirectionalAttribute : Class ; -fun DirectionalAttribute_Class : SubClass DirectionalAttribute PositionalAttribute ; - --- A Stating in which two Agents have --- contradictory statements. This is distinguished from Arguing in --- that the statement in dispute may be a simple assertion, rather than --- a chain of deduction, and that two entities must be disagreeing with --- each other, whereas a single entity may craft an argument for a given --- point of view, without the need for another agent to disagree with. -fun Disagreeing : Class ; -fun Disagreeing_Class : SubClass Disagreeing Stating ; - --- Finding something that was sought. Note that --- this class is restricted to cases of discovering something Physical. --- For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class Learning --- should be used. -fun Discovering : Class ; -fun Discovering_Class : SubClass Discovering IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - --- A BiologicalAttribute which qualifies --- something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity --- of an Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of --- one or more of the host's systems, parts, or Organs. -fun DiseaseOrSyndrome : Class ; -fun DiseaseOrSyndrome_Class : SubClass DiseaseOrSyndrome BiologicalAttribute ; - --- Any Communication that involves a --- single agent and many destinations. This covers the release --- of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving --- orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc. -fun Disseminating : Class ; -fun Disseminating_Class : SubClass Disseminating Communication ; - --- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then --- (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by --- ?NUMBER2. Note that when ?NUMBER1 = 1 (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) --- is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2. Note too that (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 --- ?NUMBER2) is undefined when ?NUMBER2 = 0. -fun DivisionFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - --- The Process by which liquid Food, i.e. --- Beverages, are incorporated into an Animal. -fun Drinking : Class ; -fun Drinking_Class : SubClass Drinking Ingesting ; - --- Controlling the direction and/or speed of a --- Vehicle. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, --- operating a train, etc. -fun Driving : Class ; -fun Driving_Class : SubClass Driving Guiding ; - --- An Attribute which indicates that the associated --- Object contains no Liquid. -fun Dry : Ind SaturationAttribute ; - - --- The Class of Processes where a Liquid is removed --- from an Object. -fun Drying : Class ; -fun Drying_Class : SubClass Drying Removing ; - --- Any Process that requires two, --- nonidentical patients. -fun DualObjectProcess : Class ; -fun DualObjectProcess_Class : SubClass DualObjectProcess Process ; - --- The compass direction of East. -fun East : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; - - --- A TimeZone that covers much of the --- eastern United States. -fun EasternTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; - - --- The Process by which solid Food is --- incorporated into an Animal. -fun Eating : Class ; -fun Eating_Class : SubClass Eating Ingesting ; - --- A BinaryFunction that maps a type of text --- (e.g. Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number --- to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number. -fun EditionFn : Desc ContentBearingObject -> El PositiveInteger -> Desc ContentBearingObject ; - - --- A EducationalOrganization is --- an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K_12 --- schools, and colleges and universities. -fun EducationalOrganization : Class ; -fun EducationalOrganization_Class : SubClass EducationalOrganization Organization ; - --- Any Process which is intended to result --- in Learning. -fun EducationalProcess : Class ; -fun EducationalProcess_Class : SubClass EducationalProcess Guiding ; - --- The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody --- of an Animal. This includes Bird and Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian --- ova. -fun Egg : Class ; -fun Egg_Class : SubClass Egg (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; - - --- Election is the class of events conducted by an --- organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt --- resolutions, or settle other issues in that Organization. -fun Election : Class ; -fun Election_Class : SubClass Election OrganizationalProcess ; - --- SubatomicParticles that surround the --- AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge. -fun Electron : Class ; -fun Electron_Class : SubClass Electron SubatomicParticle ; - --- The ElectronVolt is an energy measure. --- Symbol: eV. It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing --- through a potential difference of 1 Volt in a vacuum. -fun ElectronVolt : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- The Class of PureSubstances that --- cannot be separated into two or more Substances by ordinary chemical --- (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. ElementalSubstances --- are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), --- and oxygen (O_2). ElementalSubstances are the simplest --- PureSubstances. -fun ElementalSubstance : Class ; -fun ElementalSubstance_Class : SubClass ElementalSubstance PureSubstance ; - --- The stage of an Organism or an --- AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the Organism is born. --- Mammals, for example, have this Attribute only prior to --- their birth. -fun Embryonic : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; - - --- The Class of Attributes that denote emotional --- states of Organisms. -fun EmotionalState : Class ; -fun EmotionalState_Class : SubClass EmotionalState StateOfMind ; - --- Converting a document or message into a formal --- language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small --- body of Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of --- the content in the original document or message. -fun Encoding : Class ; -fun Encoding_Class : SubClass Encoding Writing ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to --- the TimePoint at which the interval ends. -fun EndFn : El TimeInterval -> Ind TimePoint ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath --- to the GraphNode that is the end of the GraphPath. Note that, unlike --- TerminalNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), --- EndNodeFn is a total function _ every GraphPath has a end. -fun EndNodeFn : El GraphPath -> Ind GraphNode ; - - --- A fundamental concept that applies --- in many engineering domains. An EngineeringComponent is an element of --- a Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might --- see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen --- EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that --- EngineeringComponents are object_like in a modeling sense. Thus, an --- EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a --- system with a stable identity. -fun EngineeringComponent : Class ; -fun EngineeringComponent_Class : SubClass EngineeringComponent Device ; - --- An EngineeringConnection is an --- EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between --- two other EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the --- Predicate connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever --- this Predicate holds between two EngineeringComponents, there exists an --- EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship --- is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one --- might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some --- shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. --- EngineeringConnections are EngineeringComponents and can therefore be --- an engineeringSubcomponent of other EngineeringComponents. However, --- to provide for modular regularity in component systems, --- EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of --- EngineeringComponents related by connectedEngineeringComponents, there --- exists at least one EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not --- be unique, and the same EngineeringConnection may be associated with --- several pairs of EngineeringComponents. -fun EngineeringConnection : Class ; -fun EngineeringConnection_Class : SubClass EngineeringConnection EngineeringComponent ; - --- The universal class of individuals. This is the root --- node of the ontology. -fun Entity : Class ; - - --- A complex Protein that is produced by living --- cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six --- main types of enzymes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, --- lyases, isomerases, and ligases. -fun Enzyme : Class ; -fun Enzyme_Class : SubClass Enzyme Protein ; - --- A GroupOfPeople whose members originate --- from the same GeographicArea or share the same Language and/or cultural --- practices. -fun EthnicGroup : Class ; -fun EthnicGroup_Class : SubClass EthnicGroup GroupOfPeople ; - --- A currency measure. 1 EuroCent is equal to .01 --- EuroDollars. -fun EuroCent : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; - - --- A currency measure of most European Union countries. -fun EuroDollar : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; - - --- The Class of Processes where a Substance is --- converted from a Liquid to a Gas at a temperature below its --- Boiling point. -fun Evaporating : Class ; -fun Evaporating_Class : SubClass Evaporating StateChange ; - --- An Integer that is evenly divisible --- by 2. -fun EvenInteger : Class ; -fun EvenInteger_Class : SubClass EvenInteger Integer ; - --- The system of Bones that are on the Outside of an organism and --- make up the supporting structure of many Invertebrates. -fun Exoskeleton : Class ; -fun Exoskeleton_Class : SubClass Exoskeleton (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure BodyPart) ; - - --- Investigating the truth of a Proposition --- by constructing and observing a trial. Note that the trial may be either --- controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind. -fun Experimenting : Class ; -fun Experimenting_Class : SubClass Experimenting Investigating ; - --- An Argument where the conclusion is an --- observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply --- the conclusion. Note that this is the they hypothetico_deductive model --- of explanation. -fun Explanation : Class ; -fun Explanation_Class : SubClass Explanation DeductiveArgument ; - --- (ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns --- the RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the Integer ?INT. -fun ExponentiationFn : El Quantity -> El Integer -> Ind Quantity ; - - --- Instances of this Class express a state of the agent. --- For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking --- in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. Note that Expressing, --- unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of LinguisticCommunication. --- This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by --- smiling. -fun Expressing : Class ; -fun Expressing_Class : SubClass Expressing Communication ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute --- into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute. -fun ExtensionFn : El Attribute -> Class ; - - --- Artifacts that are created by weaving together --- natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of --- Animals. Note that this Class includes articles that are created by --- stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other --- hand, Clothing is not a subclass of Fabric, because many clothing items --- contain elements that are not fabrics. -fun Fabric : Class ; -fun Fabric_Class : SubClass Fabric Artifact ; - --- The class of Texts that purport to --- reveal facts about the world. Such texts are often known as information --- or as non_fiction. Note that something can be an instance of --- FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate. Whether something --- is a FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating --- the text. -fun FactualText : Class ; -fun FactualText_Class : SubClass FactualText Text ; - --- A UnitOfTemperature that is commonly --- used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point --- of water is 32 FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is --- 212 FahrenheitDegrees. -fun FahrenheitDegree : Ind UnitOfTemperature ; - - --- Falling is the class of events in --- which something moves from a higher location to a lower location --- under the force of gravity. -fun Falling : Class ; -fun Falling_Class : SubClass Falling (both MotionDownward Translocation) ; - - --- The TruthValue of being false. -fun False : Ind TruthValue ; - - --- A GroupOfPeople whose members bear --- familyRelations to one another. -fun FamilyGroup : Class ; -fun FamilyGroup_Class : SubClass FamilyGroup GroupOfPeople ; - --- SI capacitance measure. Symbol: F. It is the --- capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears --- a difference of potential of 1 Volt when it is charged by a quantity --- of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb. Farad = C/V = --- m^(_2)*kg(_1)*s^4*A^2. -fun Farad : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- Nonrigid Tissue that is composed largely of --- fat cells. -fun FatTissue : Class ; -fun FatTissue_Class : SubClass FatTissue Tissue ; - --- The Class of all Months which are February. -fun February : Class ; -fun February_Class : SubClass February Month ; - --- The Class of Carnivores with completely --- separable toes, slim bodies, and rounded heads. All felines other than --- the cheetah have retractable claws. -fun Feline : Class ; -fun Feline_Class : SubClass Feline Carnivore ; - --- An Attribute indicating that an Organism is --- female in nature. -fun Female : Ind SexAttribute ; - - --- A NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. --- This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and --- whisk ferns. -fun Fern : Class ; -fun Fern_Class : SubClass Fern NonFloweringPlant ; - --- The class of Texts that purport to --- be largely a product of the author's imagination, i.e. the author --- does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is --- an accurate depiction of the real world. Note that something can --- be an instance of FictionalText, even if it is completely true. --- Whether something is a FictionalText is determined by the beliefs --- of the agent creating the text. -fun FictionalText : Class ; -fun FictionalText_Class : SubClass FictionalText Text ; - --- An academic or applied discipline with --- recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note --- that FieldOfStudy is a subclass of Proposition, because a --- FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational --- content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of --- this content. -fun FieldOfStudy : Class ; -fun FieldOfStudy_Class : SubClass FieldOfStudy Proposition ; - --- Something is Fillable if it can be filled by --- something else. Note that 'filled' here means perfectly filled. --- Something is fillable just in case it is part of a hole, i.e., --- fillability is an exclusive property of holes and their parts. -fun Fillable : Ind ShapeAttribute ; - - --- A document having monetary value --- or recording a monetary transaction -fun FinancialInstrument : Class ; -fun FinancialInstrument_Class : SubClass FinancialInstrument Certificate ; - --- A Transaction where an instance --- of Currency is exchanged for something else. -fun FinancialTransaction : Class ; -fun FinancialTransaction_Class : SubClass FinancialTransaction Transaction ; - --- A Set containing a finite number of elements. -fun FiniteSet : Class ; -fun FiniteSet_Class : SubClass FiniteSet Set ; - --- A cold_blooded aquatic Vertebrate characterized by --- fins and breathing by gills. Included here are Fish having either a bony --- skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. --- Also included are those Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or --- hagfish. -fun Fish : Class ; -fun Fish_Class : SubClass Fish ColdBloodedVertebrate ; - --- The Attribute of being flammable at normal temperatures --- (i.e. not while a Plasma). -fun Flammable : Ind PhysicalAttribute ; - - --- (FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest Integer --- less than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. -fun FloorFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; - - --- FlowRegion is a class of things whose --- boundaries are relatively stable but whose constitutive material is continuously moving --- through the region itself and being replaced by --- other, similar material. Each FlowRegion is constituted by a stream --- of matter moving as a whole. A FlowRegion may be liquid or gaseous. --- A wind may be considered as a Process or as a FlowRegion, similarly --- an OceanCurrent or a WaterWave. The motion process associated with a --- FlowRegion F is denoted by (FlowFn F). Note that certain --- properties belong to the FlowRegion itself (e.g., mass, length, volume, --- temperature, and speed or velocity of the region moving as a whole), --- while other properties of interest belong to the Motion of its --- constitutive stuff (e.g., velocity, direction). The motion of --- a FlowRegion as a whole (e.g., JetStream moves within the atmosphere) --- is distinguished from the motion of the pieces of stuff constituting the --- FlowRegion. See FlowFn and FlowRegionFn. -fun FlowRegion : Class ; - - --- A Plant that produces seeds and flowers. --- This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers. -fun FloweringPlant : Class ; -fun FloweringPlant_Class : SubClass FloweringPlant Plant ; - --- Fluid is the PhysicalState attribute of an --- Object that does not have a fixed shape and thus tends to flow or to --- conform to the shape of a container. -fun Fluid : Ind PhysicalState ; - - --- Any SelfConnectedObject containing Nutrients, --- such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a --- living Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue. -fun Food : Class ; -fun Food_Class : SubClass Food SelfConnectedObject ; - --- English length unit of feet. -fun FootLength : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - --- The Class of Processes where an Object is --- cooled and converted from a Liquid to a Solid. -fun Freezing : Class ; -fun Freezing_Class : SubClass Freezing StateChange ; - --- A subclass of --- TimeDependentQuantity, instances of which are measures of the --- frequency with which some Process occurs. -fun FrequencyMeasure : Class ; -fun FrequencyMeasure_Class : SubClass FrequencyMeasure TimeDependentQuantity ; - --- A WaterArea whose Water is not saline, --- e.g. most rivers and lakes. -fun FreshWaterArea : Class ; -fun FreshWaterArea_Class : SubClass FreshWaterArea WaterArea ; - --- The Class of all calendar Fridays. -fun Friday : Class ; -fun Friday_Class : SubClass Friday Day ; - --- A Function that maps an Object to the side --- that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the --- direction in which the Object moves. Note that this is a partial --- function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and --- spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in --- much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. --- Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, --- it does not have significant practical implications, since there is --- widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. -fun FrontFn : El SelfConnectedObject -> Ind SelfConnectedObject ; - - --- Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a --- ripened ReproductiveBody of a Plant. Note that FruitOrVegetable --- is not a subclass of Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous --- berries, are not edible. -fun FruitOrVegetable : Class ; -fun FruitOrVegetable_Class : SubClass FruitOrVegetable (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; - - --- The stage of an Organism when it has reached --- the end of its growth phase. -fun FullyFormed : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; - - --- A FunctionQuantity --- is a PhysicalQuantity that is returned by a Function that maps --- from one or more instances of ConstantQuantity to another instance --- of ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would --- be represented by a FunctionQuantity relating values of time (which --- are instances of ConstantQuantity) to values of distance --- (also instances of ConstantQuantity). Note that all elements of the --- range of the Function corresponding to a FunctionQuantity have the --- same physical dimension as the FunctionQuantity itself. -fun FunctionQuantity : Class ; -fun FunctionQuantity_Class : SubClass FunctionQuantity PhysicalQuantity ; - --- Any instance of Giving where the patient is an --- instance of Currency. Note that this class covers both financing, e.g. --- where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement --- that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned --- to the firm, and instances of UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition --- waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship. -fun Funding : Class ; -fun Funding_Class : SubClass Funding Giving ; - --- A eukaryotic Organism characterized by the --- absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included --- here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, --- and mushrooms. -fun Fungus : Class ; -fun Fungus_Class : SubClass Fungus Organism ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition --- to the TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at --- PositiveInfinity. -fun FutureFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - --- A Contest whose purpose is the --- enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the Game. -fun Game : Class ; -fun Game_Class : SubClass Game (both Contest RecreationOrExercise) ; - - --- An Object has the Attribute of Gas if it has --- neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape. -fun Gas : Ind PhysicalState ; - - --- Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, --- viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Gas and any --- component other than Gas in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles --- which are suspended in the Gas. -fun GasMixture : Class ; -fun GasMixture_Class : SubClass GasMixture Mixture ; - --- Any Motion where the patient is a --- Gas. This class would cover, in particular, the motion of --- Air, e.g. a breeze or wind. -fun GasMotion : Class ; -fun GasMotion_Class : SubClass GasMotion Motion ; - --- A UnaryFunction that takes a --- SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which --- is the intersection of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. --- the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all --- instances of the original SetOrClass. -fun GeneralizedIntersectionFn : Desc SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass --- of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the --- merge of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass --- containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the --- original SetOrClass. -fun GeneralizedUnionFn : Desc SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - --- A geographic location, generally having --- definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass --- Region in that a GeographicArea is a three_dimensional Region of the --- earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all --- one_dimensional and two_dimensional Regions are not classed under --- GeographicArea. -fun GeographicArea : Class ; -fun GeographicArea_Class : SubClass GeographicArea Region ; - --- The class of activities that --- are caused by geological forces and affect geological features, --- and which may affect the biosphere as well. -fun GeologicalProcess : Class ; -fun GeologicalProcess_Class : SubClass GeologicalProcess (both InternalChange Motion) ; - - --- The class of all geometric figures, i.e. the --- class of all abstract, spatial representations. The instances of this class --- are GeometricPoints, TwoDimensionalFigures or ThreeDimensionalFigures. -fun GeometricFigure : Class ; -fun GeometricFigure_Class : SubClass GeometricFigure ShapeAttribute ; - --- The class of zero_dimensional --- GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of GeometricFigures that have position --- but lack extension in any dimension. -fun GeometricPoint : Class ; -fun GeometricPoint_Class : SubClass GeometricPoint GeometricFigure ; - --- Any GeographicArea which is associated --- with some sort of political structure. This class includes Lands, --- Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity --- of a GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders. -fun GeopoliticalArea : Class ; -fun GeopoliticalArea_Class : SubClass GeopoliticalArea (both Agent GeographicArea) ; - - --- Any BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the --- head, a smile, which is also an instance of Communication. -fun Gesture : Class ; -fun Gesture_Class : SubClass Gesture (both BodyMotion Communication) ; - - --- The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the --- agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is --- obtained is specified with the origin CaseRole. -fun Getting : Class ; -fun Getting_Class : SubClass Getting ChangeOfPossession ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into --- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original --- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (GigaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 Hertz. -fun GigaFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - --- The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the --- agent gives the destination something. -fun Giving : Class ; -fun Giving_Class : SubClass Giving ChangeOfPossession ; - --- Any instance of Giving where the agent gives --- something to the destination which was previously given to the agent by --- the destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone. -fun GivingBack : Class ; -fun GivingBack_Class : SubClass GivingBack Giving ; - --- An Organ that removes Substances from the Blood, --- alters them in some way, and then releases them. -fun Gland : Class ; -fun Gland_Class : SubClass Gland Organ ; - --- The ruling body of a GeopoliticalArea. -fun Government : Class ; -fun Government_Class : SubClass Government GovernmentOrganization ; - --- (GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the --- Government of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, --- (GovernmentFn UnitedStates) denotes the Federal_level government of --- the United States, (GovernmentFn PuertoRico) denotes the government of --- the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. -fun GovernmentFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Government ; - - --- GovernmentOrganization is the --- class of official Organizations that are concerned with the government --- of a GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a subOrganization --- of a government. -fun GovernmentOrganization : Class ; -fun GovernmentOrganization_Class : SubClass GovernmentOrganization Organization ; - --- Any instance of Touching which results in --- a situation where the agent grasps the patient of the Touching. -fun Grabbing : Class ; -fun Grabbing_Class : SubClass Grabbing (both Attaching Touching) ; - - --- The OrganizationalProcess of graduating --- from an EducationalOrganization. -fun Graduation : Class ; -fun Graduation_Class : SubClass Graduation LeavingAnOrganization ; - --- Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. --- 1 kilogram = 1000 Grams. -fun Gram : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - --- The Class of graphs, where a graph is understood --- to be a set of GraphNodes connected by GraphArcs. Note that this --- Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a --- GraphPath between any two GraphNodes. Note too that every Graph --- is required to contain at least two GraphArcs and three GraphNodes. -fun Graph : Class ; -fun Graph_Class : SubClass Graph Abstract ; - --- Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes --- and GraphArcs. Every GraphArc links two GraphNodes. -fun GraphArc : Class ; -fun GraphArc_Class : SubClass GraphArc GraphElement ; - --- A GraphPath that begins (see --- BeginNodeFn) and ends (see EndNodeFn) at the same --- GraphNode. -fun GraphCircuit : Class ; -fun GraphCircuit_Class : SubClass GraphCircuit GraphPath ; - --- Noncompositional parts of Graphs. --- These parts are restricted to GraphNodes and GraphArcs. -fun GraphElement : Class ; -fun GraphElement_Class : SubClass GraphElement Abstract ; - --- A GraphArc in which a GraphNode is --- linked to itself. -fun GraphLoop : Class ; -fun GraphLoop_Class : SubClass GraphLoop GraphArc ; - --- Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes --- and GraphArcs. Every GraphNode is linked by a GraphArc. -fun GraphNode : Class ; -fun GraphNode_Class : SubClass GraphNode GraphElement ; - --- Informally, a single, directed route between --- two GraphNodes in a Graph. Formally, a DirectedGraph that is a --- subGraph of the original Graph and such that no two GraphArcs in --- the DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see InitialNodeFn) or --- the same terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). -fun GraphPath : Class ; -fun GraphPath_Class : SubClass GraphPath DirectedGraph ; - --- A BinaryFunction that maps two GraphNodes --- to the Class of GraphPaths between those two nodes. Note that the two --- GraphNodes must belong to the same Graph. -fun GraphPathFn : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> Desc GraphPath ; - - --- SI absorbed dose measure. Symbol: Gy. It measures --- the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately --- to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to --- matter by ionizing radiation is 1 Joule per kilogram. Gray = J/kg --- = m^2*s^(_2). -fun Gray : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- (GreatestCommonDivisorFn --- ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of --- ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. -fun GreatestCommonDivisorFn : [El Integer] -> Ind Integer ; - - --- A Collection of Agents, e.g. a flock --- of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop. -fun Group : Class ; -fun Group_Class : SubClass Group (both Agent Collection) ; - - --- Any Group whose members are --- exclusively Humans. -fun GroupOfPeople : Class ; -fun GroupOfPeople_Class : SubClass GroupOfPeople Group ; - --- The Process of biological development in which --- an Organism or part of an Organism changes its form or its size. -fun Growth : Class ; -fun Growth_Class : SubClass Growth AutonomicProcess ; - --- Any IntentionalProcess where the agent tries to --- direct the behavior of another Object, whether an Agent or not. -fun Guiding : Class ; -fun Guiding_Class : SubClass Guiding IntentionalProcess ; - --- The subclass of Perception in which the --- sensing is done by an auditory Organ. -fun Hearing : Class ; -fun Hearing_Class : SubClass Hearing Perception ; - --- Any Increasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity --- increased is a TemperatureMeasure. -fun Heating : Class ; -fun Heating_Class : SubClass Heating Increasing ; - --- SI inductance measure. Symbol: H. One Henry --- is equivalent to one Volt divided by one Ampere per SecondDuration. --- If a current changing at the rate of one Ampere per SecondDuration --- induces an electromotive force of one Volt, the circuit has an --- inductance of one Henry. Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(_2)*A^(_2). -fun Henry : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- SI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the --- number of cycles per second. Hertz = s^(_1). Note that Hertz --- does not have a conversion function. -fun Hertz : Ind UnitOfFrequency ; - - --- OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an --- employee of an Organization. -fun Hiring : Class ; -fun Hiring_Class : SubClass Hiring JoiningAnOrganization ; - --- A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface --- of an Object. Since every Hole is ontologically dependent on its host --- (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a Hole is defined as --- being a hole in something. Note that two Holes may occupy the same --- region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts. Any two --- hosts of a hole have a common proper part that entirely hosts the hole. A --- common host of two holes hosts all parts of the sum of those holes. Any --- object that includes the host of a hole is a host of that hole, unless its --- parts also include parts of that very hole. Overlapping holes have --- overlapping hosts. No hole is atomic. Holes are connected with their --- hosts. No hole can have a proper part that is externally connected with --- exactly the same things as the hole itself. -fun Hole : Class ; -fun Hole_Class : SubClass Hole Region ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to --- the Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a Hole --- is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only --- when the argument is a hole). -fun HoleHostFn : El Hole -> Ind Object ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the skin --- of the Hole. The skin of a Hole is the fusion of those superficial --- parts (see superficialPart) of the Hole's principal host (see --- HoleHostFn) with which the Hole is externally connected. -fun HoleSkinFn : El Hole -> Ind Object ; - - --- Includes Humans and relatively recent --- ancestors of Humans. -fun Hominid : Class ; -fun Hominid_Class : SubClass Hominid Primate ; - --- The Class of quadruped Mammals with hooves. --- Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc. -fun HoofedMammal : Class ; -fun HoofedMammal_Class : SubClass HoofedMammal Mammal ; - --- Attribute used to indicate that an Object --- is positioned width_wise with respect to another Object. -fun Horizontal : Ind PositionalAttribute ; - - --- In Animals, a chemical secreted by an --- endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid. --- Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or --- control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents, --- are assigned to the Class BiologicallyActiveSubstance. Hormones act as --- chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as --- growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. They usually fall into two broad --- categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones. -fun Hormone : Class ; -fun Hormone_Class : SubClass Hormone (both BiologicallyActiveSubstance BodySubstance) ; - - --- A power measure that is equal to 746 Watts. -fun Horsepower : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- The Class of all clock Hours. -fun Hour : Class ; -fun Hour_Class : SubClass Hour TimeInterval ; - --- Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes. -fun HourDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - --- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and --- a subclass of Days to the Hours within each Day corresponding to that --- NonnegativeInteger. For example, (HourFn 12 Thursday) is the Class of all --- instances of noon Thursday. For another example, (HourFn 0 Day) would return --- the class of all instances of midnight. For still another example, (HourFn 14 --- (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of --- August 1912. -fun HourFn : El NonnegativeInteger -> Desc Day -> Desc Hour ; - - --- A ResidentialBuilding which is intended to be --- inhabited by members of the same SocialUnit. Houses are distinguished --- from temporary housing like hotels and multi_family dwellings like condominium --- and apartment buildings. -fun House : Class ; -fun House_Class : SubClass House (both ResidentialBuilding SingleFamilyResidence) ; - - --- Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo --- genus. -fun Human : Class ; -fun Human_Class : SubClass Human (both CognitiveAgent Hominid) ; - - --- The subclass of Languages used by --- Humans. -fun HumanLanguage : Class ; -fun HumanLanguage_Class : SubClass HumanLanguage Language ; - --- Hunting is the class of Processes in which --- an animal or animals are pursued and sometimes captured and/or killed. -fun Hunting : Class ; -fun Hunting_Class : SubClass Hunting Pursuing ; - --- This is the subclass of ContentBearingPhysical --- which are not part of a Language and which have some sort of similarity --- with the Objects that they represent. This Class would include symbolic --- roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc. -fun Icon : Class ; -fun Icon_Class : SubClass Icon ContentBearingPhysical ; - --- The Attribute of Regions that are --- illuminated to some degree, i.e. in which some shapes are visually --- discernable. -fun Illuminated : Ind VisualAttribute ; - - --- Any Number that is the result of --- multiplying a RealNumber by the square root of _1. -fun ImaginaryNumber : Class ; -fun ImaginaryNumber_Class : SubClass ImaginaryNumber Number ; - --- (ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns --- the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of _1 as its factor. -fun ImaginaryPartFn : El ComplexNumber -> Ind ImaginaryNumber ; - - --- (ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes the --- immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the Group consisting of the parents of --- ?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a parent. -fun ImmediateFamilyFn : El Human -> Ind FamilyGroup ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a --- TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that --- immediately follows the TimePosition. -fun ImmediateFutureFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a --- TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that --- immediately precedes the TimePosition. -fun ImmediatePastFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - --- Any Touching where something comes into --- sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples --- would be striking, knocking, whipping etc. -fun Impacting : Class ; -fun Impacting_Class : SubClass Impacting Touching ; - --- The subclass of Transfer where the patient --- travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples --- would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc. -fun Impelling : Class ; -fun Impelling_Class : SubClass Impelling Transfer ; - --- English length unit of inches. -fun Inch : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - --- InchMercury is a UnitOfMeasure --- for barometricPressure. It is used to express the number of --- inches of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer by the --- surrounding air pressure. -fun InchMercury : Ind UnitOfAtmosphericPressure ; - - --- Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity --- is increased. -fun Increasing : Class ; -fun Increasing_Class : SubClass Increasing QuantityChange ; - --- An Argument which is inductive, i.e. it is --- claimed that a set of specific cases makes the conclusion, which generalizes --- these cases, more likely to be true. -fun InductiveArgument : Class ; -fun InductiveArgument_Class : SubClass InductiveArgument Argument ; - --- Measures of the amount of information. --- Includes Bit, Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. KiloByte and --- MegaByte. -fun InformationMeasure : Class ; -fun InformationMeasure_Class : SubClass InformationMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - --- The Process by which Food is --- taken into an Animal. -fun Ingesting : Class ; -fun Ingesting_Class : SubClass Ingesting OrganismProcess ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a --- GraphArc to the initial node of the GraphArc. Note --- that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is --- undefined for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. -fun InitialNodeFn : El GraphArc -> Ind GraphNode ; - - --- Inserting a BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an --- Animal or a Human with a syringe. -fun Injecting : Class ; -fun Injecting_Class : SubClass Injecting Inserting ; - --- The process of creating a traumatic wound or --- injury. Since Injuring is not possible without some biologic function --- of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess. -fun Injuring : Class ; -fun Injuring_Class : SubClass Injuring PathologicProcess ; -fun Injuring_Damaging : SubClassC Injuring Damaging (\INJ -> exists Organism (\ORGANISM -> patient(var Damaging Process ? INJ)(var Organism Entity ? ORGANISM))); - - --- A Class of small Arthropods that are --- air_breathing and that are distinguished by appearance. -fun Insect : Class ; -fun Insect_Class : SubClass Insect Arthropod ; - --- Putting one thing inside of another thing. -fun Inserting : Class ; -fun Inserting_Class : SubClass Inserting Putting ; - --- A negative or nonnegative whole number. -fun Integer : Class ; -fun Integer_Class : SubClass Integer RationalNumber ; - --- (IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) --- returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER. -fun IntegerSquareRootFn : El RealNumber -> Ind NonnegativeInteger ; - - --- A Process that has a specific --- purpose for the CognitiveAgent who performs it. -fun IntentionalProcess : Class ; -fun IntentionalProcess_Class : SubClass IntentionalProcess Process ; - --- An IntentionalProcess that --- can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an Organism. Thus, --- for example, Reasoning is a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, --- because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain. On the other --- hand, RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, --- because many instances of RecreationOrExercise necessarily have subProcesses --- of BodyMotion. -fun IntentionalPsychologicalProcess : Class ; -fun IntentionalPsychologicalProcess_Class : SubClass IntentionalPsychologicalProcess (both IntentionalProcess PsychologicalProcess) ; - - --- Any Attribute of an Entity that is an --- internal property of the Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, --- etc. -fun InternalAttribute : Class ; -fun InternalAttribute_Class : SubClass InternalAttribute Attribute ; - --- Processes which involve altering an internal --- property of an Object, e.g. the shape of the Object, its coloring, its --- structure, etc. Processes that are not instances of this class include --- changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in --- spatial or temporal location. -fun InternalChange : Class ; -fun InternalChange_Class : SubClass InternalChange Process ; - --- Any Process of assigning a Proposition to --- a Text, i.e. understanding the Text. -fun Interpreting : Class ; -fun Interpreting_Class : SubClass Interpreting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - --- A BinaryFunction that maps two --- SetOrClasses to the intersection of these SetOrClasses. An object is --- an instance of the intersection of two SetOrClasses just in case it is --- an instance of both of those SetOrClasses. -fun IntersectionFn : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - --- A BinaryFunction that --- maps two instances of ConstantQuantity to the subclass of --- ConstantQuantity that comprises the interval from the first --- ConstantQuantity to the second ConstantQuantity. For --- example, (IntervalFn (MeasureFn 8 Meter) (MeasureFn 14 Meter)) --- would return the subclass of ConstantQuantity comprising quantities --- between 8 and 14 meters in length. -fun IntervalFn : El ConstantQuantity -> El ConstantQuantity -> Desc ConstantQuantity ; - - --- DeductiveArguments that are not --- ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of premises --- in fact entails the conclusion. -fun InvalidDeductiveArgument : Class ; -fun InvalidDeductiveArgument_Class : SubClass InvalidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument ; - --- An Animal which has no spinal column. -fun Invertebrate : Class ; -fun Invertebrate_Class : SubClass Invertebrate Animal ; - --- The class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses --- where the agent attempts to obtaina information (i.e. a Proposition denoted --- by a Formula). -fun Investigating : Class ; -fun Investigating_Class : SubClass Investigating IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - --- Any RealNumber that is not also a --- RationalNumber. -fun IrrationalNumber : Class ; -fun IrrationalNumber_Class : SubClass IrrationalNumber RealNumber ; - --- A LandArea that is completely surrounded by a WaterArea. -fun Island : Class ; -fun Island_Class : SubClass Island LandArea ; - --- The Class of all Months which are January. -fun January : Class ; -fun January_Class : SubClass January Month ; - --- The OrganizationalProcess of --- becoming a member of an Organization. -fun JoiningAnOrganization : Class ; -fun JoiningAnOrganization_Class : SubClass JoiningAnOrganization OrganizationalProcess ; - --- SI energy measure. Symbol: J. It is the work --- done when the point of application of 1 Newton is displaced a distance --- of 1 Meter in the direction of the force. Joule = N*m = --- m^2*kg*s^(_2). -fun Joule : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts --- for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to --- him/her. -fun Judging : Class ; -fun Judging_Class : SubClass Judging Selecting ; - --- JudicialOrganization is the class --- of Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according --- to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization. --- Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example, --- those associated with sporting associations. -fun JudicialOrganization : Class ; -fun JudicialOrganization_Class : SubClass JudicialOrganization Organization ; - --- Any legal proceeding which is conducted --- by a JudicialOrganization. Note that there is an important difference --- between the concepts LegalAction and JudicialProcess. The former --- refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits, --- while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings --- where the merits of a LegalAction are decided. -fun JudicialProcess : Class ; -fun JudicialProcess_PoliticalProcess : SubClassC JudicialProcess PoliticalProcess (\PROCESS -> forall Organization (\ORG -> agent(var PoliticalProcess Process ? PROCESS)(var Organization Agent ? ORG))); - - --- The Class of all Months which are July. -fun July : Class ; -fun July_Class : SubClass July Month ; - --- The Class of all Months which are June. -fun June : Class ; -fun June_Class : SubClass June Month ; - --- The Class of Processes where the agent --- keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time. -fun Keeping : Class ; -fun Keeping_Class : SubClass Keeping IntentionalProcess ; - --- SI UnitOfMeasure used --- with MeasureFn to produce terms denoting instances of --- TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in --- SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the --- Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be --- 273.16 KelvinDegrees while it is 0 CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes --- of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the --- conversion constant is 273.15. -fun KelvinDegree : Ind UnitOfTemperature ; - - --- The subclass of Destruction in which the --- death of an Organism is caused by an Organism. Note that in cases --- of suicide the Organism would be the same in both cases. -fun Killing : Class ; -fun Killing_Class : SubClass Killing Destruction ; - --- One KiloByte (KB) of information. One --- KiloByte is 1024 Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is --- different from the one accepted in the SI system. -fun KiloByte : Ind UnitOfInformation ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into --- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. --- For example, (KiloFn Gram) is 1,000 Grams. -fun KiloFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - --- Supermultiple of Gramm. Symbol: kg. 1 Kilogram --- = 1000 Grams. -fun Kilogram : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - --- Supermultiple of Meter. Symbol: km. A --- Meter is the 1000th part of a Kilometer -fun Kilometer : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - --- An area which is predominantly solid ground, --- e.g. a Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a LandArea may --- contain some relatively small WaterAreas. For example, Australia is --- a LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes. -fun LandArea : Class ; -fun LandArea_Class : SubClass LandArea GeographicArea ; - --- LandTransitway is the subclass of --- Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground. -fun LandTransitway : Class ; -fun LandTransitway_Class : SubClass LandTransitway (both LandArea Transitway) ; - - --- A system of signs for expressing thought. The --- system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges --- gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created --- by a person or group of people. -fun Language : Class ; -fun Language_Class : SubClass Language LinguisticExpression ; - --- Form of most Invertebrates, Amphibians, and --- Fish immediately after they hatch. This form is fundamentally unlike --- the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form. -fun Larval : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; - - --- Attribute that applies to Propositions that are --- required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced --- with penalties for noncompliance. These Propositions may be codified as --- legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy. -fun Law : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - --- The Class of all leap years. These are years --- which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly --- divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century). -fun LeapYear : Class ; -fun LeapYear_Class : SubClass LeapYear Year ; - --- The Class of Processes which relate to the --- acquisition of information. -fun Learning : Class ; -fun Learning_Class : SubClass Learning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - --- (LeastCommonMultipleFn --- ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of --- ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. -fun LeastCommonMultipleFn : [El Integer] -> Ind Integer ; - - --- The OrganizationalProcess of --- leaving an Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. -fun LeavingAnOrganization : Class ; -fun LeavingAnOrganization_Class : SubClass LeavingAnOrganization OrganizationalProcess ; - --- This PositionalAttribute is derived from the --- left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the left, so that, --- if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the --- two objects overlap. -fun Left : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - --- Any Process where a CognitiveAgent seeks --- to obtain something through a court of law. -fun LegalAction : Class ; -fun LegalAction_Class : SubClass LegalAction Contest ; - --- A decision issued by a court with respect to --- a LegalAction. Note that a LegalDecision is the act of Declaring a --- decision of a court, it is not the act of judge or jury Deciding the merits --- of a particular LegalAction. -fun LegalDecision : Class ; -fun LegalDecision_Class : SubClass LegalDecision (both Declaring JudicialProcess) ; - - --- The subclass of Giving Processes where --- the agent gives the destination something for a limited period of --- time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with --- interest). -fun Lending : Class ; -fun Lending_Class : SubClass Lending Giving ; - --- A subclass of --- ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of length. -fun LengthMeasure : Class ; -fun LengthMeasure_Class : SubClass LengthMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - --- The ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. more --- likely than not to be True. -fun Likely : Ind ProbabilityAttribute ; - - --- A Communication that involves --- the transfer of information via a LinguisticExpression. -fun LinguisticCommunication : Class ; -fun LinguisticCommunication_Class : SubClass LinguisticCommunication Communication ; - --- This is the subclass of --- ContentBearingPhysical which are language_related. Note that this Class --- encompasses both Language and the the elements of Languages, --- e.g. Words. -fun LinguisticExpression : Class ; -fun LinguisticExpression_Class : SubClass LinguisticExpression ContentBearingPhysical ; - --- An Object has the Attribute of Liquid if --- it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. -fun Liquid : Ind PhysicalState ; - - --- Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, --- viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Liquid and any --- component other than Liquid in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles --- which are suspended in the Liquid. -fun LiquidMixture : Class ; -fun LiquidMixture_Class : SubClass LiquidMixture Mixture ; - --- Any Motion where the patient is a --- Liquid. This class would cover, in particular, the flow of --- Water. -fun LiquidMotion : Class ; -fun LiquidMotion_Class : SubClass LiquidMotion Motion ; - --- Every List is a particular ordered n_tuple of --- items. Generally speaking, Lists are created by means of the ListFn --- Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a --- List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other --- Lists, may be an item in a List. Note too that Lists are --- extensional _ two lists that have the same items in the same order are --- identical. Note too that a List may contain no items. In that case, --- the List is the NullList. -fun List : Class ; - - --- A Function that returns the concatenation --- of the two Lists that are given as arguments. For example, the value of --- (ListConcatenateFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday) (ListFn Wednesday --- Thursday)) would be (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday). -fun ListConcatenateFn : El List -> El List -> Ind List ; - - --- A Function that takes any number of arguments and --- returns the List containing those arguments in exactly the same order. -fun ListFn : [El Entity] -> Ind List ; - - --- A Function that takes a List as its sole --- argument and returns the number of items in the List. For example, --- (ListLengthFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would return the --- value 3. -fun ListLengthFn : El List -> Ind NonnegativeInteger ; - - --- (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item --- that is in the ?NUMBER position in the List ?LIST. For example, --- (ListOrderFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday) 2) would return the --- value Tuesday. -fun ListOrderFn : El List -> El PositiveInteger -> Ind Entity ; - - --- Any instance of Hearing which is intentional. -fun Listening : Class ; -fun Listening_Class : SubClass Listening (both Hearing IntentionalProcess) ; - - --- Unit of volume in the metric --- system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic --- decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l. -fun Liter : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - --- This Attribute applies to Organisms that are --- alive. -fun Living : Ind AnimacyAttribute ; - - --- (LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the --- RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the Integer ?INT. -fun LogFn : El RealNumber -> El PositiveInteger -> Ind RealNumber ; - - --- This Class comprises all --- of the logical operators (viz. 'and', 'or', 'not', '=>', and '<=>'). -fun LogicalOperator : Class ; - - --- Any instance of Seeing which is intentional. -fun Looking : Class ; -fun Looking_Class : SubClass Looking (both IntentionalProcess Seeing) ; - - --- SI luminous flux measure. Symbol: lm. It is the --- amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 Steradian from a --- uniform point source having an intensity of one Candela. Lumen = --- cd*sr = cd * 1. -fun Lumen : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- SI illuminance measure. Symbol: lx. It is the --- amount of illumination provided when one Lumen is evenly distributed --- over an area of 1 square Meter. This is also equivalent to the --- illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one --- Meter from a point source of one Candela. Lux = lm/m^2 = --- m^(_2)*cd. -fun Lux : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- Machines are Devices that that have a --- well_defined resource and result and that automatically convert --- the resource into the result. -fun Machine : Class ; -fun Machine_Class : SubClass Machine Device ; - --- The magnitude of a PhysicalQuantity is the --- numeric value for the quantity. In other words, MagnitudeFn converts --- a PhysicalQuantity with an associated UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary --- RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the ConstantQuantity 2 --- Kilometers is the RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a --- quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original --- quantity. -fun MagnitudeFn : El PhysicalQuantity -> Ind RealNumber ; - - --- The Class of Processes where the agent --- cares for or maintains the Object. -fun Maintaining : Class ; -fun Maintaining_Class : SubClass Maintaining IntentionalProcess ; - --- The subclass of Creation in which an individual --- Artifact or a type of Artifact is made. -fun Making : Class ; -fun Making_Class : SubClass Making (both Creation IntentionalProcess) ; - - --- An Attribute indicating that an Organism is --- male in nature. -fun Male : Ind SexAttribute ; - - --- A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature --- and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat --- glands. -fun Mammal : Class ; -fun Mammal_Class : SubClass Mammal WarmBloodedVertebrate ; - --- The class of Male Humans. -fun Man : Class ; -fun Man_Class : SubClass Man Human ; - --- OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing --- the activities of others. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess --- and its sibling Managing. The latter implies a long_term relationship between --- the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which --- the activities of the regulated are referred. -fun Managing : Class ; -fun Managing_Class : SubClass Managing (both Guiding OrganizationalProcess) ; - - --- An intentional move or play within a Contest. --- In many cases, a Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for --- winning the Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi_arbitrary --- division of the overarching Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game. -fun Maneuver : Class ; -fun Maneuver_Class : SubClass Maneuver IntentionalProcess ; - --- A ManualHumanLanguage is a --- HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such --- as the shape, position, and movement of the hands. -fun ManualHumanLanguage : Class ; -fun ManualHumanLanguage_Class : SubClass ManualHumanLanguage HumanLanguage ; - --- The Making of Artifacts on a mass --- scale. -fun Manufacture : Class ; -fun Manufacture_Class : SubClass Manufacture Making ; - --- Any Corporation which manufactures Products. -fun Manufacturer : Class ; -fun Manufacturer_Class : SubClass Manufacturer Corporation ; - --- The Class of all Months which are March. -fun March : Class ; -fun March_Class : SubClass March Month ; - --- The Class of Mammals which have a pouch for --- their young. -fun Marsupial : Class ; -fun Marsupial_Class : SubClass Marsupial Mammal ; - --- A subclass of --- ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of the amount of --- matter in an Object. -fun MassMeasure : Class ; -fun MassMeasure_Class : SubClass MassMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - --- The OrganizationalProcess of joining an --- EducationalOrganization as a student. -fun Matriculation : Class ; -fun Matriculation_Class : SubClass Matriculation JoiningAnOrganization ; - --- (MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of --- ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, --- MaxFn returns one of its arguments. -fun MaxFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - --- This BinaryFunction assigns two --- GraphNodes to the GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs --- between the two GraphNodes. -fun MaximalWeightedPathFn : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> Ind GraphPath ; - - --- The Class of all Months which are May. -fun May : Class ; -fun May_Class : SubClass May Month ; - --- This BinaryFunction maps a --- RealNumber and a UnitOfMeasure to that Number of units. It is --- used to express `measured' instances of PhysicalQuantity. Example: --- the concept of three meters is represented as (MeasureFn 3 --- Meter). -fun MeasureFn : El RealNumber -> El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind PhysicalQuantity ; - - --- The Class of Calculating Processes where --- the aim is to determine the PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the patient. -fun Measuring : Class ; -fun Measuring_Class : SubClass Measuring Calculating ; - --- Any Device whose purpose is to measure a --- PhysicalQuantity. -fun MeasuringDevice : Class ; -fun MeasuringDevice_Class : SubClass MeasuringDevice Device ; - --- Any Food which was originally part of an --- Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal --- blood that is eaten as food. Note that this class covers both raw --- meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking. --- Note too that preparations involving Meat and FruitOrVegetable --- are classed directly under Food. -fun Meat : Class ; -fun Meat_Class : SubClass Meat Food ; - --- The coming together of two or more --- CognitiveAgents for the purpose of Communication. This covers informal --- meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board --- of directors meeting. -fun Meeting : Class ; -fun Meeting_Class : SubClass Meeting SocialInteraction ; - --- One MegaByte (MB) of information. One --- MegaByte is 1024 KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is --- different from the one accepted in the SI system. -fun MegaByte : Ind UnitOfInformation ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into --- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original --- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MegaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000 Hertz. -fun MegaFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - --- The Class of Processes where an Object is --- heated and converted from a Solid to a Liquid. -fun Melting : Class ; -fun Melting_Class : SubClass Melting StateChange ; - --- Any Corporation which sells --- goods or services to customers for a profit. -fun MercantileOrganization : Class ; -fun MercantileOrganization_Class : SubClass MercantileOrganization Corporation ; - --- (MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 --- ?OBJ2) denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1 --- and not to ?OBJ2. -fun MereologicalDifferenceFn : El Object -> El Object -> Ind Object ; - - --- (MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) --- denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1 --- and ?OBJ2. -fun MereologicalProductFn : El Object -> El Object -> Ind Object ; - - --- (MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) --- denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to either --- ?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2. -fun MereologicalSumFn : El Object -> El Object -> Ind Object ; - - --- A Metal is an ElementalSubstance that conducts heat --- and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered --- into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements --- (ElementalSubstances) are metals. -fun Metal : Class ; -fun Metal_Class : SubClass Metal ElementalSubstance ; - --- SI UnitOfLength. Symbol: m. It is one of the --- base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Meter --- is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time --- interval of 1/299792458 of a SecondDuration. -fun Meter : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into --- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. --- For example, (MicroFn Meter) is .000001 Meters. -fun MicroFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - --- An Organism that can be seen only with --- the aid of a microscope. -fun Microorganism : Class ; -fun Microorganism_Class : SubClass Microorganism Organism ; - --- English length unit of miles. -fun Mile : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - --- MilitaryForce is the subclass of --- Organizations that are organized along military lines and for the --- purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not --- the force is an official GovernmentOrganization. -fun MilitaryForce : Class ; -fun MilitaryForce_Class : SubClass MilitaryForce PoliticalOrganization ; - --- Any heavily armed Organization --- that is part of a Government and that is charged with representing the --- Government in international conflicts. -fun MilitaryOrganization : Class ; -fun MilitaryOrganization_Class : SubClass MilitaryOrganization (both GovernmentOrganization MilitaryForce) ; - - --- Any Process that is carried out by a --- military organization. Note that this class covers Processes, e.g. --- military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as --- those which are unscripted. -fun MilitaryProcess : Class ; -fun MilitaryProcess_Class : SubClass MilitaryProcess PoliticalProcess ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into --- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. --- For example, (MilliFn Gram) is .001 Grams. -fun MilliFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - --- Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: mm. A millimeter --- is the 1000th part of a meter -fun Millimeter : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - --- (MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of --- ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, --- MinFn returns one of its arguments. -fun MinFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - --- Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous --- substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or --- synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form --- and properties of a naturally occurring mineral. -fun Mineral : Class ; -fun Mineral_Class : SubClass Mineral Substance ; - --- A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph --- the Class of GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the Graph and --- which have the least number of GraphArcs. -fun MinimalCutSetFn : El Graph -> Desc GraphPath ; - - --- This BinaryFunction assigns two --- GraphNodes to the GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs --- between the two GraphNodes. -fun MinimalWeightedPathFn : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> Ind GraphPath ; - - --- The Class of all clock Minutes. -fun Minute : Class ; -fun Minute_Class : SubClass Minute TimeInterval ; - --- Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. -fun MinuteDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - --- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and --- a subclass of Hours to the Minutes within each Hour corresponding to that --- NonnegativeInteger. For example, (MinuteFn 30 (HourFn 17 Day)) is the Class --- of all 5:30's in the afternoon. For another example, (MinuteFn 15 Hour) would return --- the class of all instances of quarter past the hour. For still another example, --- (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912))))) denotes --- 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912. -fun MinuteFn : El NonnegativeInteger -> Desc Hour -> Desc Minute ; - - --- A Mixture is two or more PureSubstances, --- combined in varying proportions _ each retaining its own specific properties. --- The components of a Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without --- the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly --- dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. -fun Mixture : Class ; -fun Mixture_Class : SubClass Mixture Substance ; - --- MmMercury is a UnitOfMeasure --- for barometricPressure. It is used to express the number --- of millimeters of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer --- by the surrounding air pressure. -fun MmMercury : Ind UnitOfAtmosphericPressure ; - - --- SI amount of substance --- unit. symbol: mol. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as --- follows: the Mole is the amount of substance of a system which --- contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 --- Kilograms of carbon 12. Note that, when this UnitOfMeasure is --- used, the elementary entities must be specified _ they may be atoms, --- molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such particles. -fun Mole : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - --- A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a --- CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties --- of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more Atoms --- linked by a chemical bond. -fun Molecule : Class ; -fun Molecule_Class : SubClass Molecule CompoundSubstance ; - --- Soft_bodied Invertebrate that is usually --- contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, --- octopi, and squid. -fun Mollusk : Class ; -fun Mollusk_Class : SubClass Mollusk Invertebrate ; - --- The Class of all calendar Mondays. -fun Monday : Class ; -fun Monday_Class : SubClass Monday Day ; - --- Various Primates with relatively long --- tails. -fun Monkey : Class ; -fun Monkey_Class : SubClass Monkey Primate ; - --- An Object with this Attribute has --- the same color on every part of its surface. -fun Monochromatic : Ind ColorAttribute ; - - --- The Class of all calendar Months. -fun Month : Class ; -fun Month_Class : SubClass Month TimeInterval ; - --- Time unit. A month's duration is at least --- 28 days, and no more than 31 days. Note that this unit is a range, rather --- than an exact amount, unlike most other units. -fun MonthDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - --- A BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of Month and a --- subclass of Year to the class containing the Months corresponding to thos Years. --- For example (MonthFn January (YearFn 1912)) is the class containing the eighth --- Month, i.e. August, of the Year 1912. For another example, (MonthFn August --- Year) is equal to August, the class of all months of August. Note that this function --- returns a Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. --- DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals --- and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of --- these functions classes rather than individuals. -fun MonthFn : Desc Month -> Desc Year -> Desc Month ; - - --- Part of a Word which cannot be subdivided --- and which expresses a meaning. -fun Morpheme : Class ; -fun Morpheme_Class : SubClass Morpheme LinguisticExpression ; - --- A NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little --- if any vascular tissue. -fun Moss : Class ; -fun Moss_Class : SubClass Moss NonFloweringPlant ; - --- Any Process of movement. -fun Motion : Class ; -fun Motion_Class : SubClass Motion Process ; - --- Motion where an Object is moving toward the --- ground. -fun MotionDownward : Class ; -fun MotionDownward_Class : SubClass MotionDownward Motion ; - --- A ContentBearingObject which depicts motion --- (and which may have an audio or text component as well). This Class covers --- films, videos, etc. -fun MotionPicture : Class ; -fun MotionPicture_Class : SubClass MotionPicture Text ; - --- Motion where an Object is moving away --- from the ground. -fun MotionUpward : Class ; -fun MotionUpward_Class : SubClass MotionUpward Motion ; - --- A TimeZone that covers much of the --- Rocky Mountain region of the United States. -fun MountainTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; - - --- The Class of multigraphs. A multigraph --- is a Graph containing at least one pair of GraphNodes that are --- connected by more than one GraphArc. -fun MultiGraph : Class ; -fun MultiGraph_Class : SubClass MultiGraph Graph ; - --- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, --- then (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product --- of these numbers. -fun MultiplicationFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - --- Nonrigid Tissue appearing only in Animals and --- composed largely of contractile cells. -fun Muscle : Class ; -fun Muscle_Class : SubClass Muscle (both AnimalSubstance Tissue) ; - - --- The subclass of RadiatingSound where the --- sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately. -fun Music : Class ; -fun Music_Class : SubClass Music RadiatingSound ; - --- A Device which is manipulated by a Human --- and whose purpose is to produce Music. -fun MusicalInstrument : Class ; -fun MusicalInstrument_Class : SubClass MusicalInstrument Device ; - --- A SetOrClass is a MutuallyDisjointClass --- just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of --- the original SetOrClass. -fun MutuallyDisjointClass : Class ; -fun MutuallyDisjointClass_Class : SubClass MutuallyDisjointClass SetOrClass ; - --- A Class of Arthropods that includes --- centipedes and millipedes. -fun Myriapod : Class ; -fun Myriapod_Class : SubClass Myriapod Arthropod ; - --- A Promise where nothing is promised in return, --- i.e. a nudum pactum. -fun NakedPromise : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - --- The Process of assigning a name to someone or something. -fun Naming : Class ; -fun Naming_Class : SubClass Naming Declaring ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into --- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original --- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MicroFn SecondDuration) is .000000001 --- SecondDurations. -fun NanoFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - --- The broadest GeopoliticalArea, i.e. Nations are --- GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and --- comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts --- of loose international organizations). -fun Nation : Class ; -fun Nation_Class : SubClass Nation (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; - - --- The subclass of HumanLanguages which --- are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This --- Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, --- Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural --- languages. -fun NaturalLanguage : Class ; -fun NaturalLanguage_Class : SubClass NaturalLanguage HumanLanguage ; - --- A Process that take place in nature --- spontanously. -fun NaturalProcess : Class ; -fun NaturalProcess_Class : SubClass NaturalProcess Process ; - --- Any Substance that is not the result of --- an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally. -fun NaturalSubstance : Class ; -fun NaturalSubstance_Class : SubClass NaturalSubstance Substance ; - --- The relation of common sense adjacency. Note that, if --- an object is Near another object, then the objects are not connected. -fun Near : Ind SymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - --- Attribute that applies to Propositions that are --- necessary, i.e. true in every possible world. -fun Necessity : Ind AlethicAttribute ; - - --- The TimePoint that is before --- all other TimePoints. -fun NegativeInfinity : Ind TimePoint ; - - --- An Integer that is less than zero. -fun NegativeInteger : Class ; -fun NegativeInteger_Class : SubClass NegativeInteger (both Integer NegativeRealNumber) ; - - --- A RealNumber that is less than --- zero. -fun NegativeRealNumber : Class ; -fun NegativeRealNumber_RealNumber : SubClassC NegativeRealNumber RealNumber (\NUMBER -> lessThan(var RealNumber Quantity ? NUMBER)(el Integer Quantity ? (toInt 0))); - - --- A system in Vertebrates that is made up of --- the Brain, the spinal cord, nerves, etc. -fun NervousSystem : Class ; -fun NervousSystem_Class : SubClass NervousSystem (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure Organ) ; - - --- Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have no --- charge. -fun Neutron : Class ; -fun Neutron_Class : SubClass Neutron SubatomicParticle ; - --- SI force measure. Symbol: N. It is that force --- which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 Meter per --- SecondDuration. Newton = m*kg*s^(_2). -fun Newton : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- Instances of --- this Class are UnitsOfMeasure that are applied to a single --- dimension, and so are not intrinsically defined by the functional --- composition of other units. -fun NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure : Class ; -fun NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure_Class : SubClass NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure UnitOfMeasure ; - --- A Plant that reproduces with spores and --- does not produce flowers. -fun NonFloweringPlant : Class ; -fun NonFloweringPlant_Class : SubClass NonFloweringPlant Plant ; - --- The stage of an Organism before it is --- FullyFormed. -fun NonFullyFormed : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; - - --- Any SetOrClass that contains at least one --- instance. -fun NonNullSet : Class ; -fun NonNullSet_Class : SubClass NonNullSet SetOrClass ; - --- An Integer that is greater than --- or equal to zero. -fun NonnegativeInteger : Class ; -fun NonnegativeInteger_Class : SubClass NonnegativeInteger (both Integer NonnegativeRealNumber) ; - - --- A RealNumber that is greater than --- or equal to zero. -fun NonnegativeRealNumber : Class ; -fun NonnegativeRealNumber_RealNumber : SubClassC NonnegativeRealNumber RealNumber (\NUMBER -> greaterThanOrEqualTo(var RealNumber Quantity ? NUMBER)(el Integer Quantity ? (toInt 0))); - - --- A Class containing all of the --- Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, --- etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that --- something ought or ought not to be the case. -fun NormativeAttribute : Class ; -fun NormativeAttribute_Class : SubClass NormativeAttribute RelationalAttribute ; - --- The compass direction of North. -fun North : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; - - --- One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words --- that conventionally denote Objects. -fun Noun : Class ; -fun Noun_Class : SubClass Noun Word ; - --- A Phrase that has the same function as a --- Noun. -fun NounPhrase : Class ; -fun NounPhrase_Class : SubClass NounPhrase Phrase ; - --- The Class of all Months which are November. -fun November : Class ; -fun November_Class : SubClass November Month ; - --- The List that has no items. The uniqueness of --- NullList follows from the extensionality of Lists, i.e. the fact that --- two Lists with the same items in the same order are identical. -fun NullList : Ind List ; - - --- Any SetOrClass that contains no instances. -fun NullSet : Class ; -fun NullSet_Class : SubClass NullSet SetOrClass ; - --- A measure of how many things there are, or how --- much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into --- RealNumber, ComplexNumber, and ImaginaryNumber. -fun Number : Class ; -fun Number_Class : SubClass Number Quantity ; - --- NumberE is the RealNumber that is the base for --- natural logarithms. It is approximately equal to 2.718282. -fun NumberE : Ind PositiveRealNumber ; - - --- (NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator --- of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER. -fun NumeratorFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; - - --- A BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an Organism. --- It is generally ingested as Food, and it is of primary interest because of its role --- in the biologic functioning of the Organism. -fun Nutrient : Class ; -fun Nutrient_Class : SubClass Nutrient BiologicallyActiveSubstance ; - --- Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary --- objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, --- and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical --- class. In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal --- extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the --- time_axis. -fun Object : Class ; -fun Object_Class : SubClass Object Physical ; - --- The Class of NormativeAttributes that are --- associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is --- broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable. -fun ObjectiveNorm : Class ; -fun ObjectiveNorm_Class : SubClass ObjectiveNorm NormativeAttribute ; - --- Attribute that applies to Propositions that an --- Agent is required, by some authority, to make true. -fun Obligation : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - --- The Class of all Months which are October. -fun October : Class ; -fun October_Class : SubClass October Month ; - --- An Integer that is not evenly divisible --- by 2. -fun OddInteger : Class ; -fun OddInteger_Class : SubClass OddInteger Integer ; - --- The subclass of Committing in which a --- CognitiveAgent offers something Physical to another agent. Offerings --- may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a --- UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to --- effect a Transaction of some sort). -fun Offering : Class ; -fun Offering_Class : SubClass Offering Committing ; - --- SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric --- resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference --- of potential of 1 Volt, applied between these two points, --- produces in this conductor a current of 1 Ampere, this conductor not --- being the force of any electromotive force. Ohm = V/A = --- m^2*kg*s^(_3)*A^(_2). -fun Ohm : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- The Class of properties that are --- detectable by smell. -fun OlfactoryAttribute : Class ; -fun OlfactoryAttribute_Class : SubClass OlfactoryAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; - --- This is used to assert that an object is on top of --- another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves --- contact. -fun On : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - --- The class of GeometricFigures that --- have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines. -fun OneDimensionalFigure : Class ; -fun OneDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass OneDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure ; - --- The class of TwoDimensionalFigures that --- are not ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures. -fun OpenTwoDimensionalFigure : Class ; -fun OpenTwoDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass OpenTwoDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure ; - --- A Directing in which the receiver is --- commanded to realize the content of a ContentBearingObject. Orders --- are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or --- which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee. -fun Ordering : Class ; -fun Ordering_Class : SubClass Ordering Directing ; - --- A somewhat independent BodyPart that performs a --- specialized function. Note that this functional definition covers bodily --- systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system. -fun Organ : Class ; -fun Organ_Class : SubClass Organ BodyPart ; - --- A PhysiologicProcess of a --- particular Organ or Tissue. -fun OrganOrTissueProcess : Class ; -fun OrganOrTissueProcess_Class : SubClass OrganOrTissueProcess AutonomicProcess ; - --- This class encompasses Organisms, --- CorpuscularObjects that are parts of Organisms, i.e. BodyParts, --- and CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by --- Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies. -fun OrganicObject : Class ; -fun OrganicObject_Class : SubClass OrganicObject CorpuscularObject ; - --- Generally, a living individual, including all --- Plants and Animals. -fun Organism : Class ; -fun Organism_Class : SubClass Organism (both Agent OrganicObject) ; - - --- A physiologic function of the --- Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple --- Organs or Tissues. -fun OrganismProcess : Class ; -fun OrganismProcess_Class : SubClass OrganismProcess PhysiologicProcess ; - --- An Organization is a corporate or similar --- institution. The members of an Organization typically have a common --- purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments, --- etc. of organizations. For example, both the Shell Corporation and the --- accounting department at Shell would both be instances of Organization. --- Note too that the existence of an Organization is dependent on the existence --- of at least one member (since Organization is a subclass of Collection). --- Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a fictitious member --- should be assumed. -fun Organization : Class ; -fun Organization_Class : SubClass Organization (both CognitiveAgent Group) ; - - --- An IntentionalProcess that --- involves an Organization. -fun OrganizationalProcess : Class ; -fun OrganizationalProcess_Class : SubClass OrganizationalProcess IntentionalProcess ; - --- English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a --- Cup. -fun Ounce : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - --- The class of ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures that are --- produced by the intersection of a Cone with a ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure. -fun Oval : Class ; -fun Oval_Class : SubClass Oval ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure ; - --- A TimeZone that covers much of the --- western part of the United States. -fun PacificTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; - - --- A SetOrClass is a PairwiseDisjointClass --- just in case every instance of the SetOrClass is either equal to or disjoint --- from every other instance of the SetOrClass. -fun PairwiseDisjointClass : Class ; -fun PairwiseDisjointClass_Class : SubClass PairwiseDisjointClass SetOrClass ; - --- An Organization which is much like --- a MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it --- is not associated with a Government. -fun ParamilitaryOrganization : Class ; -fun ParamilitaryOrganization_Class : SubClass ParamilitaryOrganization MilitaryForce ; - --- An umbrella Class for any Word that does not --- fit into the other subclasses of Word. A ParticleWord is generally a small --- term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', --- 'since', etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the --- subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc. Note that the class ParticleWord --- includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its', --- etc. -fun ParticleWord : Class ; -fun ParticleWord_Class : SubClass ParticleWord Word ; - --- SI pressure measure. Symbol:Pa. It is the --- pressure of one Newton per square Meter. Pascal = N/m^2 --- = m^(_1)*kg*s^(_2). -fun Pascal : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition --- to the TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at --- NegativeInfinity. -fun PastFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - --- A Certificate that expresses the content of an --- invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental --- entity. -fun Patent : Class ; -fun Patent_Class : SubClass Patent Certificate ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a --- GraphPath to the sum of the arcWeights on the GraphArcs in --- the GraphPath. -fun PathWeightFn : El GraphPath -> Ind Quantity ; - - --- A disordered process, activity, or --- state of the Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of --- multiple Organs or Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a --- negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are --- less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have --- systemic effects. -fun PathologicProcess : Class ; -fun PathologicProcess_Class : SubClass PathologicProcess BiologicalProcess ; - --- PerFn maps two instances of PhysicalQuantity to --- the FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances. For example, --- (PerFn (MeasureFn 2 (MicroFn Gram)) (MeasureFn 1 (KiloFn --- Gram))) denotes the FunctionQuantity of 2 micrograms per kiogram. --- This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge engineer to --- dynamically generate instances of FunctionQuantity. -fun PerFn : El PhysicalQuantity -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Ind FunctionQuantity ; - - --- Sensing some aspect of the material world. --- Note that the agent of this sensing is assumed to be an Animal. -fun Perception : Class ; -fun Perception_Class : SubClass Perception PsychologicalProcess ; - --- Any Attribute whose presence is detected --- by an act of Perception. -fun PerceptualAttribute : Class ; -fun PerceptualAttribute_Class : SubClass PerceptualAttribute InternalAttribute ; - --- A Series whose elements are published separately --- and on a periodic basis. -fun Periodical : Class ; -fun Periodical_Class : SubClass Periodical Series ; - --- A BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of --- Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the Periodical corresponding --- to the number. -fun PeriodicalIssueFn : Desc Periodical -> El PositiveInteger -> Desc Periodical ; - - --- A Residence where people live, i.e. --- where people have a home. -fun PermanentResidence : Class ; -fun PermanentResidence_Class : SubClass PermanentResidence Residence ; - --- Attribute that applies to Propositions that an --- Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true. -fun Permission : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - --- A set of Words in a Language which form a unit, --- i.e. express a meaning in the Language. -fun Phrase : Class ; -fun Phrase_Class : SubClass Phrase LinguisticExpression ; - --- An entity that has a location in space_time. --- Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in --- space_time. -fun Physical : Class ; -fun Physical_Class : SubClass Physical Entity ; - --- An InternalAttribute given by physical --- properties of the object. -fun PhysicalAttribute : Class ; -fun PhysicalAttribute_Class : SubClass PhysicalAttribute InternalAttribute ; - --- A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of --- some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's --- diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable --- solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial --- coordinates). Every PhysicalQuantity is either a ConstantQuantity --- or FunctionQuantity. Instances of ConstantQuantity are dependent --- on a UnitOfMeasure, while instances of FunctionQuantity are --- Functions that map instances of ConstantQuantity to other instances --- of ConstantQuantity (e.g., a TimeDependentQuantity is a --- FunctionQuantity). Although the name and definition of --- PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, a PhysicalQuantity need --- not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, --- etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. --- Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of PhysicalQuantity. --- A PhysicalQuantity is distinguished from a pure Number by the fact that --- the former is associated with a dimension of measurement. -fun PhysicalQuantity : Class ; -fun PhysicalQuantity_Class : SubClass PhysicalQuantity Quantity ; - --- The physical state of an Object. There --- are three reified instances of this Class: Solid, Liquid, and Gas. --- Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one --- substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical --- states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a --- substance still called iron. -fun PhysicalState : Class ; -fun PhysicalState_Class : SubClass PhysicalState InternalAttribute ; - --- PhysicalSystem is the class of complex --- Physical things. A PhysicalSystem may have one or more --- corresponding abstract Graph representations. -fun PhysicalSystem : Class ; -fun PhysicalSystem_Class : SubClass PhysicalSystem Physical ; - --- A normal process of an Organism --- or part of an Organism. -fun PhysiologicProcess : Class ; -fun PhysiologicProcess_Class : SubClass PhysiologicProcess BiologicalProcess ; - --- Pi is the RealNumber that --- is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. It is --- approximately equal to 3.141592653589793. -fun Pi : Ind PositiveRealNumber ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into --- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original --- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (PicoFn SecondDuration) is .000000000001 --- SecondDurations. -fun PicoFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - --- English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a --- Quart. -fun Pint : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - --- A specification of a sequence of Processes which --- is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time. -fun Plan : Class ; -fun Plan_Class : SubClass Plan Procedure ; - --- The value of an angle in a plane. -fun PlaneAngleMeasure : Class ; -fun PlaneAngleMeasure_Class : SubClass PlaneAngleMeasure AngleMeasure ; - --- Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a --- set of goals or objectives. -fun Planning : Class ; -fun Planning_Class : SubClass Planning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - --- An Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing --- by synthesis of Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of --- chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion. -fun Plant : Class ; -fun Plant_Organism : SubClassC Plant Organism (\PLANT -> and (forall PlantSubstance (\SUBSTANCE -> part(var PlantSubstance Object ? SUBSTANCE)(var Organism Object ? PLANT))) (forall PlantAnatomicalStructure (\STRUCTURE -> part(var PlantAnatomicalStructure Object ? STRUCTURE)(var Organism Object ? PLANT)))); - - --- AnatomicalStructures that --- are possessed exclusively by Plants. -fun PlantAnatomicalStructure : Class ; -fun PlantAnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass PlantAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure ; - --- BodySubstances that are produced --- exclusively by Plants. -fun PlantSubstance : Class ; -fun PlantSubstance_Class : SubClass PlantSubstance BodySubstance ; - --- An extremely energetic PhysicalState that consists --- of atomic nuclei stripped of electrons. That is, a plasma is composed of --- positive ions and free electrons. Plasma behaves differently enough from --- Gas that it is referred to as the fourth state of matter. -fun Plasma : Ind PhysicalState ; - - --- The shape of an Object with this Attribute --- can easily be altered. -fun Pliable : Ind InternalAttribute ; - - --- A Poisoning is caused by an external --- substance. Since Poisoning is not possible without some biologic --- function which affects the Organism being injured, it is a subclass --- of BiologicalProcess. -fun Poisoning : Class ; -fun Poisoning_Class : SubClass Poisoning Injuring ; - --- The Class of Processes where the agent --- pierces the surface of the Object with an instrument. -fun Poking : Class ; -fun Poking_Class : SubClass Poking IntentionalProcess ; - --- Any GovernmentOrganization --- that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the Government. -fun PoliceOrganization : Class ; -fun PoliceOrganization_Class : SubClass PoliceOrganization GovernmentOrganization ; - --- An Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort --- of political change. -fun PoliticalOrganization : Class ; -fun PoliticalOrganization_Class : SubClass PoliticalOrganization Organization ; - --- An OrganizationalProcess carried --- out by, for or against officially constituted governments. Some examples --- would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative, --- or even overthrowing a government in a revolution. -fun PoliticalProcess : Class ; -fun PoliticalProcess_Class : SubClass PoliticalProcess OrganizationalProcess ; - --- A powder produced by FloweringPlants that contains male --- gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of FloweringPlants of the same --- species. -fun Pollen : Class ; -fun Pollen_Class : SubClass Pollen (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; - - --- An Object with this Attribute has --- different colors on different parts of its surface. -fun Polychromatic : Ind ColorAttribute ; - - --- A formal position of reponsibility within an --- Organization. Examples of Positions include president, laboratory --- director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc. -fun Position : Class ; -fun Position_Class : SubClass Position SocialRole ; - --- Attributes characterizing the --- orientation of an Object, e.g. Vertical versus Horizontal, Left --- versus Right etc. -fun PositionalAttribute : Class ; -fun PositionalAttribute_Class : SubClass PositionalAttribute RelationalAttribute ; - --- The TimePoint that is after --- all other TimePoints. -fun PositiveInfinity : Ind TimePoint ; - - --- An Integer that is greater than zero. -fun PositiveInteger : Class ; -fun PositiveInteger_Class : SubClass PositiveInteger (both NonnegativeInteger PositiveRealNumber) ; - - --- A RealNumber that is greater than --- zero. -fun PositiveRealNumber : Class ; -fun PositiveRealNumber_NonnegativeRealNumber : SubClassC PositiveRealNumber NonnegativeRealNumber (\NUMBER -> greaterThan(var NonnegativeRealNumber Quantity ? NUMBER)(el Integer Quantity ? (toInt 0))); - - --- Attribute that applies to Propositions that are --- possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world. -fun Possibility : Ind AlethicAttribute ; - - --- English pound of force. The conversion --- factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A --- mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this --- constant. -fun PoundForce : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- English mass unit of pounds. -fun PoundMass : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - --- (PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the SetOrClass --- ?CLASS to the SetOrClass of all subclasses of ?CLASS. -fun PowerSetFn : El SetOrClass -> Desc SetOrClass ; - - --- Precipitation is the process of --- water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a --- liquid or frozen state. -fun Precipitation : Class ; -fun Precipitation_Class : SubClass Precipitation (both Falling (both WaterMotion WeatherProcess)) ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to --- its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4. -fun PredecessorFn : El Integer -> Ind Integer ; - - --- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses --- which involve the formulation of a Proposition about a state of affairs --- which might be realized in the future. -fun Predicting : Class ; -fun Predicting_Class : SubClass Predicting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - --- (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete --- set of premises of the Argument ?ARGUMENT. -fun PremisesFn : El Argument -> Ind Proposition ; - - --- A Phrase that begins with a --- preposition and that functions as an Adjective or an Adverb. -fun PrepositionalPhrase : Class ; -fun PrepositionalPhrase_Class : SubClass PrepositionalPhrase Phrase ; - --- Any SocialInteraction where a --- CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents attempts to make --- another CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents believe --- something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, --- impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few --- examples. -fun Pretending : Class ; -fun Pretending_Class : SubClass Pretending SocialInteraction ; - --- Colors which can be blended to form any --- color and which cannot be derived from any other colors. -fun PrimaryColor : Class ; -fun PrimaryColor_Class : SubClass PrimaryColor ColorAttribute ; - --- The Class of Mammals which are --- Primates. -fun Primate : Class ; -fun Primate_Class : SubClass Primate Mammal ; - --- An Integer that is evenly divisible only --- by itself and 1. -fun PrimeNumber : Class ; -fun PrimeNumber_Class : SubClass PrimeNumber Integer ; - --- A class containing all of the Attributes --- relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. Likely and --- Unlikely. -fun ProbabilityAttribute : Class ; -fun ProbabilityAttribute_Class : SubClass ProbabilityAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; - --- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations, --- ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of --- affairs. (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability --- of ?FORMULA. -fun ProbabilityFn : Formula -> Ind RealNumber ; - - --- A sequence_dependent specification. Some --- examples are ComputerPrograms, finite_state machines, cooking recipes, --- musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts --- of plays and movies. -fun Procedure : Class ; -fun Procedure_Class : SubClass Procedure Proposition ; - --- The class of things that happen --- and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events --- like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading, --- and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that occurs in --- time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have --- participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players --- in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose --- spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages --- roughly perpendicular to the time_axis. -fun Process : Class ; -fun Process_Class : SubClass Process Physical ; - --- An Artifact that is produced by Manufacture. -fun Product : Class ; -fun Product_Class : SubClass Product Artifact ; - --- Prohibition is the DeonticAttribute that --- applies to Formulas that an Agent is forbidden, by some authority, --- to make true. -fun Prohibition : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - --- Attribute that applies to Propositions that --- an Agent promises to make true. Promises may be implicit or explicit. --- They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner. -fun Promise : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to the --- Set of Objects owned by the Agent. -fun PropertyFn : El Agent -> Ind Set ; - - --- Propositions are Abstract entities that --- express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, --- the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the --- entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that --- propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual --- sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by --- theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish --- Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A --- Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, --- but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. --- A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: --- strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is --- on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed --- on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence --- of sounds or by some non_latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form -fun Proposition : Class ; -fun Proposition_Class : SubClass Proposition Abstract ; - --- The BodyPosition of lying down, being in a --- horizontal position. -fun Prostrate : Ind BodyPosition ; - - --- A Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by --- peptide bonds. -fun Protein : Class ; -fun Protein_Class : SubClass Protein Nutrient ; - --- Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have a --- positive charge. -fun Proton : Class ; -fun Proton_Class : SubClass Proton SubatomicParticle ; - --- The Class of pseudographs. A pseudograph --- is a Graph containing at least one GraphLoop. -fun PseudoGraph : Class ; -fun PseudoGraph_Class : SubClass PseudoGraph Graph ; - --- Attributes that characterize the mental --- or behavioral life of an Organism. -fun PsychologicalAttribute : Class ; -fun PsychologicalAttribute_Class : SubClass PsychologicalAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; - --- A clinically significant --- dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. --- These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies --- or manifestations. -fun PsychologicalDysfunction : Class ; -fun PsychologicalDysfunction_Class : SubClass PsychologicalDysfunction (both DiseaseOrSyndrome PsychologicalAttribute) ; - - --- A BiologicalProcess which takes place in --- the mind or brain of an Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior --- of the Organism. -fun PsychologicalProcess : Class ; -fun PsychologicalProcess_Class : SubClass PsychologicalProcess BiologicalProcess ; - --- The Manufacture of Texts. Note that --- there is no implication that the Texts are distributed. Such --- distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of Dissemination. -fun Publication : Class ; -fun Publication_Class : SubClass Publication (both ContentDevelopment Manufacture) ; - - --- A Contract between two Agents in --- which one Agent agrees to render the other some good or service in --- exchange for currency. -fun PurchaseContract : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - --- The Class of Substances with constant --- composition. A PureSubstance can be either an element (ElementalSubstance) --- or a compound of elements (CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt --- (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), --- iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). -fun PureSubstance : Class ; -fun PureSubstance_Class : SubClass PureSubstance Substance ; - --- The class of IntentionalProcesses where something is --- sought. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking. -fun Pursuing : Class ; -fun Pursuing_Class : SubClass Pursuing IntentionalProcess ; - --- The Class of Processes where something is put --- in a location. Note that the location is specified with the CaseRole --- destination. -fun Putting : Class ; -fun Putting_Class : SubClass Putting Transfer ; - --- Any specification of how many or how much of --- something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: --- Number (how many) and PhysicalQuantity (how much). -fun Quantity : Class ; -fun Quantity_Class : SubClass Quantity Abstract ; - --- Any InternalChange where a PhysicalQuantity --- associated with the patient is altered. -fun QuantityChange : Class ; -fun QuantityChange_Class : SubClass QuantityChange InternalChange ; - --- English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a --- UnitedStatesGallon. -fun Quart : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - --- A request for information. For example, John asked --- Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union --- address. -fun Questioning : Class ; -fun Questioning_Class : SubClass Questioning Directing ; - --- SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the --- angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's --- radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a --- circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the --- radius. Radian = m/m = 1. -fun Radian : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ; - - --- Processes in which some form of electromagnetic --- radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given --- off or absorbed by something else. -fun Radiating : Class ; -fun Radiating_Class : SubClass Radiating Motion ; - --- RadiatingElectromagnetic --- is the subclass of Radiating processes in which electromagnetic --- radiation is transmitted or absorbed. -fun RadiatingElectromagnetic : Class ; -fun RadiatingElectromagnetic_Class : SubClass RadiatingElectromagnetic Radiating ; - --- Any instance of Radiating where the --- wavelengths are longer than those of visible light and shorter than those --- of radio emissions. -fun RadiatingInfrared : Class ; -fun RadiatingInfrared_Class : SubClass RadiatingInfrared RadiatingElectromagnetic ; - --- The subclass of Radiating in which --- light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, --- and glittering. -fun RadiatingLight : Class ; -fun RadiatingLight_Class : SubClass RadiatingLight RadiatingElectromagnetic ; - --- Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from --- a nuclear reaction. -fun RadiatingNuclear : Class ; -fun RadiatingNuclear_Class : SubClass RadiatingNuclear Radiating ; - --- The subclass of Radiating in which --- sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, --- roaring, and whistling. -fun RadiatingSound : Class ; -fun RadiatingSound_Class : SubClass RadiatingSound Radiating ; - -fun RadiatingXRay : Class ; -fun RadiatingXRay_Class : SubClass RadiatingXRay RadiatingElectromagnetic ; --- A TemperatureMeasure. Note --- that 0 RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 --- KelvinDegrees). -fun RankineDegree : Ind UnitOfTemperature ; - - --- Any RealNumber that is the product of --- dividing two Integers. -fun RationalNumber : Class ; -fun RationalNumber_Class : SubClass RationalNumber RealNumber ; - --- (RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns --- the rational representation of ?NUMBER. -fun RationalNumberFn : El Number -> Ind RationalNumber ; - - --- A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which --- content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation. --- Note that the class Interpreting should be used in cases where a --- Text is read silently. -fun Reading : Class ; -fun Reading_Class : SubClass Reading ContentDevelopment ; - --- Any Number that can be expressed as a --- (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any Number that has a position --- on the number line. -fun RealNumber : Class ; -fun RealNumber_Class : SubClass RealNumber Number ; - --- (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of --- ?NUMBER that is a RealNumber. -fun RealNumberFn : El Number -> Ind RealNumber ; - - --- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses --- which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive --- evidence, that a particular Proposition or Sentence is true. -fun Reasoning : Class ; -fun Reasoning_Class : SubClass Reasoning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - --- (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal --- element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator --- (MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal --- element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a --- reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be --- 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is equal to --- applying the ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power --- _1. -fun ReciprocalFn : El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - --- A Process that is carried out for --- the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since RecreationOrExercise is a --- subclass of IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether --- or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same --- program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely --- to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an --- instance of RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of --- watching the television program would however be in the class of Seeing, since --- being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention). -fun RecreationOrExercise : Class ; -fun RecreationOrExercise_Class : SubClass RecreationOrExercise IntentionalProcess ; - --- A function that is useful for generating --- recurring time intervals. For example, (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (HourFn 6 Day) --- (HourFn 12 Day)) returns the Class of TimeIntervals beginning at 6 in the --- morning and ending at 12 noon. For another example, (RecurrentTimeInterval --- Saturday Sunday) returns the Class of all weekends. For still another example, --- (RecurrentTimeInterval June August) returns the Class containing the academic --- summer period. -fun RecurrentTimeIntervalFn : Desc TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval ; - - --- The Attribute of redness. -fun Red : Ind PrimaryColor ; - - --- A topographic location. Regions encompass --- surfaces of Objects, imaginary places, and GeographicAreas. Note --- that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at --- itself. Note too that Region is not a subclass of SelfConnectedObject, --- because some Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not --- connected with one another. -fun Region : Class ; -fun Region_Class : SubClass Region Object ; - --- an Guiding whose aim is the enforcement --- of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess --- and the related concept Managing. The latter implies a long_term relationship --- between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the --- former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are --- referred. -fun RegulatoryProcess : Class ; -fun RegulatoryProcess_Class : SubClass RegulatoryProcess Guiding ; - --- Any Attribute that an Entity has by --- virtue of a relationship that it bears to another Entity or set of Entities, --- e.g. SocialRoles and PositionalAttributes. -fun RelationalAttribute : Class ; -fun RelationalAttribute_Class : SubClass RelationalAttribute Attribute ; - --- A BinaryFunction that maps two --- SetOrClasses to the difference between these SetOrClasses. More --- precisely, (RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) denotes the instances --- of ?CLASS1 that are not also instances of ?CLASS2. -fun RelativeComplementFn : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - --- A means of converting TimePositions --- between different TimeZones. (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE) --- denotes the TimePosition in CoordinatedUniversalTime that is --- contemporaneous with the TimePosition ?TIME in TimeZone ?ZONE. --- For example, (RelativeTimeFn (MeasureFn 14 HourDuration) EasternTimeZone) --- would return the value (MeasureFn 19 HourDuration). -fun RelativeTimeFn : El TimePosition -> El TimeZone -> Ind TimePosition ; - - --- Any instance of Transfer which results in --- a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something --- which he/she grasps previously. -fun Releasing : Class ; -fun Releasing_Class : SubClass Releasing Transfer ; - --- An Organization whose members --- share a set of religious beliefs. -fun ReligiousOrganization : Class ; -fun ReligiousOrganization_Class : SubClass ReligiousOrganization (both BeliefGroup Organization) ; - - --- An OrganizationalProcess that is --- carried out within or by a ReligiousOrganization. -fun ReligiousProcess : Class ; -fun ReligiousProcess_Class : SubClass ReligiousProcess OrganizationalProcess ; - --- (RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the --- remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR. --- The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR. -fun RemainderFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - --- The Class of PsychologicalProcesses which --- involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge --- which was previously acquired. -fun Remembering : Class ; -fun Remembering_Class : SubClass Remembering PsychologicalProcess ; - --- The Class of Processes where something is --- taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location --- are specified with the CaseRoles patient and origin, respectively. -fun Removing : Class ; -fun Removing_Class : SubClass Removing Transfer ; - --- The Class of Processes where the agent --- makes a modification or series of modifications to an Object that is not --- functioning as intended so that it works properly. -fun Repairing : Class ; -fun Repairing_Class : SubClass Repairing IntentionalProcess ; - --- The Process of biological reproduction. --- This can be either a sexual or an asexual process. -fun Replication : Class ; -fun Replication_Class : SubClass Replication OrganismProcess ; - --- Any ArtWork that represents --- something Physical. -fun RepresentationalArtWork : Class ; -fun RepresentationalArtWork_Class : SubClass RepresentationalArtWork (both ArtWork Icon) ; - - --- Reproductive structure of Organisms. --- Consists of an Embryonic Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. --- Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and FruitOrVegetables, as --- well as the eggs produced by Animals. -fun ReproductiveBody : Class ; -fun ReproductiveBody_Class : SubClass ReproductiveBody BodyPart ; - --- A ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external --- covering of scales or horny plates. Reptiles breathe by means of --- Lungs and generally lay eggs. -fun Reptile : Class ; -fun Reptile_Class : SubClass Reptile ColdBloodedVertebrate ; - --- A request expresses a desire that some future --- action be performed. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support --- from the 3rd Bomber Group. Note that this class covers proposals, --- recommendations, suggestions, etc. -fun Requesting : Class ; -fun Requesting_Class : SubClass Requesting Directing ; - --- A Building or part of a Building which provides --- some accomodation for sleeping. -fun Residence : Class ; -fun Residence_Class : SubClass Residence StationaryArtifact ; - --- A Building which provides some --- accomodation for sleeping. Note that this class does not cover just --- permanent residences, e.g. Houses and condominium and apartment buildings, --- but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories. --- ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from CommercialBuildings, --- which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential --- function. -fun ResidentialBuilding : Class ; -fun ResidentialBuilding_Class : SubClass ResidentialBuilding (both Building Residence) ; - - --- This PositionalAttribute is derived from the --- left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the right, so that, --- if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the --- two objects overlap. -fun Right : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - --- The shape of an Object with this Attribute --- cannot be altered without breaking. -fun Rigid : Ind InternalAttribute ; - - --- Roadway is the subclass of LandTransitways --- that are areas intended for surface travel by self_powered, wheeled --- vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks. Roadways have been --- at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles. --- Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and --- expressways. -fun Roadway : Class ; -fun Roadway_Class : SubClass Roadway LandTransitway ; - --- The Class of Mammals with one or two pairs --- of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and --- rabbits. -fun Rodent : Class ; -fun Rodent_Class : SubClass Rodent Mammal ; - --- A properPart of a Building which is separated from --- the exterior of the Building and/or other Rooms of the Building by walls. --- Some Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, --- entertainment, etc. -fun Room : Class ; -fun Room_Class : SubClass Room StationaryArtifact ; - --- An Object with this Attribute has a rough --- surface. -fun Rough : Ind TextureAttribute ; - - --- (RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the Integer closest --- to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two --- Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger Integer. -fun RoundFn : El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - --- Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a --- way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a --- period of time. -fun Running : Class ; -fun Running_Class : SubClass Running Ambulating ; - --- A WaterArea whose Water is saline, e.g. --- oceans and seas. -fun SaltWaterArea : Class ; -fun SaltWaterArea_Class : SubClass SaltWaterArea WaterArea ; - --- A Class of Attributes that specify, in --- a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of Object in --- another kind of Object. -fun SaturationAttribute : Class ; -fun SaturationAttribute_Class : SubClass SaturationAttribute InternalAttribute ; - --- The Class of all calendar Saturdays. -fun Saturday : Class ; -fun Saturday_Class : SubClass Saturday Day ; - --- The Class of all clock Seconds. -fun Second : Class ; -fun Second_Class : SubClass Second TimeInterval ; - --- SI UnitOfDuration. Symbol: s. --- It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as --- follows: the SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of --- the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine --- levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. -fun SecondDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - --- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and a --- subclass of Minutes to the Seconds within each Minute corresponding to that --- PositiveRealNumber. For example, (SecondFn 4 (MinuteFn 5 Hour)) is the Class --- of all fourth Seconds of every fifth Minute of every hour. For another example, --- (SecondFn 8 Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute. For still --- another example, (SecondFn 9 (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn --- August (YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th --- day of August 1912. -fun SecondFn : El PositiveRealNumber -> Desc Minute -> Desc Second ; - - --- The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody --- of a FloweringPlant. -fun Seed : Class ; -fun Seed_Class : SubClass Seed (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; - - --- The subclass of Perception in which the --- sensing is done by an ocular Organ. -fun Seeing : Class ; -fun Seeing_Class : SubClass Seeing Perception ; - --- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses --- which involve opting for one or more Entity out of a larger set of Entities. --- Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating. -fun Selecting : Class ; -fun Selecting_Class : SubClass Selecting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - --- A SelfConnectedObject is any --- Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts. -fun SelfConnectedObject : Class ; -fun SelfConnectedObject_Class : SubClass SelfConnectedObject Object ; - --- A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of --- Physical is exchanged for an instance of CurrencyMeasure. -fun Selling : Class ; -fun Selling_Class : SubClass Selling FinancialTransaction ; - --- A syntactically well_formed formula of a --- Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which --- may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a Proposition. -fun Sentence : Class ; -fun Sentence_Class : SubClass Sentence LinguisticExpression ; - --- An Agent that has rights but may or may --- not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are --- present, then the Agent is also an instance of CognitiveAgent. --- Domesticated animals are an example of SentientAgents that are not --- also CognitiveAgents. -fun SentientAgent : Class ; -fun SentientAgent_Class : SubClass SentientAgent Agent ; - --- A Process where a SelfConnectedObject is --- separated into (some of) its parts. Note that Separating is different --- from Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not --- being connected. Note too that Separating is different from --- Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated --- may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated. -fun Separating : Class ; -fun Separating_Class : SubClass Separating DualObjectProcess ; - --- The Class of all Months which are September. -fun September : Class ; -fun September_Class : SubClass September Month ; - --- A Text consisting of multiple self_contained units. --- Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television --- series made up of many episodes, a film serial, etc. -fun Series : Class ; -fun Series_Class : SubClass Series Text ; - --- A BinaryFunction that maps a type of Series --- (e.g. the Encyclopedia_Britannica or the Popular_Mechanics periodical) and a --- number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number. -fun SeriesVolumeFn : Desc Series -> El PositiveInteger -> Desc Text ; - - --- ServiceProcess denotes the class --- of events in which one agent performs a service for another. The --- service need not be commercial, and it need not be the case that --- the serviceRecipient pays or recompenses the serviceProvider --- for the service. -fun ServiceProcess : Class ; -fun ServiceProcess_Class : SubClass ServiceProcess SocialInteraction ; - --- A SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as --- other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. Sets differ --- from Classes in two important respects. First, Sets are extensional _ --- two Sets with the same elements are identical. Second, a Set can be --- an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that Sets --- have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that Sets --- are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a Set may occur more --- than once in the Set. -fun Set : Class ; -fun Set_Class : SubClass Set SetOrClass ; - --- The SetOrClass of Sets --- and Classes, i.e. any instance of Abstract that has elements or --- instances. -fun SetOrClass : Class ; -fun SetOrClass_Class : SubClass SetOrClass Abstract ; - --- Attributes that indicate the sex of an --- Organism. -fun SexAttribute : Class ; -fun SexAttribute_Class : SubClass SexAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; - --- Sexual Processes of biological --- reproduction. -fun SexualReproduction : Class ; -fun SexualReproduction_Class : SubClass SexualReproduction Replication ; - --- Any Attribute that relates to the --- shape of an Object. -fun ShapeAttribute : Class ; -fun ShapeAttribute_Class : SubClass ShapeAttribute InternalAttribute ; - --- The Process of changing the shape of an Object. -fun ShapeChange : Class ; -fun ShapeChange_Class : SubClass ShapeChange InternalChange ; - --- The subclass of Impelling where the patient --- is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of --- Device. -fun Shooting : Class ; -fun Shooting_Class : SubClass Shooting Impelling ; - --- A ShoreArea is a LandArea approximately --- 1_3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, --- or lake. A ShoreArea may comprise a variety of LandForms, such as dunes, --- sloughs, and marshes. -fun ShoreArea : Class ; -fun ShoreArea_Class : SubClass ShoreArea LandArea ; - --- SI electric conductance measure. Symbol: S. --- In the case of direct current, the conductance in Siemens is the --- reciprocal of the resistance in Ohms, in the case of alternating current, --- it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms. siemens = A/V = --- m^(_2)*kg(_1)*s^(3)*A^2. -fun Siemens : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- SI dose equivalent measure. Symbol: Sv. It is --- a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation. The Sievert makes it --- possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes --- into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, --- since each form of such radiation__e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons__ --- has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed --- dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in Sievert) is --- the dose of the radiation in Gray multiplied by a quality factor that --- is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. --- Accordingly, one Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation --- roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one Gray of gamma --- radiation. Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(_2) -fun Sievert : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- (SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. --- This is one of the following values: _1, 1, or 0. -fun SignumFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; - - --- (SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the --- PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side --- opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right_angled triangle. -fun SineFn : El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Ind RealNumber ; - - --- Speaking that is also Music. -fun Singing : Class ; -fun Singing_Class : SubClass Singing (both Music Speaking) ; - - --- SingleAgentProcess --- is the Class of all Processes that require exactly one agent in order to occur. -fun SingleAgentProcess : Class ; -fun SingleAgentProcess_Class : SubClass SingleAgentProcess Process ; - --- A PermanentResidence which is --- intended to be the home of a single SocialUnit. This class covers --- Houses, ApartmentUnits, and CondominiumUnits. -fun SingleFamilyResidence : Class ; -fun SingleFamilyResidence_Class : SubClass SingleFamilyResidence PermanentResidence ; - --- The BodyPosition of being recumbent, i.e. --- knees bent and back side supported. -fun Sitting : Ind BodyPosition ; - - --- The system of Bones that make up the supporting structure --- of Vertebrates. -fun Skeleton : Class ; -fun Skeleton_Class : SubClass Skeleton (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure BodyPart) ; - - --- English mass unit of slugs. -fun Slug : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - --- The subclass of Perception in which the --- sensing is done by an olefactory Organ. -fun Smelling : Class ; -fun Smelling_Class : SubClass Smelling Perception ; - --- A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is --- produced by Combustion. -fun Smoke : Class ; -fun Smoke_Class : SubClass Smoke Cloud ; - --- An Object with this Attribute has a smooth --- surface. -fun Smooth : Ind TextureAttribute ; - - --- The subclass of --- IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between --- CognitiveAgents. -fun SocialInteraction : Class ; -fun SocialInteraction_Class : SubClass SocialInteraction IntentionalProcess ; - --- The Class of all Attributes that --- specify the position or status of a CognitiveAgent within an --- Organization or other Group. -fun SocialRole : Class ; -fun SocialRole_Class : SubClass SocialRole RelationalAttribute ; - --- A GroupOfPeople who all have the same home. -fun SocialUnit : Class ; -fun SocialUnit_Class : SubClass SocialUnit GroupOfPeople ; - --- An Object has the Attribute of Solid if it --- has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. -fun Solid : Ind PhysicalState ; - - --- The value of an angle in a solid. -fun SolidAngleMeasure : Class ; -fun SolidAngleMeasure_Class : SubClass SolidAngleMeasure AngleMeasure ; - --- A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in --- a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. --- A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. --- Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given --- amount of water. -fun Solution : Class ; -fun Solution_Class : SubClass Solution LiquidMixture ; - --- The volume of sound relative to a listener. -fun SoundAttribute : Class ; -fun SoundAttribute_Class : SubClass SoundAttribute RelationalAttribute ; - --- The compass direction of South. -fun South : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; - - --- Any LinguisticGeneration which is also a --- Vocalizing, i.e. any LinguisticCommunication by a Human which --- involves his/her vocal cords. -fun Speaking : Class ; -fun Speaking_Class : SubClass Speaking (both LinguisticCommunication Vocalizing) ; - - --- Maps an instance of LengthMeasure and an instance of --- TimeDuration to the speed represented by this proportion of distance and time. --- For example, (SpeedFn (MeasureFn 55 Mile)(MeasureFn 1 HourDuration)) --- represents the velocity of 55 miles per hour. -fun SpeedFn : El LengthMeasure -> El TimeDuration -> Ind FunctionQuantity ; - - --- A flexible column made out of bones called --- vertebrae. The main function of the SpinalColumn is to protect the --- spinal cord. -fun SpinalColumn : Class ; -fun SpinalColumn_Class : SubClass SpinalColumn (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure Organ) ; - - --- A SpokenHumanLanguage is a --- HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also --- berepresented visually through writing, although not all --- SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form. -fun SpokenHumanLanguage : Class ; -fun SpokenHumanLanguage_Class : SubClass SpokenHumanLanguage HumanLanguage ; - --- Any ReproductiveBody of a NonFloweringPlant. -fun Spore : Class ; -fun Spore_Class : SubClass Spore (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; - - --- A Game which requires some degree of physical --- exercion from the participants of the game. -fun Sport : Class ; -fun Sport_Class : SubClass Sport Game ; - --- (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal --- square root of ?NUMBER. -fun SquareRootFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Number ; - - --- The BodyPosition of being upright, i.e. being --- fully extended and supported by nothing other than one's own feet. -fun Standing : Ind BodyPosition ; - - --- Any Process where the PhysicalState --- of part of the patient of the Process changes. -fun StateChange : Class ; -fun StateChange_Class : SubClass StateChange InternalChange ; - --- The class StateOfMind is distinguished from --- its complement TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are --- transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make_up. -fun StateOfMind : Class ; -fun StateOfMind_Class : SubClass StateOfMind PsychologicalAttribute ; - --- Administrative subdivisions of a --- Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that --- may exist. This Class includes the states of the United States, as --- well as the provinces of Canada and European countries. -fun StateOrProvince : Class ; -fun StateOrProvince_Class : SubClass StateOrProvince (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; - - --- A WaterArea in which water does not flow --- constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds. -fun StaticWaterArea : Class ; -fun StaticWaterArea_Class : SubClass StaticWaterArea WaterArea ; - --- Instances of this Class commit the agent to some truth. --- For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese. -fun Stating : Class ; -fun Stating_Class : SubClass Stating LinguisticCommunication ; - --- A StationaryArtifact is an Artifact --- that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this Class are --- architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, --- single_family houses, etc. -fun StationaryArtifact : Class ; -fun StationaryArtifact_Class : SubClass StationaryArtifact Artifact ; - --- SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is --- the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose --- area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition --- is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, --- cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square --- with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Steradian = --- m^2/m^2 = 1. -fun Steradian : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ; - - --- A relatively narrow WaterArea where the --- water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, --- etc. -fun StreamWaterArea : Class ; -fun StreamWaterArea_Class : SubClass StreamWaterArea (both FlowRegion WaterArea) ; - - --- The class of ElementalSubstances that --- are smaller than Atoms and compose Atoms. -fun SubatomicParticle : Class ; -fun SubatomicParticle_Class : SubClass SubatomicParticle ElementalSubstance ; - --- The Class of NormativeAttributes --- which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of --- these Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the --- same subject over time. This Class is, generally speaking, only used when --- mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge --- source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to --- this Class. -fun SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute : Class ; -fun SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute_Class : SubClass SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute NormativeAttribute ; - --- An Object in which every part is similar to --- every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a --- Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts _ any parts have --- properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance --- may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the --- temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part --- to another. An example would be a body of water. -fun Substance : Class ; -fun Substance_Class : SubClass Substance SelfConnectedObject ; - --- The Class of Transfers where one thing is --- replaced with something else. -fun Substituting : Class ; -fun Substituting_Class : SubClass Substituting (both DualObjectProcess Transfer) ; - - --- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, --- then (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference --- between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2. An --- exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case --- (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2. -fun SubtractionFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to --- its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6. -fun SuccessorFn : El Integer -> Ind Integer ; - - --- A short Text that is a summary of another, --- longer Text. -fun Summary : Class ; -fun Summary_Class : SubClass Summary Text ; - --- The Class of all calendar Sundays. -fun Sunday : Class ; -fun Sunday_Class : SubClass Sunday Day ; - --- Instances of this Class suppose, for the sake of --- argument, that a proposition is true. For example, John considered what he --- would do if he won the lottery. -fun Supposing : Class ; -fun Supposing_Class : SubClass Supposing LinguisticCommunication ; - --- Processes which involve altering --- the properties that apply to the surface of an Object. -fun SurfaceChange : Class ; -fun SurfaceChange_Class : SubClass SurfaceChange InternalChange ; - --- Any TherapeuticProcess that involves making an --- incision in the Animal that is the patient of the TherapeuticProcess. -fun Surgery : Class ; -fun Surgery_Class : SubClass Surgery TherapeuticProcess ; - --- A LiquidMixture where at least one of the --- components of the Mixture is equally distributed throughout the Mixture --- but is not dissolved in it. -fun Suspension : Class ; -fun Suspension_Class : SubClass Suspension LiquidMixture ; - --- Any deliberate and controlled BodyMotion --- through water that is accomplished by an Organism. -fun Swimming : Class ; -fun Swimming_Class : SubClass Swimming BodyMotion ; - --- The Class of alphanumeric sequences. -fun SymbolicString : Class ; -fun SymbolicString_Class : SubClass SymbolicString ContentBearingObject ; - --- SymmetricAttribute is the class of --- PositionalAttribute that hold between two items regardless of their --- order or orientation. -fun SymmetricPositionalAttribute : Class ; -fun SymmetricPositionalAttribute_Class : SubClass SymmetricPositionalAttribute PositionalAttribute ; - --- Any Substance that is the result of an --- IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by Humans. -fun SyntheticSubstance : Class ; -fun SyntheticSubstance_Substance : SubClassC SyntheticSubstance Substance (\SUBSTANCE -> exists IntentionalProcess (\PROCESS -> result(var IntentionalProcess Process ? PROCESS)(var Substance Entity ? SUBSTANCE))); - - --- The Class of Systeme --- International (SI) units. -fun SystemeInternationalUnit : Class ; -fun SystemeInternationalUnit_Class : SubClass SystemeInternationalUnit UnitOfMeasure ; - --- The subclass of Perception in which --- the sensing is done by Touching. Note that Touching need not involve --- TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in --- both of his legs would have no TactilePerception of anything his legs --- were Touching. -fun TactilePerception : Class ; -fun TactilePerception_Class : SubClass TactilePerception Perception ; - --- (TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the --- PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of --- the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right_angled --- triangle. -fun TangentFn : El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Ind RealNumber ; - - --- The Class of Attributes relating to --- the taste of Objects. -fun TasteAttribute : Class ; -fun TasteAttribute_Class : SubClass TasteAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; - --- The subclass of Perception in which the --- sensing is done by of an Organ which can discriminate various tastes. -fun Tasting : Class ; -fun Tasting_Class : SubClass Tasting Perception ; - --- Measures of temperature. --- In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the --- average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing. -fun TemperatureMeasure : Class ; -fun TemperatureMeasure_Class : SubClass TemperatureMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - --- The basic Function for expressing --- the composition of larger TimeIntervals out of smaller TimeIntervals. --- For example, if ThisSeptember is an instance of September, --- (TemporalCompositionFn ThisSeptember Day) denotes the Class of --- consecutive days that make up ThisSeptember. Note that one can obtain --- the number of instances of this Class by using the function CardinalityFn. -fun TemporalCompositionFn : El TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval ; - - --- A Residence which is strictly temporary, --- i.e. where no one makes his/her home. -fun TemporaryResidence : Class ; -fun TemporaryResidence_Class : SubClass TemporaryResidence Residence ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure --- into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original --- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (TeraFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 Hertz. -fun TeraFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a --- GraphArc to the terminal node of the GraphArc. Note that this --- is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined --- for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. -fun TerminalNodeFn : El GraphArc -> Ind GraphNode ; - - --- OrganizationalProcesses where someone --- ceases to be an employee of an Organization. Note that this covers being --- laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job. -fun TerminatingEmployment : Class ; -fun TerminatingEmployment_Class : SubClass TerminatingEmployment LeavingAnOrganization ; - --- SI magnetic flux density measure. Symbol: T. --- One Tesla equals one Weber per square Meter. Tesla = Wb/m^2 = --- kg*s^(_2)*A^(_1). -fun Tesla : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- A LinguisticExpression or set of --- LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related --- to Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular --- topic, and that are inscribed in a CorpuscularObject by Humans. -fun Text : Class ; -fun Text_Class : SubClass Text (both Artifact (both ContentBearingObject LinguisticExpression)) ; - - --- Any Attribute that characterizes the --- texture of an Object. -fun TextureAttribute : Class ; -fun TextureAttribute_Class : SubClass TextureAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; - --- A Process that is carried out --- for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated --- with a DiseaseOrSyndrome. -fun TherapeuticProcess : Class ; -fun TherapeuticProcess_Class : SubClass TherapeuticProcess Repairing ; - --- The class of GeometricFigures that --- have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids --- like polyhedrons and cylinders. -fun ThreeDimensionalFigure : Class ; -fun ThreeDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass ThreeDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure ; - --- The Class of all calendar Thursdays. -fun Thursday : Class ; -fun Thursday_Class : SubClass Thursday Day ; - --- A --- UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of continuous time. All instances of --- this Class are returned by Functions that map a time quantity into --- another ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, 'the --- temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a --- TimeDependentQuantity, since its value depends on the time. -fun TimeDependentQuantity : Class ; -fun TimeDependentQuantity_Class : SubClass TimeDependentQuantity UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity ; - --- Any measure of length of time, --- with or without respect to the universal timeline. -fun TimeDuration : Class ; -fun TimeDuration_Class : SubClass TimeDuration TimeMeasure ; - --- An interval of time. --- Note that a TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the --- universal timeline. Note too that a TimeInterval has no gaps, --- i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals. -fun TimeInterval : Class ; -fun TimeInterval_Class : SubClass TimeInterval TimePosition ; - --- A BinaryFunction that takes two TimePoints --- as arguments and returns the TimeInterval defined by these two TimePoints. --- Note that the first TimePoint must occur earlier than the second TimePoint. -fun TimeIntervalFn : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - --- The class of temporal durations (instances --- of TimeDuration) and positions of TimePoints and TimeIntervals along --- the universal timeline (instances of TimePosition). -fun TimeMeasure : Class ; -fun TimeMeasure_Class : SubClass TimeMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - --- An extensionless point on --- the universal timeline. The TimePoints at which Processes occur --- can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but --- conceptually TimePoints are point_like and not interval_like. That --- is, it doesn't make sense to talk about how long a TimePoint --- lasts. -fun TimePoint : Class ; -fun TimePoint_Class : SubClass TimePoint TimePosition ; - --- Any TimePoint or TimeInterval --- along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to --- PositiveInfinity. -fun TimePosition : Class ; -fun TimePosition_Class : SubClass TimePosition TimeMeasure ; - --- An Attribute which is used to specify coordinates --- in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to --- the same TimePositions. -fun TimeZone : Class ; -fun TimeZone_Class : SubClass TimeZone RelationalAttribute ; - --- An aggregation of similarly specialized Cells --- and the associated intercellular substance. Tissues are relatively --- non_localized in comparison to BodyParts, Organs or Organ components. --- The main features of Tissues are self_connectivity (see --- SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the --- same granularity are instances of Tissue as well). -fun Tissue : Class ; -fun Tissue_Class : SubClass Tissue BodySubstance ; - --- Any Transfer where two Objects are --- brought into immediate physical contact with one another. -fun Touching : Class ; -fun Touching_Class : SubClass Touching Transfer ; - --- Attributes that indicate the the --- behavior/personality traits of an Organism. -fun TraitAttribute : Class ; -fun TraitAttribute_Class : SubClass TraitAttribute PsychologicalAttribute ; - --- The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where --- something is exchanged for something else. -fun Transaction : Class ; -fun Transaction_Class : SubClass Transaction (both ChangeOfPossession DualObjectProcess) ; - - --- Any instance of Translocation where the agent --- and the patient are not the same thing. -fun Transfer : Class ; -fun Transfer_Class : SubClass Transfer Translocation ; - --- Transitway is the broadest class --- of regions which may be passed through as a path in instances --- of Translocation. Transitway includes land, air, and sea --- regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways. -fun Transitway : Class ; -fun Transitway_Class : SubClass Transitway (both Region SelfConnectedObject) ; - - --- Converting content from one Language into another. --- This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written translation. -fun Translating : Class ; -fun Translating_Class : SubClass Translating (both ContentDevelopment DualObjectProcess) ; - - --- Translocation is that class of Motions --- in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round --- trips, the origin and destination are the same, but the intervening --- motion passes through other locations. Translocation represents linear --- motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is --- not necessary, Ambulating is a kind of Translocation. -fun Translocation : Class ; -fun Translocation_Class : SubClass Translocation Motion ; - --- Motion from one point to another by means --- of a TransportationDevice. -fun Transportation : Class ; -fun Transportation_Class : SubClass Transportation Translocation ; - --- A TransportationDevice is a Device --- which serves as the instrument in a Transportation Process which carries --- the patient of the Process from one point to another. -fun TransportationDevice : Class ; -fun TransportationDevice_Class : SubClass TransportationDevice Device ; - --- A Tree is a DirectedGraph that has no --- GraphLoops. -fun Tree : Class ; -fun Tree_Class : SubClass Tree Graph ; - --- The TruthValue of being true. -fun True : Ind TruthValue ; - - --- The Class of truth values, e.g. True and --- False. These are Attributes of Sentences and Propositions. -fun TruthValue : Class ; -fun TruthValue_Class : SubClass TruthValue RelationalAttribute ; - --- The Class of all calendar Tuesdays. -fun Tuesday : Class ; -fun Tuesday_Class : SubClass Tuesday Day ; - --- Any two OneDimensionalFigures (i.e. --- straight lines) meeting at a single GeometricPoint. -fun TwoDimensionalAngle : Class ; -fun TwoDimensionalAngle_Class : SubClass TwoDimensionalAngle OpenTwoDimensionalFigure ; - --- The class of GeometricFigures that --- have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures --- like circles and polygons. -fun TwoDimensionalFigure : Class ; -fun TwoDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass TwoDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure ; - --- A --- subclass of FunctionQuantity, instances of which are returned by --- UnaryFunctions that map from one instance of the Class --- ConstantQuantity to another instance of the Class --- ConstantQuantity. -fun UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity : Class ; -fun UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity_Class : SubClass UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity FunctionQuantity ; - --- Attribute that applies to Organisms that --- are unconscious. An Organism may be Unconscious because it is Dead --- or because of a blow to the head, a drug, etc. -fun Unconscious : Ind ConsciousnessAttribute ; - - --- The Class of Removing processes where the agent --- uncovers the patient, either completely or only partially. -fun Uncovering : Class ; -fun Uncovering_Class : SubClass Uncovering Removing ; - --- The Attribute of a CognitiveAgent when --- he/she is unemployed. -fun Unemployed : Ind SocialRole ; - - --- Any instance of Detaching which results in --- a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something --- which he/she grasps previously. -fun Ungrasping : Class ; -fun Ungrasping_Class : SubClass Ungrasping Detaching ; - --- Any instance of Getting that is not part --- of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Getting where nothing --- is given in return. Some examples of UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, --- commandeering, stealing, etc. -fun UnilateralGetting : Class ; -fun UnilateralGetting_Class : SubClass UnilateralGetting Getting ; - --- Any instance of Giving that is not part --- of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Giving where nothing --- is received in return. Some examples of UnilateralGiving are: honorary --- awards, gifts, and financial grants. -fun UnilateralGiving : Class ; -fun UnilateralGiving_Class : SubClass UnilateralGiving Giving ; - --- The Attribute of Regions that are --- unilluminated, i.e in which no shapes are visually discernable. -fun Unilluminated : Ind VisualAttribute ; - - --- A BinaryFunction that maps two SetOrClasses to --- the union of these SetOrClasses. An object is an element of the union --- of two SetOrClasses just in case it is an instance of either SetOrClass. -fun UnionFn : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - --- A List in which no item appears more than once, --- i.e. a List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 --- such that (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) --- return the same value. -fun UniqueList : Class ; -fun UniqueList_Class : SubClass UniqueList List ; - --- UnitFn returns just the --- UnitOfMeasure of a PhysicalQuantity with an associated --- UnitOfMeasure and RealNumber magnitude. For example, the unit of --- the ConstantQuantity (MeasureFn 2 Kilometer) is the --- UnitOfMeasure Kilometer. -fun UnitFn : El PhysicalQuantity -> Ind UnitOfMeasure ; - - --- Every instance of this --- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form --- instances of AngleMeasure. -fun UnitOfAngularMeasure : Class ; -fun UnitOfAngularMeasure_Class : SubClass UnitOfAngularMeasure NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - --- Every instance of this --- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form --- instances of AreaMeasure. -fun UnitOfArea : Class ; -fun UnitOfArea_Class : SubClass UnitOfArea CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - --- UnitOfAtmosphericPressure includes those instances of --- UnitOfMeasure used to measure atmospheric pressure (barometricPressure), --- e.g., InchMercury. -fun UnitOfAtmosphericPressure : Class ; -fun UnitOfAtmosphericPressure_Class : SubClass UnitOfAtmosphericPressure CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - --- Every instance of this --- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form --- instances of CurrencyMeasure. -fun UnitOfCurrency : Class ; -fun UnitOfCurrency_Class : SubClass UnitOfCurrency NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - --- Every instance of this --- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form --- instances of TimeDuration. Note that TimeDuration is a subclass --- of TimeMeasure. -fun UnitOfDuration : Class ; -fun UnitOfDuration_Class : SubClass UnitOfDuration NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - --- Every instance of this --- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form --- instances of FrequencyMeasure. -fun UnitOfFrequency : Class ; -fun UnitOfFrequency_Class : SubClass UnitOfFrequency CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - --- Every instance of this --- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form --- instances of InformationMeasure. -fun UnitOfInformation : Class ; -fun UnitOfInformation_Class : SubClass UnitOfInformation NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - --- Every instance of this --- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form --- instances of LengthMeasure. -fun UnitOfLength : Class ; -fun UnitOfLength_Class : SubClass UnitOfLength NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - --- Every instance of this --- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form --- instances of MassMeasure, which denote the amount of matter in --- PhysicalObjects. -fun UnitOfMass : Class ; -fun UnitOfMass_Class : SubClass UnitOfMass NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - --- A standard of measurement for some dimension. --- For example, the Meter is a UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, --- as is the Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a UnitOfMeasure that --- makes it primitive or fundamental, rather, a system of units (e.g. --- SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and --- assigns units for each. -fun UnitOfMeasure : Class ; -fun UnitOfMeasure_Class : SubClass UnitOfMeasure PhysicalQuantity ; - --- Every instance of this --- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form --- instances of TemperatureMeasure. -fun UnitOfTemperature : Class ; -fun UnitOfTemperature_Class : SubClass UnitOfTemperature NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - --- Every instance of this --- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form --- instances of VolumeMeasure. -fun UnitOfVolume : Class ; -fun UnitOfVolume_Class : SubClass UnitOfVolume CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - --- Unit of volume commonly used in the --- United Kingdom. -fun UnitedKingdomGallon : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - --- A currency measure. 1 UnitedStatesCent is --- equal to .01 UnitedStatesDollars. -fun UnitedStatesCent : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; - - --- A currency measure. -fun UnitedStatesDollar : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; - - --- Unit of volume commonly used in the --- United States. -fun UnitedStatesGallon : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - --- The ProbabilityAttribute of being improbable, i.e. more --- likely than not to be False. -fun Unlikely : Ind ProbabilityAttribute ; - - --- A DeductiveArgument which is --- valid, i.e. the set of premises in fact entails the conclusion. -fun ValidDeductiveArgument : Class ; -fun ValidDeductiveArgument_Class : SubClass ValidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument ; - --- Vehicle is the subclass of --- TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods --- from one place to another by moving from one place to the other --- with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes. Contrast --- with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket --- checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means --- of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to --- the destination. -fun Vehicle : Class ; -fun Vehicle_Class : SubClass Vehicle TransportationDevice ; - --- Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed --- and the direction of the speed. For example (VelocityFn (MeasureFn 55 Mile) --- (MeasureFn 2 HourDuration) ?REFERENCE North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles --- per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE. -fun VelocityFn : El LengthMeasure -> El TimeDuration -> El Region -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Ind FunctionQuantity ; - - --- One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words --- that conventionally denote Processes. -fun Verb : Class ; -fun Verb_Class : SubClass Verb Word ; - --- A Phrase that has the same function as a --- Verb. -fun VerbPhrase : Class ; -fun VerbPhrase_Class : SubClass VerbPhrase Phrase ; - --- An Animal which has a spinal column. -fun Vertebrate : Class ; -fun Vertebrate_Animal : SubClassC Vertebrate Animal (\VERT -> and (and (and (exists SpinalColumn (\SPINE -> component(var SpinalColumn CorpuscularObject ? SPINE)(var Animal CorpuscularObject ? VERT))) (forall NervousSystem (\S -> part(var NervousSystem Object ? S)(var Animal Object ? VERT)))) (forall Skeleton (\SKELETON -> part(var Skeleton Object ? SKELETON)(var Animal Object ? VERT)))) (forall Exoskeleton (\SKELETON -> part(var Exoskeleton Object ? SKELETON)(var Animal Object ? VERT)))); - - --- Attribute used to indicate that an Object --- is positioned height_wise with respect to another Object. -fun Vertical : Ind PositionalAttribute ; - - --- A Contest where one participant attempts to --- physically injure another participant. -fun ViolentContest : Class ; -fun ViolentContest_Class : SubClass ViolentContest Contest ; - --- An Organism consisting of a core of a single --- nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate --- only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the --- usual characteristics of living things. -fun Virus : Class ; -fun Virus_Class : SubClass Virus Microorganism ; - --- The Class of visually discernible --- properties. -fun VisualAttribute : Class ; -fun VisualAttribute_Class : SubClass VisualAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; - --- A Nutrient present in natural products or made --- synthetically, which is essential in the diet of Humans and other higher --- Animals. Included here are Vitamin precursors and provitamins. -fun Vitamin : Class ; -fun Vitamin_Class : SubClass Vitamin Nutrient ; - --- The vocal cords, are composed --- of two folds of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the --- larynx. They vibrate, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the --- lungs during Vocalizing. -fun VocalCords : Class ; -fun VocalCords_Class : SubClass VocalCords Organ ; - --- Any instance of RadiatingSound where the --- instrument is the Human vocal cords. This covers grunts, screams, --- roars, as well as Speaking. -fun Vocalizing : Class ; -fun Vocalizing_Class : SubClass Vocalizing (both BodyMotion RadiatingSound) ; - - --- SI electric potential measure. Symbol: V. It is --- the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting --- wire carrying a constant current of 1 Ampere, when the power dissipated --- between these points is equal to 1 Watt. Volt = W/A = --- m^2*kg*s^(_3)*A^(_1). -fun Volt : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- Measures of the amount of space in three --- dimensions. -fun VolumeMeasure : Class ; -fun VolumeMeasure_Class : SubClass VolumeMeasure FunctionQuantity ; - --- Voting is the activity of voting in an --- Election. Voting is typically done by individuals, while Elections --- are conducted by Organizations. The voting process by an individual --- voter is part of an Election process. -fun Voting : Class ; -fun Voting_Class : SubClass Voting Deciding ; - --- Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in such a --- way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground. -fun Walking : Class ; -fun Walking_Class : SubClass Walking Ambulating ; - --- A military confrontation between two or more --- GeopoliticalAreas or Organizations whose members are GeopoliticalAreas. --- As the corresponding axiom specifies, a War is made up of Battles. -fun War : Class ; -fun War_Class : SubClass War ViolentContest ; - --- Vertebrates whose body temperature --- is internally regulated. -fun WarmBloodedVertebrate : Class ; -fun WarmBloodedVertebrate_Class : SubClass WarmBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate ; - --- A Contract that states the cirumstances --- under which defects in the product will be corrected for no charge. --- A Warranty is usually limited to a length of time that is specified --- in the Warranty itself. A Warranty also includes information about --- what is not covered and actions that invalidate the Warranty. -fun Warranty : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - --- The Class of samples of the compound H20. Note --- that this Class covers both pure and impure Water. -fun Water : Class ; -fun Water_Class : SubClass Water CompoundSubstance ; - --- A body which is made up predominantly of water, --- e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. -fun WaterArea : Class ; -fun WaterArea_Class : SubClass WaterArea GeographicArea ; - --- Any Cloud that is composed primarily of water vapor. -fun WaterCloud : Class ; -fun WaterCloud_Class : SubClass WaterCloud Cloud ; - --- Any LiquidMotion where the Liquid is Water. -fun WaterMotion : Class ; -fun WaterMotion_Class : SubClass WaterMotion LiquidMotion ; - --- SI power measure. Symbol: W. A UnitOfMeasure --- that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by --- TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production --- of energy (or work) at the rate of one Joule per SecondDuration. --- Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(_3). -fun Watt : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to a --- CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the Agent. --- Note that this Function is generally used in conjunction with the --- Function PropertyFn, e.g. (WealthFn (PropertyFn BillGates)) would --- return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings. -fun WealthFn : El Agent -> Ind CurrencyMeasure ; - - --- The Class of Devices that are designed --- primarily to damage or destroy Humans/Animals, StationaryArtifacts or --- the places inhabited by Humans/Animals. -fun Weapon : Class ; -fun Weapon_Class : SubClass Weapon Device ; - --- WearableItem is the subclass of --- Artifacts that are made to be worn on the body. -fun WearableItem : Class ; -fun WearableItem_Class : SubClass WearableItem Artifact ; - --- WeatherProcess is the broadest class of --- processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused --- with instances of SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short_term weather --- events. -fun WeatherProcess : Class ; -fun WeatherProcess_Class : SubClass WeatherProcess Motion ; - --- SI magnetic flux measure. Symbol: Wb. It is the --- magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an --- electromotive force of 1 Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform --- rate in 1 SecondDuration. Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(_2)*A^(_1). -fun Weber : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - --- Any Declaring that leads to one person being --- the spouse of another. -fun Wedding : Class ; -fun Wedding_Class : SubClass Wedding Declaring ; - --- The Class of all calendar Wednesdays. -fun Wednesday : Class ; -fun Wednesday_Class : SubClass Wednesday Day ; - --- The Class of all calendar weeks. -fun Week : Class ; -fun Week_Class : SubClass Week TimeInterval ; - --- Time unit. A week's duration is seven days. -fun WeekDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - --- The compass direction of West. -fun West : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; - - --- An Attribute which indicates that the --- associated Object is fully saturated with a Liquid, i.e. --- every part of the Object has a subpart which is a Liquid. -fun Wet : Ind SaturationAttribute ; - - --- The Class of Processes where a Liquid is --- added to an Object. -fun Wetting : Class ; -fun Wetting_Class : SubClass Wetting Putting ; - --- A UnaryFunction that maps an Object or --- Process to the exact TimeInterval during which it exists. Note --- that, for every TimePoint ?TIME outside of the TimeInterval --- (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold. -fun WhenFn : El Physical -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - --- Maps an Object and a TimePoint at which the --- Object exists to the Region where the Object existed at that --- TimePoint. -fun WhereFn : El Physical -> El TimePoint -> Ind Region ; - - --- The Attribute of being white in color. -fun White : Ind PrimaryColor ; - - --- Any Motion of Air. -fun Wind : Class ; -fun Wind_Class : SubClass Wind GasMotion ; - --- The class of Female Humans. -fun Woman : Class ; -fun Woman_Class : SubClass Woman Human ; - --- A term of a Language that represents a concept. -fun Word : Class ; -fun Word_Class : SubClass Word LinguisticExpression ; - --- Long, narrow, soft_bodied Invertebrates. -fun Worm : Class ; -fun Worm_Class : SubClass Worm Invertebrate ; - --- A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which --- content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented --- mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both --- transcription and original creation of written Texts. -fun Writing : Class ; -fun Writing_Class : SubClass Writing ContentDevelopment ; - --- The Class of all calendar Years. -fun Year : Class ; -fun Year_Class : SubClass Year TimeInterval ; - --- Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year = --- 365 days = 31536000 seconds. -fun YearDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - --- A UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar --- Year. For example, (YearFn 1912) returns the Class containing just one instance, --- the year of 1912. As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, --- while negative integers return years in B.C.E. Note that this function returns a Class --- as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. MonthFn, DayFn, --- HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals --- and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of --- these functions classes rather than individuals. -fun YearFn : El Integer -> Desc Year ; - - --- The Attribute of being yellow in color. -fun Yellow : Ind PrimaryColor ; - - --- (abstractCounterpart ?AB ?PHYS --- relates a Physical entity to an Abstract one which is an idealized --- model in some dimension of the Physical entity. For example, an --- Abstract GraphNode could be stated to be the counterpart of an --- actual Computer in a ComputerNetwork. -fun abstractCounterpart : El Abstract -> El Physical -> Formula ; - - --- (acquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means that ?H1 has --- met and knows something about ?H2, such as ?H2's name and appearance. --- Statements made with this predicate should be temporally specified with --- holdsDuring. Note that acquaintance is not symmetric. For the --- symmetric version, see mutualAcquaintance. -fun acquaintance : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; - - --- Simply relates an Object to a ConstantQuantity --- specifying the age of the Object. -fun age : El Object -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ; - - --- (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is --- an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process --- ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an --- agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple. -fun agent : El Process -> El Agent -> Formula ; - - --- A TernaryPredicate that is --- used to state the distance between the top of an Object and --- another point that is below the top of the Object (often this --- other point will be sea level). Note that this Predicate can be --- used to specify, for example, the height of geographic features, --- e.g. mountains, the altitude of aircraft, and the orbit of satellites --- around the Earth. -fun altitude : El Physical -> El Physical -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- The transitive closure of the parent predicate. --- (ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the --- parent of ?DESCENDANT or the parent of the parent of DESCENDANT or --- etc. -fun ancestor : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - --- (angleOfFigure ?ANGLE ?FIGURE) means that --- the TwoDimensionalAngle ?ANGLE is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE. -fun angleOfFigure : El GeometricFigure -> El GeometricFigure -> Formula ; - - --- (angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means that --- the two_dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the PlaneAngleMeasure of --- ?MEASURE. -fun angularMeasure : El TwoDimensionalAngle -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- This predicate indicates the value of a --- GraphArc in a Graph. This could map to the length of a road in --- a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system. -fun arcWeight : El GraphArc -> El Quantity -> Formula ; - - --- (atomicNumber ?ELEMENT ?NUMBER) means that --- the ElementalSubstance ?ELEMENT has the atomic number ?NUMBER. The --- atomic number is the number of Protons in the nucleus of an Atom. -fun atomicNumber : Desc ElementalSubstance -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ; - - --- (attends ?DEMO ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON attends, --- i.e. is a member of the audience, of the performance event ?DEMO. -fun attends : El Demonstrating -> El Human -> Formula ; - - --- (attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that --- ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, --- (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red). -fun attribute : El Object -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - --- (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is --- creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is --- author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. -fun authors : El Agent -> Desc Text -> Formula ; - - --- A partial function that relates a List to a --- RealNumber, provided that the List only has list elements that are --- RealNumbers. The RealNumber associated with the List is equal to the --- mathematical average of the RealNumbers in the List divided by the total --- number of list elements. -fun average : El List -> El RealNumber -> Formula ; - - --- (barometricPressure ?AREA ?PRESSURE) means that the atmospheric --- pressure measured at ?AREA is ?PRESSURE. Barometric pressure is --- typically expressed in units of InchMercury or MmMercury. For --- example, standard sea level pressure is 29.92 inches (760 mm) of mercury: --- (barometricPressure SeaLevel (MeasureFn 29.92 InchMercury)). -fun barometricPressure : El Object -> El UnitOfAtmosphericPressure -> Formula ; - - --- (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 --- precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline. -fun before : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; - - --- (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 --- is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline. -fun beforeOrEqual : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; - - --- The epistemic predicate of belief. --- (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition --- expressed by ?FORMULA. -fun believes : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- (between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is --- spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3. Note that this implies that --- ?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1 --- and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2. -fun between : El Object -> El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- The temperature at which a PureSubstance changes --- state from a Liquid to a Gas. -fun boilingPoint : Desc PureSubstance -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the --- lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT. -fun bottom : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - --- The general relationship of being a brother. --- (brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON. -fun brother : El Man -> El Human -> Formula ; - - --- The causation relation between instances of Process. --- (causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of Process ?PROCESS1 --- brings about the instance of Process ?PROCESS2. -fun causes : El Process -> El Process -> Formula ; - - --- (causesProposition ?FORMULA1 --- ?FORMULA2) means that the state of affairs described by ?FORMULA1 --- causes, or mechanistically brings about, the state of affairs --- described by ?FORMULA2. Note that unlike entails, the time --- during which ?FORMULA2 holds cannot precede the time during which --- ?FORMULA1 holds, although ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 can hold --- simultaneously. Note, also, that causesProposition is a --- predicate, not a truth function. The following rule --- (contraposition) does not hold: (=> (causesProp ?FORMULA1 --- ?FORMULA2) (causesProp (not ?FORMULA2) (not ?FORMULA1))). -fun causesProposition : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- The causation relation between subclasses of Process. --- (causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of Process ?PROCESS1 --- brings about the subclass of Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (causesSubclass Killing --- Death). -fun causesSubclass : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; - - --- (citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the --- Human ?PERSON is a citizen of Nation ?NATION. -fun citizen : El Human -> El Nation -> Formula ; - - --- (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) --- means that some part of the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. --- Note that if (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part --- ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). --- A complete filler of (a part of) a hole is connected with everything --- with which (that part of) the hole itself is connected. --- A perfect filler of (a part of) a hole completely fills every proper --- part of (that part of) that hole. -fun completelyFills : El Object -> El Hole -> Formula ; - - --- A specialized common sense notion of part --- for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) --- means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component --- include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a --- country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare piece, which --- is also a subrelation of part. -fun component : El CorpuscularObject -> El CorpuscularObject -> Formula ; - - --- (conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that --- the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the --- Argument ?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT --- entails ?PROPOSITION. -fun conclusion : El Argument -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - --- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. --- conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional --- probability. (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means --- that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is --- ?NUMBER. -fun conditionalProbability : Formula -> Formula -> El RealNumber -> Formula ; - - --- Expresses the relationship between a Formula, --- an Entity, and an ObjectiveNorm when the Entity brings it about that --- the Formula has the ObjectiveNorm. -fun confersNorm : El Entity -> Formula -> El ObjectiveNorm -> Formula ; - - --- Expresses the relationship between a --- a Formula, an Entity, and a CognitiveAgent when the Entity --- obligates the CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the Formula is --- true. -fun confersObligation : Formula -> El Entity -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - --- Expresses the relationship between a Formula, --- an Entity, and a CognitiveAgent when the Entity authorizes the --- CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the Formula is true. -fun confersRight : Formula -> El Entity -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - --- (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 --- meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2. -fun connected : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- This is the most general --- connection relation between EngineeringComponents. If --- (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor --- ?COMP2 can be an engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation --- connectedEngineeringComponents is a SymmetricRelation, there is no --- information in the direction of connection between two components. It is --- also an IrreflexiveRelation, no EngineeringComponent bears this relation --- to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type --- with the connection. -fun connectedEngineeringComponents : El EngineeringComponent -> El EngineeringComponent -> Formula ; - - --- The relationship between three things, when one of --- the three things connects the other two. More formally, (connects ?OBJ1 --- ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3) --- and not (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3). -fun connects : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - --- connectsEngineeringComponents --- is a TernaryPredicate that maps from an EngineeringConnection to the --- EngineeringComponents it connects. Since EngineeringComponents cannot --- be connected to themselves and there cannot be an EngineeringConnection --- without a connectedEngineeringComponents Predicate, the second and third --- arguments of any connectsEngineeringComponents relationship will always be --- distinct for any given first argument. -fun connectsEngineeringComponents : El EngineeringComponent -> El EngineeringComponent -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - --- (considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT --- considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by --- ?FORMULA. -fun considers : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- (consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two --- Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it --- is possible for both of them to be true at the same time. -fun consistent : El Proposition -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - --- The relation of spatial containment for two --- separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an --- automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used. --- (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has --- a space (i.e. a Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2. -fun contains : El SelfConnectedObject -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- A subrelation of represents. This --- predicate relates a ContentBearingPhysical to the Proposition that is --- expressed by the ContentBearingPhysical. Examples include the relationships --- between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its --- musical content. -fun containsInformation : El ContentBearingPhysical -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - --- A contraryAttribute is a set of Attributes --- such that something can not simultaneously have more than one of these Attributes. --- For example, (contraryAttribute Pliable Rigid) means that nothing can be both --- Pliable and Rigid. -fun contraryAttribute : [El Attribute] -> Formula ; - - --- (cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the --- Object or Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, --- or jointly with the Object or Process ?THING2. This covers the --- following temporal relations: is co_incident with, is concurrent with, --- is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with. -fun cooccur : El Physical -> El Physical -> Formula ; - - --- relates an Object to an exact copy of the --- Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original --- with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal --- location. -fun copy : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that --- Object ?OBJ1 traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being connected --- to it. -fun crosses : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- A BinaryPredicate that specifies a --- TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution --- of one day, for a particular Object or Process. -fun date : El Physical -> El Day -> Formula ; - - --- The general relationship of daughterhood. --- (daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological daughter --- of ?PARENT. -fun daughter : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - --- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. --- (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less --- likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. -fun decreasesLikelihood : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- Expresses the relationship between an --- Entity, a Formula, and an ObjectiveNorm when the Entity --- brings it about that the Formula does not have the ObjectiveNorm. -fun deprivesNorm : El Entity -> Formula -> El ObjectiveNorm -> Formula ; - - --- A TernaryPredicate that is --- used to state the distance between the top of an Object and --- another point that is above the top of the Object (often this --- other point will be sea level). Note that this Predicate can be --- used to specify, for example, the depth of marine life or submarines, --- for example. -fun depth : El Physical -> El Physical -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants --- to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there --- is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. --- Note too that desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former --- is a PropositionalAttitude, while wants is an ObjectAttitude. -fun desires : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- (destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that --- ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, --- Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went --- to Danbury. Note that this is a very general CaseRole and, in --- particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. --- Thus, John would be the destination in the following proposition: --- Tom gave a book to John. -fun destination : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- (developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) --- means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of --- ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are developmentalForms --- of frogs and butterflies, respectively. -fun developmentalForm : El OrganicObject -> El DevelopmentalAttribute -> Formula ; - - --- (diameter ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the diameter --- of the Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH. -fun diameter : El Circle -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- (direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the --- Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one --- would use this Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving --- North. -fun direction : El Process -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ; - - --- Classes are disjoint only if they share no --- instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to --- them is empty. -fun disjoint : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Formula ; - - --- A disjointDecomposition of a Class --- C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually disjoint. -fun disjointDecomposition : Class -> [Class] -> Formula ; - - --- (distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the --- shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT. Note --- that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that --- the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of --- a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that --- separates two distinct objects. -fun distance : El Physical -> El Physical -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- A relation between objects --- in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text stated in --- a particular HumanLanguage. The domain of documentation is not --- constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does --- not quote the names when associating them with their documentation. -fun documentation : El Entity -> El HumanLanguage -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ; - - --- (duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the --- duration of the TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this --- Predicate can be used in conjunction with the Function WhenFn --- to specify the duration of any instance of Physical. -fun duration : El TimeInterval -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ; - - --- (during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that --- ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2. -fun during : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - --- (earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that --- the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 --- begins. -fun earlier : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - --- (editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is --- an editor of ?TEXT. -fun editor : El Agent -> Desc Text -> Formula ; - - --- (element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case --- ?ENTITY is contained in the Set ?SET. An Entity can be an element --- of another Entity only if the latter is a Set. -fun element : El Entity -> El Set -> Formula ; - - --- (employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has --- hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly --- or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary --- compensation. -fun employs : El Organization -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - --- (engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB --- ?SUPER) means that the EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a --- properPart of ?SUPER. This relation is an AsymmetricRelation, since --- two EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other. -fun engineeringSubcomponent : El EngineeringComponent -> El EngineeringComponent -> Formula ; - - --- The operator of logical entailment. (entails --- ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 --- by means of the proof theory of SUO_KIF. -fun entails : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- (equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case --- ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2. -fun equal : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- A BinaryPredicate that relates two --- subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 --- ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is --- also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example --- would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha --- Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that --- (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (subsumesContentClass --- ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1). -fun equivalentContentClass : Desc ContentBearingObject -> Desc ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; - - --- A BinaryPredicate relating two --- instances of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentInstance --- ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to --- the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship --- between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed --- copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 --- ?OBJ2) implies (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and --- (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2). -fun equivalentContentInstance : El ContentBearingObject -> El ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; - - --- The actual, minimal location of an --- Object. This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate --- located. -fun exactlyLocated : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- This predicate relates a Class to a --- set of Attributes, and it means that the elements of this set exhaust the --- instances of the Class. For example, (exhaustiveAttribute PhysicalState --- Solid Fluid Liquid Gas Plasma) means that there are only five instances of --- the class PhysicalState, viz. Solid, Fluid, Liquid, Gas and Plasma. -fun exhaustiveAttribute : Desc Attribute -> [El Attribute] -> Formula ; - - --- An exhaustiveDecomposition of a --- Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every instance of C is an --- instance of one of the subclasses in the set. Note: this does not necessarily --- mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see partition _ a partition --- is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition). -fun exhaustiveDecomposition : Class -> [Class] -> Formula ; - - --- (experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means --- that ?AGENT experiences the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo --- is the experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo --- sees the fish. Note that experiencer, unlike agent, does --- not entail a causal relation between its arguments. -fun experiencer : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used --- by ?AGENT as a resource in an unspecified instance of Process. This --- Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the --- relations agent and resource. -fun exploits : El Object -> El Agent -> Formula ; - - --- (expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) --- means that the LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS is part of the Language --- ?LANG. -fun expressedInLanguage : El LinguisticExpression -> El Language -> Formula ; - - --- (faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of --- ?OBJ (see FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. --- More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of --- ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it --- intersected with its back (see BackFn). -fun faces : El Object -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ; - - --- A very general Predicate for biological --- relationships. (familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that --- ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor. -fun familyRelation : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - --- The general relationship of fatherhood. --- (father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father --- of ?CHILD. -fun father : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - --- Holes can be filled. (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) --- means that the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that --- fills here means perfectly filled. Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts in common (rather, --- they may occupy the same spatial region). -fun fills : El Object -> El Hole -> Formula ; - - --- (finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that --- ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same --- ending TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1. -fun finishes : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - --- (frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the --- Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME. -fun frequency : Desc Process -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ; - - --- (geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) --- means that the GeographicArea ?PART is part of the GeographicArea --- ?WHOLE. -fun geographicSubregion : El GeographicArea -> El GeographicArea -> Formula ; - - --- (geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2 --- ?LENGTH) means that ?LENGTH is the distance between the two --- GeometricPoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT2. -fun geometricDistance : El GeometricPoint -> El GeometricPoint -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- (geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the --- GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the GeometricFigure ?WHOLE. -fun geometricPart : El GeometricFigure -> El GeometricFigure -> Formula ; - - --- (geopoliticalSubdivision --- ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2, --- that is, ?AREA1 is an integral geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a --- DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated --- GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by --- the government of ?AREA2. Cf. dependentGeopoliticalArea. -fun geopoliticalSubdivision : El GeopoliticalArea -> El GeopoliticalArea -> Formula ; - - --- (graphMeasure ?GRAPH ?MEAS) fixes a --- UnitOfMeasure that is used for the arcWeight of a given Graph. Stating --- such a relationship entails that the components of given graph are the --- abstractCounterparts of sets of Physical Entity(ies). -fun graphMeasure : El Graph -> El UnitOfMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- A basic relation for Graphs and their --- parts. (graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a GraphArc --- or GraphNode of the Graph ?GRAPH. -fun graphPart : El GraphElement -> El Graph -> Formula ; - - --- The state of grasping an Object. (grasps --- ?ANIMAL ?OBJ) means that the Animal ?ANIMAL is intentionally holding --- on to the Object ?OBJ. -fun grasps : El Animal -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true --- just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the Quantity --- ?NUMBER2. -fun greaterThan : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; - - --- (greaterThanByQuality --- ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?ATT) means that ?ENTITY1 has more of the given --- quality ?ATT than ?ENTITY2) -fun greaterThanByQuality : El Entity -> El Entity -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - --- (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 --- ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater --- than the Quantity ?NUMBER2. -fun greaterThanOrEqualTo : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; - - --- This Predicate expresses the concept of a --- conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. --- Accordingly, (hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of --- Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the Proposition expressed by --- ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between --- the Predicates hasPurpose and result. Although the second argument --- of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, --- a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result --- may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may --- have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no --- goal, a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on. -fun hasPurpose : El Physical -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- Expresses a cognitive attitude of an --- agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical. More precisely, --- (hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of --- ?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Very complex --- issues are involved here. In particular, the rules of inference of the --- first order predicate calculus are not truth_preserving for the second --- argument position of this Predicate. -fun hasPurposeForAgent : El Physical -> Formula -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - --- Similar to the capability Predicate --- with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/ --- demonstrated to some measurable degree. -fun hasSkill : Desc Process -> El Agent -> Formula ; - - --- The height of an Object is the distance between --- its top and its bottom. -fun height : El SelfConnectedObject -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the --- proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note --- that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every TimePoint which is a --- temporalPart of ?TIME. -fun holdsDuring : El TimePosition -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- Expresses a relationship between a --- Formula and a CognitiveAgent whereby the CognitiveAgent has --- the obligation to bring it about that the Formula is true. -fun holdsObligation : Formula -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - --- Expresses a relationship between a Formula --- and a CognitiveAgent whereby the CognitiveAgent has the right to --- bring it about that the Formula is true. -fun holdsRight : Formula -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - --- (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a --- Hole in ?OBJ. A Hole is a fillable body located at the --- surface an Object. -fun hole : El Hole -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - --- The relation between a Human and a PermanentResidence --- of the Human. -fun home : El Human -> El PermanentResidence -> Formula ; - - --- (husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the --- husband of ?WOMAN. -fun husband : El Man -> El Woman -> Formula ; - - --- (identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) --- means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their --- respective lists. Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share --- exactly the same items, they may order these items differently. -fun identicalListItems : El List -> El List -> Formula ; - - --- A SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an immediateSubclass --- of another SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and --- there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it. -fun immediateSubclass : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Formula ; - - --- The analog of element and instance for Lists. --- (inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the List ?LIST. For example, --- (inList Tuesday (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would be true. -fun inList : El Entity -> El List -> Formula ; - - --- A very general Predicate. --- (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the --- scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be --- either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in --- avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY. -fun inScopeOfInterest : El CognitiveAgent -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. --- (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more --- likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. -fun increasesLikelihood : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. --- (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of --- ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent. -fun independentProbability : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- A very basic notion of living within something --- else. (inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence --- (either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of ?ORGANISM. -fun inhabits : El Organism -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- A very general Predicate. (inhibits --- ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders --- the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an --- object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types --- of Processes, not between instances. -fun inhibits : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; - - --- (instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL --- is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not --- changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an instrument in the --- following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that instrument --- and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair. -fun instrument : El Process -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means --- that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and --- any superficialPart ?OBJ2. -fun interiorPart : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (involvedInEvent ?EVENT ?THING) means --- that in the Process ?EVENT, the Entity ?THING plays some CaseRole. -fun involvedInEvent : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- The epistemic predicate of knowing. (knows --- ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by --- ?FORMULA. Note that knows entails conscious awareness, so this --- Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or --- unconscious knowledge. -fun knows : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- (larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is --- larger, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. -fun larger : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON) --- means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON. -fun leader : El Agent -> El Human -> Formula ; - - --- (legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means --- that ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2 are relatives by virtue of a legal relationship. --- Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc. -fun legalRelation : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; - - --- BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure --- of an Object along its longest span. -fun length : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ; - - --- (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just --- in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the Quantity ?NUMBER2. -fun lessThan : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; - - --- (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) --- is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to --- the Quantity ?NUMBER2. -fun lessThanOrEqualTo : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; - - --- (lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE) means that the --- straight line ?LINE has the LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE. -fun lineMeasure : El OneDimensionalFigure -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure --- of an Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note --- that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that --- the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of --- a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that --- separates two distinct objects. -fun linearExtent : El Object -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- a TernaryPredicate that specifies the --- GraphArc connecting two GraphNodes. -fun links : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> El GraphArc -> Formula ; - - --- (located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is partlyLocated --- at ?OBJ, and there is no part or subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at --- ?OBJ. -fun located : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the --- Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the Attribute ?MANNER. The Attributes --- of Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the --- speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports --- competition. -fun manner : El Process -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - --- (material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that --- ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation --- encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. --- For example, plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Compare --- part and its subrelations, viz component and piece. -fun material : Desc Substance -> El CorpuscularObject -> Formula ; - - --- A very general Predicate for --- asserting that a particular Object is measured by a particular --- PhysicalQuantity. In general, the second argument of this --- Predicate will be a term produced with the Function MeasureFn. -fun measure : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ; - - --- (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that --- ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 --- overlapsSpatially the other. -fun meetsSpatially : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) --- means that the terminal point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the --- initial point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2. -fun meetsTemporally : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - --- The temperature at which a PureSubstance changes --- state from a Solid to a Liquid. Note that Arsenic can sublimate directly --- from Solid to Gas which means that its melting and boiling points are equal. -fun meltingPoint : Desc PureSubstance -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- A specialized common sense notion of part for --- uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of --- sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock. -fun member : El SelfConnectedObject -> El Collection -> Formula ; - - --- A BinaryRelation that is used to state the --- normative force of a Proposition. (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means --- that the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the NormativeAttribute --- ?PROP. For example, (modalAttribute (exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (and --- (instance ?ACT Giving) (agent ?ACT John) (patient ?ACT ?OBJ) --- (destination ?ACT Tom))) Obligation) means that John is obligated to give --- Tom something. -fun modalAttribute : Formula -> El NormativeAttribute -> Formula ; - - --- A BinaryPredicate that associates an --- Object or Process with its value expressed as an instance of --- CurrencyMeasure. -fun monetaryValue : El Physical -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- The general relationship of motherhood. --- (mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother --- of ?CHILD. -fun mother : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - --- (multiplicativeFactor ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) --- means that ?NUMBER1 is a factor of ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 can be multiplied by --- some Integer to give ?NUMBER2 as a result. -fun multiplicativeFactor : El Integer -> El Integer -> Formula ; - - --- (mutualAcquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means --- that ?H1 and ?H2 have met each other and know something about each other, --- such as name and appearance. Statements made with this predicate should --- be temporally specified with holdsDuring. See also the weaker, --- non_symmetric version of this predicate, acquaintance. -fun mutualAcquaintance : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; - - --- (names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY --- has the SymbolicString ?STRING as its name. Note that names and represents --- are the two immediate subrelations of refers. The predicate names is used --- when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the --- predicate represents is used for referring items that have such content. -fun names : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- (needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is --- physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT. -fun needs : El CognitiveAgent -> El Physical -> Formula ; - - --- (occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) --- means that ?PERSON holds the Position ?POSITION at Organization ?ORG. --- For example, (occupiesPosition TomSmith ResearchDirector --- AcmeLaboratory) means that TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs. -fun occupiesPosition : El Human -> El Position -> El Organization -> Formula ; - - --- A general Predicate for indicating how two --- Objects are oriented with respect to one another. For example, --- (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North) means that ?OBJ1 is north of ?OBJ2, and --- (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned --- vertically with respect to ?OBJ2. -fun orientation : El Object -> El Object -> El PositionalAttribute -> Formula ; - - --- (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE --- indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies --- that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not --- participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the --- origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a --- submarine. -fun origin : El Process -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means --- that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 --- is a part of the other. -fun overlapsPartially : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means --- that the Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a --- reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation. -fun overlapsSpatially : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 --- ?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 --- have a TimeInterval as a common part. -fun overlapsTemporally : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - --- (parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the --- OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another, --- i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point. -fun parallel : El OneDimensionalFigure -> El OneDimensionalFigure -> Formula ; - - --- The general relationship of parenthood. --- (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent --- of ?CHILD. -fun parent : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - --- The basic mereological relation. All other --- mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. --- (part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the Object ?PART is part --- of the Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since part is a --- ReflexiveRelation, every Object is a part of itself. -fun part : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that --- ?OBJ completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (partiallyFills --- ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). --- Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may --- stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as --- (is a limit case of) a partial one. -fun partiallyFills : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- A partition of a class C is a set of --- mutually disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C. --- Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses --- in the partition. -fun partition : Class -> [Class] -> Formula ; - - --- (partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the --- instance of Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ. For --- example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe. --- Note that partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: located --- is an immediate subrelation of partlyLocated and exactlyLocated is --- an immediate subrelation of located. -fun partlyLocated : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route --- along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the --- following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101. -fun path : El Motion -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- A BinaryPredicate that specifies the --- length (in number of GraphNodes) of a GraphPath. --- (pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in --- the GraphPath ?PATH. -fun pathLength : El GraphPath -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ; - - --- (patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY --- is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. --- For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the --- canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients. Note --- that the patient of a Process may or may not undergo structural --- change as a result of the Process. The CaseRole of patient is used --- when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a --- Process. -fun patient : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that --- ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, --- width or depth). -fun penetrates : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- A specialized common sense notion of part for --- arbitrary parts of Substances. Quasi_synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, --- etc. Compare component, another subrelation of part. -fun piece : El Substance -> El Substance -> Formula ; - - --- (pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE) means that --- the GeometricPoint ?POINT is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE. -fun pointOfFigure : El GeometricFigure -> El GeometricFigure -> Formula ; - - --- (pointOfIntersection ?FIGURE1 ?FIGURE2 --- ?POINT) means that the two straight lines ?FIGURE1 and ?FIGURE2 meet at the --- point ?POINT. -fun pointOfIntersection : El OneDimensionalFigure -> El OneDimensionalFigure -> El GeometricPoint -> Formula ; - - --- Relation that holds between an Agent and --- an Object when the Agent has ownership of the Object. -fun possesses : El Agent -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- A very general Predicate. (precondition --- ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an --- instance of ?PROC1 also exists. -fun precondition : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; - - --- (prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that --- CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1 --- over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal. -fun prefers : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - --- (premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the --- Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the Argument --- ?ARGUMENT. -fun premise : El Argument -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - --- A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 --- ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other --- words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 --- cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating --- prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types --- of Processes, not between instances. -fun prevents : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; - - --- (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that --- ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a --- TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an --- IrreflexiveRelation). -fun properPart : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) --- means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by --- ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that --- properlyFills is the dual of completelyFills, and is so --- related to partiallyFills that ?OBJ properlyFills ?HOLE just in --- case ?OBJ partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect --- filler is both complete and proper in this sense). --- Every hole is connected with everything with which a proper filler --- of the hole is connected. Every proper part of a perfect filler of (a part of) a hole properly --- fills (that part of) that hole. -fun properlyFills : El Object -> El Hole -> Formula ; - - --- This Predicate holds between an instance of --- Entity and an instance of Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) --- means that ?ENTITY has the Attribute ?ATTR. -fun property : El Entity -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - --- (publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG --- publishes ?TEXT. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's --- Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. -fun publishes : El Organization -> Desc Text -> Formula ; - - --- (radius ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the radius of --- the Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH. -fun radius : El Circle -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- A subrelation of represents. --- (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which --- expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical --- performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the --- reading of a poem. -fun realization : El Process -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - --- (refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 --- mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that refers is --- more general in meaning than represents, because presumably something --- can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. --- For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of --- oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, --- the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options --- for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, --- etc. -fun refers : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- (relatedEvent ?EVENT1 ?EVENT2) means --- that the Process ?EVENT1 is related to the Process ?EVENT2. The --- relationship is between separate individual events, not events and --- their subprocesses. On the other hand, two subProcesses of the same --- overarching event may be relatedEvents. The argument order does not --- imply temporal ordering. -fun relatedEvent : El Process -> El Process -> Formula ; - - --- Used to signify a three_place --- relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept --- in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source. -fun relatedExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; - - --- Means that the two arguments are --- related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity --- of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO --- concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate --- relatedExternalConcept. -fun relatedInternalConcept : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- (relative ?O1 ?O2) means that ?O1 --- and ?O2 are relatives, whether through common ancestry (consanguinity), --- someone's marriage (affinity), or someone's adoption. This definition is --- intentionally broad, so as to capture a wide array of `familial' --- relations. The notion of who counts as `family' also varies between --- cultures, but that aspect of meaning is not addressed here. -fun relative : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - --- A very general semiotics Predicate. --- (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, --- expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The Predicates --- containsInformation and realization are subrelations of represents. --- Note that represents is a subrelation of refers, since something can --- represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the --- documentation string for names. -fun represents : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- A very general predicate. --- (representsForAgent ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT --- chooses to use ?ENTITY1 to 'stand for' ?ENTITY2. -fun representsForAgent : El Entity -> El Entity -> El Agent -> Formula ; - - --- A very general predicate. --- (representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the --- LinguisticExpression ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the Language --- ?LANGUAGE. -fun representsInLanguage : El LinguisticExpression -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; - - -fun resourceS : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - --- (result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is --- a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the --- following proposition: Eric built a house. -fun result : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- The relationship between two Organisms that --- have the same mother and father. Note that this relationship does --- not hold between half_brothers, half_sisters, etc. -fun sibling : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - --- (side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of the object, --- as opposed to the top or bottom. -fun side : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - --- The general relationship of being a sister. --- (sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON. -fun sister : El Woman -> El Human -> Formula ; - - --- (smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 --- is smaller, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. -fun smaller : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- The general relationship of being a son. --- (son ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological --- son of ?PARENT. -fun son : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - --- The relationship of marriage between two Humans. -fun spouse : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; - - --- (starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that --- ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same --- initial TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2. -fun starts : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - --- The relation between a Human and a TemporaryResidence --- of the Human. -fun stays : El Human -> El TemporaryResidence -> Formula ; - - --- Means that the second argument can be --- ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it. -fun subAttribute : El Attribute -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - --- (subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that --- the Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the Collection ?COLL2. -fun subCollection : El Collection -> El Collection -> Formula ; - - --- The relation between two Graphs when one --- Graph is a part of the other. (subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means --- that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2. -fun subGraph : El Graph -> El Graph -> Formula ; - - --- (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a --- sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and --- the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both --- Lists. Elements that are common to both Lists and are consecutive in one --- list must also be consecutive in the other list. (Therefore _ the list of --- prime numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 5 7] is not a subList of the --- natural numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]). -fun subList : El List -> El List -> Formula ; - - --- (subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means --- that ?ORG1 is an Organization which is a part of the Organization --- ?ORG2. Note that subOrganization is a ReflexiveRelation, so every --- Organization is a subOrganization of itself. -fun subOrganization : El Organization -> El Organization -> Formula ; - - --- (subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 --- is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally --- used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular --- context. -fun subPlan : El Plan -> El Plan -> Formula ; - - --- (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC --- is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally --- distinguished part (proper or not) of a Process. -fun subProcess : El Process -> El Process -> Formula ; - - --- (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that --- ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. --- In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks --- of abstract content. -fun subProposition : El Proposition -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - --- (subSystem ?SUB ?SYSTEM) means that the --- PhysicalSystem ?SUB is a part of the PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM. -fun subSystem : El PhysicalSystem -> El PhysicalSystem -> Formula ; - - --- (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is --- a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of --- ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses. -fun subclass : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Formula ; - - --- (subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the --- elements of the Set ?SET1 are also elements of the Set ?SET2. -fun subset : El Set -> El Set -> Formula ; - - --- (subsumedExternalConcept --- ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed --- by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower --- in meaning than ?STRING. -fun subsumedExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; - - --- A BinaryPredicate that relates two --- subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 --- ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is --- also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1. Examples include the --- relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and --- one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of --- ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate --- instances, the Predicate subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note --- that subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for --- example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its --- Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and --- not just for a single instance. -fun subsumesContentClass : Desc ContentBearingObject -> Desc ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; - - --- A BinaryPredicate relating two --- instances of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) --- means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed --- by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and --- one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, --- rather than Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship --- between Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a --- part of that work, the relation subsumesContentClass should be used. -fun subsumesContentInstance : El ContentBearingObject -> El ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; - - --- (subsumingExternalConcept --- ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes --- the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader --- in meaning than ?STRING. -fun subsumingExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; - - --- (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) --- means that ?ATTR2 is the Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 --- on the scale that they share. -fun successorAttribute : El Attribute -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - --- The transitive closure of --- successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means --- that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting --- ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2. -fun successorAttributeClosure : El Attribute -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - --- (superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) --- means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own --- (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are --- externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too --- is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and --- MereologicalProductFn. -fun superficialPart : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- (surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 --- is a maximally connected superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some --- SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow --- object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface. -fun surface : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - --- (synonymousExternalConcept --- ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the --- same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE. -fun synonymousExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; - - --- (systemPart ?PART ?SYSTEM) means that --- the Physical thing ?PART is a SystemElement in the PhysicalSystem --- ?SYSTEM. -fun systemPart : El Physical -> El PhysicalSystem -> Formula ; - - --- The temporal analogue of the spatial part --- predicate. (temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that TimePosition ?POS1 --- is part of TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since temporalPart is a --- ReflexiveRelation every TimePostion is a temporalPart of itself. -fun temporalPart : El TimePosition -> El TimePosition -> Formula ; - - --- (temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 --- ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the TimePoints --- ?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before --- ?POINT3. -fun temporallyBetween : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; - - --- (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 --- ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the --- TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the TimePoint --- ?POINT3. -fun temporallyBetweenOrEqual : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; - - --- This relation holds between an instance of --- Physical and an instance of TimePosition just in case the temporal --- lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (time --- ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note --- that time does for instances of Physical what holdsDuring does --- for instances of Formula. The constants located and time are --- the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively. -fun time : El Physical -> El TimePosition -> Formula ; - - -fun toInt : Int -> Ind Integer ; - -fun toRealNum : Float -> Ind RealNumber ; - --- (top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest maximal --- superficial part of ?OBJECT. -fun top : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - --- (transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION --- ?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of CurrencyMeasure being --- exhanged in the FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION. -fun transactionAmount : El FinancialTransaction -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- (traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 --- crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that crosses and --- penetrates are subrelations of traverses. -fun traverses : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - --- The BinaryPredicate that relates a Sentence --- to its TruthValue. -fun truth : El Sentence -> El TruthValue -> Formula ; - - --- The class of names that uniquely identify --- an instance of Entity. Some examples of uniqueIdentifiers are the keys --- of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book --- Number). -fun uniqueIdentifier : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - --- (uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by --- ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified Process. This Predicate, --- as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the CaseRoles --- agent and instrument. -fun uses : El Object -> El Agent -> Formula ; - - --- Some Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete --- stages or versions. (version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 --- is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this Predicate relates subclasses of --- Artifact and not instances. -fun version : Desc Artifact -> Desc Artifact -> Formula ; - - --- (wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, --- i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is --- no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent. -fun wants : El CognitiveAgent -> El Physical -> Formula ; - - --- (wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING) means that ?AGENT is wearing --- the item of Clothing ?CLOTHING. -fun wears : El Animal -> El Clothing -> Formula ; - - --- (weight ?O ?MM) means that on planet earth --- the SelfConnectedObject ?O has the weight ?MM. -fun weight : El SelfConnectedObject -> El MassMeasure -> Formula ; - - --- BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure --- of an Object from side to side at its widest span. -fun width : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ; - - --- (wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of --- ?MAN. -fun wife : El Woman -> El Man -> Formula ; } -- cgit v1.2.3