From f5461eb3d4eb2605b546a4ed202c12bcdaa1f4e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "john.j.camilleri" Date: Mon, 16 Sep 2013 07:17:27 +0000 Subject: Remove contribs and examples Everything has now been moved to a separate repository at https://github.com/GrammaticalFramework/gf-contrib The contents of the examples folder are build during SetupWeb --- examples/SUMO/Merge.gf | 6379 ------------------------------------------------ 1 file changed, 6379 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 examples/SUMO/Merge.gf (limited to 'examples/SUMO/Merge.gf') diff --git a/examples/SUMO/Merge.gf b/examples/SUMO/Merge.gf deleted file mode 100644 index bbfec29dd..000000000 --- a/examples/SUMO/Merge.gf +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6379 +0,0 @@ -abstract Merge = Basic ** { - - -- Any AnatomicalStructure which - -- is not normally found in the Organism of which it is a part, i.e. it is - -- the result of a PathologicProcess. This class covers tumors, birth marks, - -- goiters, etc. - fun AbnormalAnatomicalStructure : Class ; - fun AbnormalAnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass AbnormalAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure ; - - -- This is a PositionalAttribute derived from the - -- up/down schema and not involving contact. Note that this means directly - -- above, i.e., if one object is Above another object, then the projections - -- of the two objects overlap. - fun Above : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - -- The value of (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) - -- is the absolute value of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. - fun AbsoluteValueFn : El RealNumber -> Ind NonnegativeRealNumber ; - - -- Properties or qualities as distinguished from any - -- particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. - -- Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical - -- objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular - -- place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment. - fun Abstract : Class ; - fun Abstract_Class : SubClass Abstract Entity ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into - -- the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership - -- in the Class. - fun AbstractionFn : Class -> Ind Attribute ; - - -- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then - -- (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these - -- numbers. - fun AdditionFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - -- Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close - -- to, near or abutting ?OBJ2. This PositionalAttribute covers the - -- following common sense notions: adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, - -- is juxtaposed, and is close to. - fun Adjacent : Ind SymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - -- One of the parts of speech. The Class of - -- Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Objects. - fun Adjective : Class ; - fun Adjective_Class : SubClass Adjective Word ; - - -- One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words - -- that conventionally denote Attributes of Processes. - fun Adverb : Class ; - fun Adverb_Class : SubClass Adverb Word ; - - -- A Disseminating whose purpose is to - -- promote the sale of an Object represented in a Text or Icon - -- (the advertisement). - fun Advertising : Class ; - fun Advertising_Class : SubClass Advertising Disseminating ; - - -- A GroupOfPeople whose members all have the - -- same age. - fun AgeGroup : Class ; - fun AgeGroup_Class : SubClass AgeGroup GroupOfPeople ; - - -- Something or someone that can act on its own and - -- produce changes in the world. - fun Agent : Class ; - fun Agent_Class : SubClass Agent Object ; - - -- Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the - -- atmosphere surrounding Earth. - fun Air : Class ; - fun Air_Class : SubClass Air GasMixture ; - - -- A Class containing all of the Attributes - -- relating to the notions of possibility and necessity. - fun AlethicAttribute : Class ; - fun AlethicAttribute_Class : SubClass AlethicAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; - - -- A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, - -- but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue. - fun Alga : Class ; - fun Alga_Class : SubClass Alga NonFloweringPlant ; - - -- Any BodyMotion which is accomplished by - -- means of the legs of an Animal for the purpose of moving from one - -- point to another. - fun Ambulating : Class ; - fun Ambulating_Class : SubClass Ambulating (both BodyMotion Translocation) ; - - -- SI electric current measure. Symbol: A. It is - -- one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the Ampere is - -- that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel - -- conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross_section, and - -- placed 1 Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors - -- a force equal to 2*10^(_7) Newton per Meter of length. - fun Ampere : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- A cold_blooded, smooth_skinned Vertebrate - -- which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by - -- gills. When mature, the Amphibian breathes with Lungs. - fun Amphibian : Class ; - fun Amphibian_Class : SubClass Amphibian ColdBloodedVertebrate ; - - -- Atomic mass unit. Symbol: u. It is the mass of - -- the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope. - fun Amu : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - -- A normal or pathological part - -- of the anatomy or structural organization of an Organism. This - -- class covers BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off - -- by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies. - fun AnatomicalStructure : Class ; - fun AnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass AnatomicalStructure OrganicObject ; - - -- The value of an angle in a plane or in a - -- solid. - fun AngleMeasure : Class ; - fun AngleMeasure_Class : SubClass AngleMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - - -- The Angstrom is a LengthMeasure. - -- 1 Angstrom = 10^(_10) m - fun Angstrom : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - -- A plane angle measure. - fun AngularDegree : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ; - - -- Attributes that indicate whether an - -- Organism is alive or not. - fun AnimacyAttribute : Class ; - fun AnimacyAttribute_Class : SubClass AnimacyAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; - - -- An Organism with eukaryotic Cells, and lacking - -- stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments. - fun Animal : Class ; - def Animal = KappaFn Organism (\ANIMAL -> and (forall AnimalSubstance (\SUBSTANCE -> part (var AnimalSubstance Object ? SUBSTANCE) - (var Organism Object ? ANIMAL))) - (forall AnimalAnatomicalStructure (\STRUCTURE -> part (var AnimalAnatomicalStructure Object ? STRUCTURE) - (var Organism Object ? ANIMAL)))) ; - - -- AnatomicalStructures that - -- are possessed exclusively by Animals. - fun AnimalAnatomicalStructure : Class ; - fun AnimalAnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass AnimalAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure ; - - -- The subclass of Languages used by - -- Animals other than Humans. - fun AnimalLanguage : Class ; - fun AnimalLanguage_Class : SubClass AnimalLanguage Language ; - - -- BodySubstances that are produced - -- exclusively by Animals. - fun AnimalSubstance : Class ; - fun AnimalSubstance_Class : SubClass AnimalSubstance BodySubstance ; - - -- AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute is the class of - -- PositionalAttribute that hold in only one direction. I.e. two objects cannot - -- simulataneously be On each other. - fun AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute : Class ; - fun AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute_Class : SubClass AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute PositionalAttribute ; - - -- Various Primates with no tails or only short - -- tails. - fun Ape : Class ; - fun Ape_Class : SubClass Ape Primate ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are April. - fun April : Class ; - fun April_Class : SubClass April Month ; - - -- The Class of Mammals that dwell chiefly - -- in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses. - fun AquaticMammal : Class ; - fun AquaticMammal_Class : SubClass AquaticMammal Mammal ; - - -- A Class of Arthropods that includes - -- ticks and spiders. - fun Arachnid : Class ; - fun Arachnid_Class : SubClass Arachnid Arthropod ; - - -- Measures of the amount of space in two - -- dimensions. - fun AreaMeasure : Class ; - fun AreaMeasure_Class : SubClass AreaMeasure FunctionQuantity ; - - -- Any proposition which has the form of a deductive - -- or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply - -- a conclusion. - fun Argument : Class ; - fun Argument_Class : SubClass Argument Proposition ; - - -- Artifacts that are created primarily for - -- aesthetic appreciation. Note that this Class does not include - -- most examples of architecture, which belong under StationaryArtifact. - fun ArtWork : Class ; - fun ArtWork_Class : SubClass ArtWork Artifact ; - - -- A Class of Invertebrate that includes - -- Arachnids and Insects. - fun Arthropod : Class ; - fun Arthropod_Class : SubClass Arthropod Invertebrate ; - - -- A relatively short Text that either is unbound or is - -- bound with other Articles in a Book. - fun Article : Class ; - fun Article_Class : SubClass Article Text ; - - -- A CorpuscularObject that is the product of a - -- Making. - fun Artifact : Class ; - fun Artifact_Class : SubClass Artifact CorpuscularObject ; - - -- The subclass of Languages that are - -- designed by Humans. - fun ArtificialLanguage : Class ; - fun ArtificialLanguage_Class : SubClass ArtificialLanguage Language ; - - -- Asexual Processes of biological - -- reproduction. - fun AsexualReproduction : Class ; - fun AsexualReproduction_Class : SubClass AsexualReproduction Replication ; - - -- Attribute that applies to Organisms that are - -- sleeping. - fun Asleep : Ind ConsciousnessAttribute ; - - -- The Class of all astronomical - -- objects of significant size. It includes SelfConnectedObjects - -- like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as Collections like - -- nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth - -- is an AstronomicalBody, but every Region of Earth is a - -- GeographicArea. - fun AstronomicalBody : Class ; - fun AstronomicalBody_Class : SubClass AstronomicalBody Region ; - - -- An extremely small unit of matter that retains its - -- identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an AtomicNucleus and - -- Electrons surrounding the AtomicNucleus. - fun Atom : Class ; - fun Atom_Class : SubClass Atom ElementalSubstance ; - - -- MassMeasure that is also known as the gram_atom. - -- Defined as the mass in grams of 1 Mole of pure substance. For example, - -- 1 AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 Grams of pure Carbon 12. 2 AtomGrams - -- of the same substance will be 24 Grams of it. This is an unusual unit in - -- that it is essentially 1 Mole of 'stuff' measured in grams, so that the - -- actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance. - fun AtomGram : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - -- The core of the Atom. It is composed of - -- Protons and Neutrons. - fun AtomicNucleus : Class ; - fun AtomicNucleus_Class : SubClass AtomicNucleus SubatomicParticle ; - - -- A Process where one Object becomes attached - -- to another Object. Note that this differs from Putting in that two - -- things which are attached may already be in the same location. Note that - -- Combining is different from Attaching in that the former applies to - -- Substances, while the latter applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too - -- that Attaching is different from Putting in that one or both of the - -- two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location - -- where they were combined. - fun Attaching : Class ; - fun Attaching_Class : SubClass Attaching DualObjectProcess ; - - -- A Device whose purpose is to attach one thing - -- to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc. - fun AttachingDevice : Class ; - fun AttachingDevice_Class : SubClass AttachingDevice Device ; - - -- A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the - -- agent attempts to inflict damage on the patient. - fun Attack : Class ; - fun Attack_Class : SubClass Attack Maneuver ; - - -- Qualities which we cannot or choose not to - -- reify into subclasses of Object. - fun Attribute : Class ; - fun Attribute_Class : SubClass Attribute Abstract ; - - -- A sound level capable of being heard by a Human. - fun Audible : Ind SoundAttribute ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are August. - fun August : Class ; - fun August_Class : SubClass August Month ; - - -- The class of PhysiologicProcesses of - -- which there is not conscious awareness and control. - fun AutonomicProcess : Class ; - fun AutonomicProcess_Class : SubClass AutonomicProcess PhysiologicProcess ; - - -- Attribute that applies to Organisms that are - -- neither Unconscious nor Asleep. - fun Awake : Ind ConsciousnessAttribute ; - - -- A Function that maps an Object to the side - -- that is opposite the FrontFn of the Object. Note that this is a - -- partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples - -- and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in - -- much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. - -- Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, - -- it does not have significant practical implications, since there is - -- widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. - fun BackFn : El SelfConnectedObject -> Ind SelfConnectedObject ; - - -- A small, typically one_celled, prokaryotic - -- Microorganism. - fun Bacterium : Class ; - fun Bacterium_Class : SubClass Bacterium Microorganism ; - - -- A ViolentContest between two or more military - -- units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the - -- metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some - -- sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of - -- Contest. - fun Battle : Class ; - fun Battle_Class : SubClass Battle ViolentContest ; - - -- SI activity measure. Symbol: Bq. It measures - -- the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is - -- that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic - -- disintegration per SecondDuration. Becquerel = s^(_1). - fun Becquerel : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to - -- the TimePoint at which the interval begins. - fun BeginFn : El TimeInterval -> Ind TimePoint ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath - -- to the GraphNode that is the beginning of the GraphPath. Note that, - -- unlike InitialNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), - -- BeginNodeFn is a total function _ every GraphPath has a beginning. - fun BeginNodeFn : El GraphPath -> Ind GraphNode ; - - -- A GroupOfPeople whose members share a belief - -- or set of beliefs. - fun BeliefGroup : Class ; - fun BeliefGroup_Class : SubClass BeliefGroup GroupOfPeople ; - - -- This PositionalAttribute is derived from the - -- up/down schema and may or may not involve contact. Note that this means - -- directly below, i.e., if one object is Below another object, then the - -- projections of the two objects overlap. - fun Below : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - -- A FinancialTransaction where an instance of - -- CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger - -- instance of CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of - -- Game. - fun Betting : Class ; - fun Betting_Class : SubClass Betting FinancialTransaction ; - - -- Any Food that is ingested by Drinking. - -- Note that this class is disjoint with the other subclasses of Food, - -- i.e. Meat and FruitOrVegetable. - fun Beverage : Class ; - fun Beverage_Class : SubClass Beverage Food ; - - -- Elements from the number system with base 2. - -- Every BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0. - fun BinaryNumber : Class ; - fun BinaryNumber_Class : SubClass BinaryNumber RealNumber ; - - -- Attributes that apply specifically - -- to instances of Organism. - fun BiologicalAttribute : Class ; - fun BiologicalAttribute_Class : SubClass BiologicalAttribute InternalAttribute ; - - -- A Process embodied in an Organism. - fun BiologicalProcess : Class ; - fun BiologicalProcess_Class : SubClass BiologicalProcess InternalChange ; - - -- A Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an - -- Organism. This Class includes Substances used in the treatment, - -- diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. - -- This Class also includes Substances that occur naturally in the body - -- and are administered therapeutically. Finally, BiologicallyActiveSubstance - -- includes Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special - -- handling because of their toxicity. - fun BiologicallyActiveSubstance : Class ; - fun BiologicallyActiveSubstance_Class : SubClass BiologicallyActiveSubstance Substance ; - - -- A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature - -- and characterized by the presence of feathers. - fun Bird : Class ; - fun Bird_Class : SubClass Bird WarmBloodedVertebrate ; - - -- The Process of being born. - fun Birth : Class ; - fun Birth_Class : SubClass Birth OrganismProcess ; - - -- One Bit of information. A one or a zero. - fun Bit : Ind UnitOfInformation ; - - -- The Attribute of being black in color. - fun Black : Ind PrimaryColor ; - - -- A fluid present in Animals that transports - -- Nutrients to and waste products away from various BodyParts. - fun Blood : Class ; - fun Blood_Class : SubClass Blood BodySubstance ; - - -- The Attribute of being blue in color. - fun Blue : Ind PrimaryColor ; - - -- Any BodyPart which contains an unfilled space, - -- e.g. BodyVessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc. - fun BodyCavity : Class ; - fun BodyCavity_Class : SubClass BodyCavity BodyPart ; - - -- Any BodyPart which is a covering of another - -- BodyPart or of an entire Organism. This would include the rinds of - -- FruitOrVegetables and the skins of Animals. - fun BodyCovering : Class ; - fun BodyCovering_Class : SubClass BodyCovering BodyPart ; - - -- The place where two BodyParts - -- meet or connect. - fun BodyJunction : Class ; - fun BodyJunction_Class : SubClass BodyJunction BodyPart ; - - -- Any Motion where the agent is an Organism - -- and the patient is a BodyPart. - fun BodyMotion : Class ; - fun BodyMotion_Class : SubClass BodyMotion Motion ; - - -- A collection of Cells and Tissues which - -- are localized to a specific area of an Organism and which are not - -- pathological. The instances of this Class range from gross structures - -- to small components of complex Organs. - fun BodyPart : Class ; - fun BodyPart_Class : SubClass BodyPart AnatomicalStructure ; - - -- The class of Attributes expressing - -- configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans, - -- e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc. - fun BodyPosition : Class ; - fun BodyPosition_Class : SubClass BodyPosition BiologicalAttribute ; - - -- Extracellular material and mixtures of - -- cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted - -- by an Organism. Included here are Substances such as saliva, dental - -- enamel, sweat, hormones, and gastric acid. - fun BodySubstance : Class ; - fun BodySubstance_Class : SubClass BodySubstance Substance ; - - -- Any tube_like structure which occurs naturally in - -- an Organism and through which a BodySubstance can circulate. - fun BodyVessel : Class ; - fun BodyVessel_Class : SubClass BodyVessel BodyCavity ; - - -- The Class of Processes where a Substance is - -- heated and converted from a Liquid to a Gas. - fun Boiling : Class ; - fun Boiling_Class : SubClass Boiling StateChange ; - - -- Rigid Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up - -- the skeleton of Vertebrates. Note that this Class also includes teeth. - fun Bone : Class ; - fun Bone_Class : SubClass Bone (both AnimalSubstance Tissue) ; - - -- A Text that has pages and is bound. - fun Book : Class ; - fun Book_Class : SubClass Book Text ; - - -- The subclass of Getting Processes where - -- the agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation - -- that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest). - fun Borrowing : Class ; - fun Borrowing_Class : SubClass Borrowing Getting ; - - -- The Process of respiration, by which oxygen - -- is made available to an Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, - -- exhalation, and alternations between the two. - fun Breathing : Class ; - fun Breathing_Class : SubClass Breathing (both AutonomicProcess OrganismProcess) ; - - -- An energy measure. - fun BritishThermalUnit : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- The Class of StationaryArtifacts which are - -- intended to house Humans and their activities. - fun Building : Class ; - fun Building_Class : SubClass Building StationaryArtifact ; - - -- A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of - -- CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of Physical. - fun Buying : Class ; - fun Buying_Class : SubClass Buying FinancialTransaction ; - - -- One Byte of information. A Byte is eight Bits. - fun Byte : Ind UnitOfInformation ; - - -- IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve - -- the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of Quantity. - fun Calculating : Class ; - fun Calculating_Class : SubClass Calculating IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - - -- A Calorie is an energy measure. - fun Calorie : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- SI luminosity intensity measure. Symbol: cd. - -- It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as - -- follows: the Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, - -- of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 - -- Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 - -- Watt per Steradian. - fun Candela : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- The Class of Carnivores with completely - -- separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles. - fun Canine : Class ; - fun Canine_Class : SubClass Canine Carnivore ; - - -- An element of living cells and a source of - -- energy for Animals. This class includes both simple Carbohydrates, - -- i.e. sugars, and complex Carbohydrates, i.e. starches. - fun Carbohydrate : Class ; - fun Carbohydrate_Class : SubClass Carbohydrate Nutrient ; - - fun CardinalityFn : El (either SetOrClass Collection) -> Ind Number ; - - -- The Class of flesh_eating Mammals. Members - -- of this Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes - -- cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks. - fun Carnivore : Class ; - fun Carnivore_Class : SubClass Carnivore Mammal ; - - -- Transfer from one point to another by means of - -- an Animal or Human. - fun Carrying : Class ; - fun Carrying_Class : SubClass Carrying Transfer ; - - -- (CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest - -- Integer greater than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. - fun CeilingFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; - - -- The fundamental structural and functional unit of - -- living Organisms. - fun Cell : Class ; - fun Cell_Class : SubClass Cell BodyPart ; - - -- A TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point - -- and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 CelsiusDegrees and 100 - -- CelsiusDegrees. - fun CelsiusDegree : Ind (both TemperatureMeasure UnitOfMeasure) ; - - -- (CenterOfCircleFn ?CIRCLE) denotes the - -- GeometricPoint that is the center of the Circle ?CIRCLE. - fun CenterOfCircleFn : El Circle -> Ind GeometricPoint ; - - -- Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: cm. It is - -- the 100th part of a Meter - fun Centimeter : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - -- A TimeZone that covers much of the - -- midwestern United States. - fun CentralTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; - - -- A Text that confers a right or obligation - -- on the holder of the Certificate. Note that the right or obligation - -- need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants - -- certain privileges in the professional world. - fun Certificate : Class ; - fun Certificate_Class : SubClass Certificate Text ; - - -- The Class of Processes where - -- ownership of something is transferred from one Agent to another. - fun ChangeOfPossession : Class ; - fun ChangeOfPossession_Class : SubClass ChangeOfPossession SocialInteraction ; - - -- An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. - -- Note that a Character may or may not be part of a Language. Character - -- is a subclass of SymbolicString, because every instance of Character is - -- an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element. - fun Character : Class ; - fun Character_Class : SubClass Character SymbolicString ; - - -- The Class of ChemicalProcesses - -- in which a CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products. - fun ChemicalDecomposition : Class ; - fun ChemicalDecomposition_Class : SubClass ChemicalDecomposition (both ChemicalProcess Separating) ; - - -- A ChemicalProcess occurs whenever - -- chemical compounds (CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. - -- For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products - -- appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical - -- reaction takes place. Catalysts in a ChemicalProcess may speed up the - -- reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of - -- iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to - -- gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen. - fun ChemicalProcess : Class ; - fun ChemicalProcess_Class : SubClass ChemicalProcess InternalChange ; - - -- The Class of ChemicalProcesses in - -- which a CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants. - fun ChemicalSynthesis : Class ; - fun ChemicalSynthesis_Class : SubClass ChemicalSynthesis (both ChemicalProcess Combining) ; - - -- The class of Ovals such that all GeometricPoints - -- that make up the Circle are equidistant from a single GeometricPoint, - -- known as the center of the Circle. - fun Circle : Class ; - fun Circle_Class : SubClass Circle Oval ; - - -- A LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited - -- by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. - -- Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements - -- like towns, villages, hamlets, etc. - fun City : Class ; - fun City_Class : SubClass City (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; - - -- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses - -- which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. - -- Note that Classifying is distinguished from Learning by the fact - -- that the latter covers the acquisition by a CognitiveAgent of any - -- Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label - -- or category. - fun Classifying : Class ; - fun Classifying_Class : SubClass Classifying IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - - -- Any TwoDimensionalFigure which - -- has a well defined interior and exterior. - fun ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure : Class ; - fun ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure ; - - -- Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other - -- materials that are used to cover the bodies of Humans. - fun Clothing : Class ; - fun Clothing_Class : SubClass Clothing WearableItem ; - - -- Any GasMixture that is visible, e.g. Smoke produced - -- by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky. - fun Cloud : Class ; - fun Cloud_Class : SubClass Cloud GasMixture ; - - -- A SentientAgent with responsibilities - -- and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is - -- essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although - -- Human is a subclass of CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of - -- CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of Human. For example, - -- chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials - -- (if they exist) may be CognitiveAgents. - fun CognitiveAgent : Class ; - fun CognitiveAgent_Class : SubClass CognitiveAgent SentientAgent ; - - -- Vertebrates whose body temperature - -- is not internally regulated. - fun ColdBloodedVertebrate : Class ; - fun ColdBloodedVertebrate_Class : SubClass ColdBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate ; - - -- Collections have members like Classes, but, unlike Classes, - -- they have a position in space_time and members can be - -- added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the - -- Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks - -- of sheep. - fun Collection : Class ; - fun Collection_Class : SubClass Collection Object ; - - -- The Class of Attributes relating to the - -- color of Objects. - fun ColorAttribute : Class ; - fun ColorAttribute_Class : SubClass ColorAttribute InternalAttribute ; - - -- The subclass of SurfaceChange where a - -- ColorAttribute of the patient is altered. Note that the change in - -- color may apply to just part of the object. - fun Coloring : Class ; - fun Coloring_Class : SubClass Coloring SurfaceChange ; - - -- A Process where two or more SelfConnectedObjects - -- are incorporated into a single SelfConnectedObject. Note that Combining - -- is different from Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects - -- being part of the other, while Attaching only results in the two objects - -- being connected with one another. Note too that Combining is different - -- from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or - -- may not be moved from the location where they were combined. - fun Combining : Class ; - fun Combining_Class : SubClass Combining DualObjectProcess ; - - -- The Class of ChemicalProcesses in which an Object - -- reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all Processes in which - -- something is burning. - fun Combustion : Class ; - fun Combustion_Class : SubClass Combustion ChemicalDecomposition ; - - -- An Agent that provides products and/or - -- services for a fee with the aim of making a profit. - fun CommercialAgent : Class ; - fun CommercialAgent_Class : SubClass CommercialAgent Agent ; - - -- Any FinancialTransaction by a - -- CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit. - fun CommercialService : Class ; - fun CommercialService_Class : SubClass CommercialService (both FinancialTransaction ServiceProcess) ; - - -- Instances of this Class commit the agent to some - -- future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm. - fun Committing : Class ; - fun Committing_Class : SubClass Committing LinguisticCommunication ; - - -- A SocialInteraction that involves - -- the transfer of information between two or more CognitiveAgents. - -- Note that Communication is closely related to, but essentially - -- different from, ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation - -- or modification of a ContentBearingObject, while Communication is - -- the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message. - fun Communication : Class ; - fun Communication_Class : SubClass Communication (both ContentBearingProcess SocialInteraction) ; - - -- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses - -- which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of - -- two or more Entities. - fun Comparing : Class ; - fun Comparing_Class : SubClass Comparing (both DualObjectProcess IntentionalPsychologicalProcess) ; - - -- The complement of a given SetOrClass C is the - -- SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an - -- object is an instance of the complement of a SetOrClass C just in case it - -- is not an instance of C. - fun ComplementFn : El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - -- A Number that has the form: x + yi, where x - -- and y are RealNumbers and i is the square root of _1. - fun ComplexNumber : Class ; - fun ComplexNumber_Class : SubClass ComplexNumber Number ; - - -- Instances - -- of this Class are UnitsOfMeasure defined by the functional - -- composition of other units, each of which might be a - -- CompositeUnitOfMeasure or a NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure. - fun CompositeUnitOfMeasure : Class ; - fun CompositeUnitOfMeasure_Class : SubClass CompositeUnitOfMeasure UnitOfMeasure ; - - -- The Class of Substances that contain - -- two or more elements (ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. - -- The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method - -- of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). - -- The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still - -- retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium - -- chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). - fun CompoundSubstance : Class ; - fun CompoundSubstance_Class : SubClass CompoundSubstance PureSubstance ; - - -- The class of Languages designed for - -- and interpreted by a computer. - fun ComputerLanguage : Class ; - fun ComputerLanguage_Class : SubClass ComputerLanguage ArtificialLanguage ; - - -- A set of instructions in a computer - -- programming language that can be executed by a computer. - fun ComputerProgram : Class ; - fun ComputerProgram_Class : SubClass ComputerProgram Procedure ; - - -- The process of developing a - -- ComputerProgram - fun ComputerProgramming : Class ; - fun ComputerProgramming_Class : SubClass ComputerProgramming ContentDevelopment ; - - -- The Class of Processes where an Object is - -- cooled and converted from a Gas to a Liquid. - fun Condensing : Class ; - fun Condensing_Class : SubClass Condensing StateChange ; - - -- The Class of Keeping Processes where the - -- patient is a Human or an Animal and is kept involuntarily. This covers - -- caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc. - fun Confining : Class ; - fun Confining_Class : SubClass Confining Keeping ; - - -- Attributes that indicate whether - -- an Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of - -- an Organism. - fun ConsciousnessAttribute : Class ; - fun ConsciousnessAttribute_Class : SubClass ConsciousnessAttribute StateOfMind ; - - -- A ConstantQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity that has a constant value, e.g. - -- 3 Meters and 5 HourDurations. The magnitude (see MagnitudeFn) of every - -- ConstantQuantity is a RealNumber. ConstantQuantity is - -- distinguished from FunctionQuantity, in that each instance of the - -- latter is formed through the mapping of one PhysicalQuantity to - -- another PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of ConstantQuantity is - -- expressed with the BinaryFunction MeasureFn, which takes a - -- Number and a UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 Meters - -- is expressed as (MeasureFn 3 Meter). Instances of - -- ConstantQuantity form a partial order (see - -- PartialOrderingRelation) with the lessThan relation, since - -- lessThan is a RelationExtendedToQuantities and lessThan is - -- defined over the RealNumbers. The lessThan relation is not a - -- total order (see TotalOrderingRelation) over the class - -- ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of - -- ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to - -- elements of other subclasses of ConstantQuantity - -- (such as mass quantities). - fun ConstantQuantity : Class ; - fun ConstantQuantity_Class : SubClass ConstantQuantity PhysicalQuantity ; - - -- An ConstructedLanguage is a - -- HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language - -- community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by - -- one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more - -- grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved - -- naturally. This Class includes languages like Esperanto that were - -- created to facilitate international communication - fun ConstructedLanguage : Class ; - fun ConstructedLanguage_Class : SubClass ConstructedLanguage (both ArtificialLanguage HumanLanguage) ; - - -- The subclass of Making in which a - -- StationaryArtifact is built. - fun Constructing : Class ; - fun Constructing_Class : SubClass Constructing Making ; - - -- Any SelfConnectedObject that expresses - -- content. This content may be a Proposition, e.g. when the ContentBearingObject - -- is a Sentence or Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or - -- physical object, as with an Icon, a Word or a Phrase. - fun ContentBearingObject : Class ; - fun ContentBearingObject_Class : SubClass ContentBearingObject (both ContentBearingPhysical CorpuscularObject) ; - - -- Any Object or Process that - -- expresses content. This covers Objects that contain a Proposition, - -- such as a book, as well as ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly - -- contain a Proposition. - fun ContentBearingPhysical : Class ; - fun ContentBearingPhysical_Class : SubClass ContentBearingPhysical Physical ; - - -- Any Process, for example - -- ManualHumanLanguage, which may contain a Proposition. - fun ContentBearingProcess : Class ; - fun ContentBearingProcess_Class : SubClass ContentBearingProcess ContentBearingPhysical ; - - -- A subclass of IntentionalProcess in - -- which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew. - fun ContentDevelopment : Class ; - fun ContentDevelopment_Class : SubClass ContentDevelopment IntentionalProcess ; - - -- A SocialInteraction where the agent and - -- patient are CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. - -- Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural - -- language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or - -- sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment. - fun Contest : Class ; - fun Contest_Class : SubClass Contest SocialInteraction ; - - -- A Class containing Attributes that are - -- specific to participants in a Contest. In particular, these Attributes - -- indicate the position of one of the agents in the Contest with respect - -- to other agent(s) in the Contest. Some examples of these Attributes - -- are winning, losing, won, lost, etc. - fun ContestAttribute : Class ; - fun ContestAttribute_Class : SubClass ContestAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; - - -- As defined in the CIA World Fact Book, - -- Continent covers seven land masses: Africa, NorthAmerica, - -- SouthAmerica, Antarctica, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. - -- Note that Australia, counted as a continent in some other systems, - -- is included in Oceania in the Fact Book. As a consequence, there - -- is no Nation which is also a Continent. - fun Continent : Class ; - fun Continent_Class : SubClass Continent LandArea ; - - -- The Making of an instance of Food. Note - -- that this can cover any preparation of Food, e.g. making a salad, - -- cutting up fruit, etc. It does not necessarily involve the application - -- of heat. - fun Cooking : Class ; - fun Cooking_Class : SubClass Cooking Making ; - - -- Any Decreasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity - -- decreased is a TemperatureMeasure. - fun Cooling : Class ; - fun Cooling_Class : SubClass Cooling Decreasing ; - - -- The subclass of SocialInteraction where - -- the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common - -- goal. - fun Cooperation : Class ; - fun Cooperation_Class : SubClass Cooperation SocialInteraction ; - - -- A TimeZone which functions - -- as the standard time zone. It is also known as Zulu time (in the military), - -- Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone. Note that whenever - -- a TimeZone is not specified, the TimePosition is understood to be with - -- respect to the CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone. - fun CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; - - -- An Organization that has a special legal status - -- that allows a group of persons to act as a CommercialAgent and that insulates - -- the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the - -- corporation's operation. - fun Corporation : Class ; - fun Corporation_Class : SubClass Corporation (both CommercialAgent Organization) ; - - -- A SelfConnectedObject whose parts have - -- properties that are not shared by the whole. - fun CorpuscularObject : Class ; - fun CorpuscularObject_Class : SubClass CorpuscularObject SelfConnectedObject ; - - -- (CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the - -- PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the - -- side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right_angled triangle. - fun CosineFn : El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Ind RealNumber ; - - -- SI electric charge measure. Symbol: C. It is - -- the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of - -- a conductor in an electric circuit during each SecondDuration by a - -- current of 1 Ampere. Coulomb = s*A. - fun Coulomb : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Enumerating something. The Class of Calculating - -- Processes where the aim is to determine the Number corresponding to the - -- patient. - fun Counting : Class ; - fun Counting_Class : SubClass Counting Calculating ; - - -- A GeopoliticalArea that is larger than a city, - -- usually encompassing several cities, and smaller than a StateOrProvince. - -- Aside from City, this is the smallest geopolitical subdivision, and it is - -- known by various names in various counties, e.g. parrish, commune, etc. - fun County : Class ; - fun County_Class : SubClass County (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; - - -- The Class of Putting processes where the agent - -- covers the patient, either completely or only partially, with something - -- else. - fun Covering : Class ; - fun Covering_Class : SubClass Covering Putting ; - - -- The subclass of Process in which - -- something is created. Note that the thing created is specified - -- with the result CaseRole. - fun Creation : Class ; - fun Creation_Class : SubClass Creation InternalChange ; - - -- A Class of Arthropods that mainly dwells - -- in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes - -- lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. - fun Crustacean : Class ; - fun Crustacean_Class : SubClass Crustacean Arthropod ; - - -- English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a Pint. - fun Cup : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - -- Any element of the official currrency of some - -- Nation. This covers both CurrencyBills and CurrencyCoins. - fun Currency : Class ; - fun Currency_Class : SubClass Currency FinancialInstrument ; - - -- Instances of this - -- subclass of ConstantQuantity are measures of monetaryValue - -- stated in terms of some UnitOfCurrency such as UnitedStatesDollar, - -- UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc. - fun CurrencyMeasure : Class ; - fun CurrencyMeasure_Class : SubClass CurrencyMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph the - -- Class of GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate - -- graphs if cut. There may be more than one cutset for a given graph. - fun CutSetFn : El Graph -> Desc GraphPath ; - - -- The subclass of Poking Processes which - -- involve a sharp instrument. - fun Cutting : Class ; - fun Cutting_Class : SubClass Cutting Poking ; - - -- The Class of Processes where the agent brings about a situation - -- where the patient no longer functions normally or as intended. - fun Damaging : Class ; - fun Damaging_Class : SubClass Damaging InternalChange ; - - -- An Attribute which indicates that the associated - -- Object contains some Liquid. - fun Damp : Ind SaturationAttribute ; - - -- Any BodyMotion of Humans which is deliberately coordinated with music. - fun Dancing : Class ; - fun Dancing_Class : SubClass Dancing BodyMotion ; - - -- The Class of all calendar Days. - fun Day : Class ; - fun Day_Class : SubClass Day TimeInterval ; - - -- Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours. - fun DayDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and - -- a subclass of Months to the Days within each Month corresponding to that - -- PositiveRealNumber. For example, (DayFn 16 August) is the Class of all - -- sixteenth days of August. For another example, (DayFn 9 Month) would return - -- the class of all ninth days of any month. For still another example, (DayFn 18 - -- (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912. - fun DayFn : El PositiveInteger -> Desc Month -> Desc Day ; - - -- This Attribute applies to Organisms that are - -- not alive. - fun Dead : Ind (both AnimacyAttribute ConsciousnessAttribute) ; - - -- The Process of dying. - fun Death : Class ; - fun Death_Class : SubClass Death OrganismProcess ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are December. - fun December : Class ; - fun December_Class : SubClass December Month ; - - -- The subclass of Selecting where the agent - -- opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities - -- that are open to him/her. - fun Deciding : Class ; - fun Deciding_Class : SubClass Deciding Selecting ; - - -- The Class of LinguisticCommunications that - -- effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. - -- Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating. - fun Declaring : Class ; - fun Declaring_Class : SubClass Declaring LinguisticCommunication ; - - -- Converting a document or message that has previously - -- been encoded (see Encoding) into a Language that can be understood by a - -- relatively large number of speakers. - fun Decoding : Class ; - fun Decoding_Class : SubClass Decoding Writing ; - - -- Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is decreased. - fun Decreasing : Class ; - fun Decreasing_Class : SubClass Decreasing QuantityChange ; - - -- An Argument which has the form of a deduction, i.e. - -- it is claimed that the set of premises entails the conclusion. - fun DeductiveArgument : Class ; - fun DeductiveArgument_Class : SubClass DeductiveArgument Argument ; - - -- A Maneuver in a ViolentContest - -- where the agent attempts to avoid being damaged. - fun DefensiveManeuver : Class ; - fun DefensiveManeuver_Class : SubClass DefensiveManeuver Maneuver ; - - -- Exhibiting something or a range of things - -- before the public in a particular location. This would cover software - -- demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum - -- exhibitions, etc. - fun Demonstrating : Class ; - fun Demonstrating_Class : SubClass Demonstrating Disseminating ; - - -- (DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the - -- denominator of the canonical reduced form of the RealNumber ?NUMBER. - fun DenominatorFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; - - -- DensityFn maps an instance of MassMeasure - -- and an instance of VolumeMeasure to the density represented by this - -- proportion of mass and volume. For example, (DensityFn (MeasureFn 3 Gram) - -- (MeasureFn 1 Liter)) represents the density of 3 grams per liter. - fun DensityFn : El MassMeasure -> El VolumeMeasure -> Ind FunctionQuantity; - - -- A Class containing all of the Attributes - -- relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition. - fun DeonticAttribute : Class ; - fun DeonticAttribute_Class : SubClass DeonticAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; - - -- The spatial analogue of Planning. Designing a - -- Collection of Objects involves determining a placement of the Objects - -- with respect to one another and perhaps other Objects as well, in order to - -- satisfy a particular purpose. - fun Designing : Class ; - fun Designing_Class : SubClass Designing IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - - -- The subclass of Damagings in which the patient (or an essential element of the patient) is destroyed. - -- Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely one of extent. - fun Destruction : Class ; - fun Destruction_Class : SubClass Destruction Damaging ; - - -- A Process where the agent detaches one thing - -- from something else. Note that Detaching is different from Separating - -- in that the latter applies to Substances, while the former applies to - -- CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Detaching is different from - -- Removing in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or - -- may not be moved from the location where they were attached. - fun Detaching : Class ; - fun Detaching_Class : SubClass Detaching DualObjectProcess ; - - -- Attributes that indicate the stage of development of an Organism. - fun DevelopmentalAttribute : Class ; - fun DevelopmentalAttribute_Class : SubClass DevelopmentalAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; - - -- A Device is an Artifact whose purpose is to - -- serve as an instrument in a specific subclass of Process. - fun Device : Class ; - fun Device_Class : SubClass Device Artifact ; - - -- A Process that is carried out for - -- the purpose of determining the nature of a DiseaseOrSyndrome. - fun DiagnosticProcess : Class ; - fun DiagnosticProcess_Class : SubClass DiagnosticProcess Investigating ; - - -- The Process by which Food that has been ingested is broken down - -- into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by the Organism. - fun Digesting : Class ; - fun Digesting_Class : SubClass Digesting (both AutonomicProcess OrganismProcess) ; - - - -- The Class of directed graphs. A directed graph is a Graph in which all GraphArcs - -- have direction, i.e. every GraphArc has an initial node (see - -- InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). - fun DirectedGraph : Class ; - fun DirectedGraph_Class : SubClass DirectedGraph Graph ; - - -- Instances of this Class urge some further action - -- among the receivers. A Directing can be an Ordering, a Requesting or - -- a Questioning. - fun Directing : Class ; - fun Directing_Class : SubClass Directing LinguisticCommunication ; - - -- The act of changing the direction in - -- which the patient of the act is oriented. - fun DirectionChange : Class ; - fun DirectionChange_Class : SubClass DirectionChange Motion ; - - -- The subclass of PositionalAttributes - -- that concern compass directions. - fun DirectionalAttribute : Class ; - fun DirectionalAttribute_Class : SubClass DirectionalAttribute PositionalAttribute ; - - -- A Stating in which two Agents have - -- contradictory statements. This is distinguished from Arguing in - -- that the statement in dispute may be a simple assertion, rather than - -- a chain of deduction, and that two entities must be disagreeing with - -- each other, whereas a single entity may craft an argument for a given - -- point of view, without the need for another agent to disagree with. - fun Disagreeing : Class ; - fun Disagreeing_Class : SubClass Disagreeing Stating ; - - -- Finding something that was sought. Note that - -- this class is restricted to cases of discovering something Physical. - -- For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class Learning - -- should be used. - fun Discovering : Class ; - fun Discovering_Class : SubClass Discovering IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - - -- A BiologicalAttribute which qualifies - -- something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity - -- of an Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of - -- one or more of the host's systems, parts, or Organs. - fun DiseaseOrSyndrome : Class ; - fun DiseaseOrSyndrome_Class : SubClass DiseaseOrSyndrome BiologicalAttribute ; - - -- Any Communication that involves a - -- single agent and many destinations. This covers the release - -- of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving - -- orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc. - fun Disseminating : Class ; - fun Disseminating_Class : SubClass Disseminating Communication ; - - -- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then - -- (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by - -- ?NUMBER2. Note that when ?NUMBER1 = 1 (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) - -- is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2. Note too that (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) - -- is undefined when ?NUMBER2 = 0. - fun DivisionFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - -- The Process by which liquid Food, i.e. - -- Beverages, are incorporated into an Animal. - fun Drinking : Class ; - fun Drinking_Class : SubClass Drinking Ingesting ; - - -- Controlling the direction and/or speed of a - -- Vehicle. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, - -- operating a train, etc. - fun Driving : Class ; - fun Driving_Class : SubClass Driving Guiding ; - - -- An Attribute which indicates that the associated - -- Object contains no Liquid. - fun Dry : Ind SaturationAttribute ; - - -- The Class of Processes where a Liquid is removed - -- from an Object. - fun Drying : Class ; - fun Drying_Class : SubClass Drying Removing ; - - -- Any Process that requires two, - -- nonidentical patients. - fun DualObjectProcess : Class ; - fun DualObjectProcess_Class : SubClass DualObjectProcess Process ; - - -- The compass direction of East. - fun East : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; - - -- A TimeZone that covers much of the eastern United States. - fun EasternTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; - - -- The Process by which solid Food is incorporated into an Animal. - fun Eating : Class ; - fun Eating_Class : SubClass Eating Ingesting ; - - -- A binary function that maps a type of text - -- (e.g. Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number - -- to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number. - fun EditionFn : Desc ContentBearingObject -> El PositiveInteger -> Desc ContentBearingObject ; - - -- A EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. - -- Some examples are public and private K_12 schools, and colleges and universities. - fun EducationalOrganization : Class ; - fun EducationalOrganization_Class : SubClass EducationalOrganization Organization ; - - -- Any Process which is intended to result in Learning. - fun EducationalProcess : Class ; - fun EducationalProcess_Class : SubClass EducationalProcess Guiding ; - - -- The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody of an Animal. - -- This includes Bird and Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian ova. - fun Egg : Class ; - fun Egg_Class : SubClass Egg (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; - - -- Election is the class of events conducted by an - -- organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt - -- resolutions, or settle other issues in that Organization. - fun Election : Class ; - fun Election_Class : SubClass Election OrganizationalProcess ; - - -- SubatomicParticles that surround the AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge. - fun Electron : Class ; - fun Electron_Class : SubClass Electron SubatomicParticle ; - - -- The ElectronVolt is an energy measure. - -- Symbol: eV. It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing - -- through a potential difference of 1 Volt in a vacuum. - fun ElectronVolt : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- The Class of PureSubstances that - -- cannot be separated into two or more Substances by ordinary chemical - -- (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. ElementalSubstances - -- are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), - -- and oxygen (O_2). ElementalSubstances are the simplest - -- PureSubstances. - fun ElementalSubstance : Class ; - fun ElementalSubstance_Class : SubClass ElementalSubstance PureSubstance ; - - -- The stage of an Organism or an - -- AnatomicalStructure that exists only before the Organism is born. - -- Mammals, for example, have this Attribute only prior to - -- their birth. - fun Embryonic : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; - - -- The Class of Attributes that denote emotional states of Organisms. - fun EmotionalState : Class ; - fun EmotionalState_Class : SubClass EmotionalState StateOfMind ; - - -- Converting a document or message into a formal - -- language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small - -- body of Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of - -- the content in the original document or message. - fun Encoding : Class ; - fun Encoding_Class : SubClass Encoding Writing ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to - -- the TimePoint at which the interval ends. - fun EndFn : El TimeInterval -> Ind TimePoint ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath - -- to the GraphNode that is the end of the GraphPath. Note that, unlike - -- TerminalNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), - -- EndNodeFn is a total function _ every GraphPath has a end. - fun EndNodeFn : El GraphPath -> Ind GraphNode ; - - -- A fundamental concept that applies - -- in many engineering domains. An EngineeringComponent is an element of - -- a Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might - -- see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen - -- EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that - -- EngineeringComponents are object_like in a modeling sense. Thus, an - -- EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a - -- system with a stable identity. - fun EngineeringComponent : Class ; - fun EngineeringComponent_Class : SubClass EngineeringComponent Device ; - - -- An EngineeringConnection is an - -- EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between - -- two other EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the - -- Predicate connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever - -- this Predicate holds between two EngineeringComponents, there exists an - -- EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship - -- is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one - -- might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some - -- shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. - -- EngineeringConnections are EngineeringComponents and can therefore be - -- an engineeringSubcomponent of other EngineeringComponents. However, - -- to provide for modular regularity in component systems, - -- EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of - -- EngineeringComponents related by connectedEngineeringComponents, there - -- exists at least one EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not - -- be unique, and the same EngineeringConnection may be associated with - -- several pairs of EngineeringComponents. - fun EngineeringConnection : Class ; - fun EngineeringConnection_Class : SubClass EngineeringConnection EngineeringComponent ; - - -- The universal class of individuals. This is the root - -- node of the ontology. - fun Entity : Class ; - - -- A complex Protein that is produced by living cells and which - -- catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six - -- main types of enzymes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, - -- lyases, isomerases, and ligases. - fun Enzyme : Class ; - fun Enzyme_Class : SubClass Enzyme Protein ; - - -- A GroupOfPeople whose members originate - -- from the same GeographicArea or share the same Language and/or cultural - -- practices. - fun EthnicGroup : Class ; - fun EthnicGroup_Class : SubClass EthnicGroup GroupOfPeople ; - - -- A currency measure. 1 EuroCent is equal to .01 EuroDollars. - fun EuroCent : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; - - -- A currency measure of most European Union countries. - fun EuroDollar : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; - - -- The Class of Processes where a Substance is converted - -- from a Liquid to a Gas at a temperature below its Boiling point. - fun Evaporating : Class ; - fun Evaporating_Class : SubClass Evaporating StateChange ; - - -- An Integer that is evenly divisible - -- by 2. - fun EvenInteger : Class ; - fun EvenInteger_Class : SubClass EvenInteger Integer ; - - -- The system of Bones that are on the Outside of an organism and - -- make up the supporting structure of many Invertebrates. - fun Exoskeleton : Class ; - fun Exoskeleton_Class : SubClass Exoskeleton (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure BodyPart) ; - - -- Investigating the truth of a Proposition - -- by constructing and observing a trial. Note that the trial may be either - -- controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind. - fun Experimenting : Class ; - fun Experimenting_Class : SubClass Experimenting Investigating ; - - -- An Argument where the conclusion is an - -- observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply - -- the conclusion. Note that this is the they hypothetico_deductive model - -- of explanation. - fun Explanation : Class ; - fun Explanation_Class : SubClass Explanation DeductiveArgument ; - - -- (ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns - -- the RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the Integer ?INT. - fun ExponentiationFn : El Quantity -> El Integer -> Ind Quantity ; - - -- Instances of this Class express a state of the agent. - -- For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking - -- in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. Note that Expressing, - -- unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of LinguisticCommunication. - -- This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by - -- smiling. - fun Expressing : Class ; - fun Expressing_Class : SubClass Expressing Communication ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute - -- into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute. - fun ExtensionFn : El Attribute -> Class ; - - -- Artifacts that are created by weaving together - -- natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of - -- Animals. Note that this Class includes articles that are created by - -- stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other - -- hand, Clothing is not a subclass of Fabric, because many clothing items - -- contain elements that are not fabrics. - fun Fabric : Class ; - fun Fabric_Class : SubClass Fabric Artifact ; - - -- The class of Texts that purport to - -- reveal facts about the world. Such texts are often known as information - -- or as non_fiction. Note that something can be an instance of - -- FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate. Whether something - -- is a FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating - -- the text. - fun FactualText : Class ; - fun FactualText_Class : SubClass FactualText Text ; - - -- A UnitOfTemperature that is commonly - -- used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point - -- of water is 32 FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is - -- 212 FahrenheitDegrees. - fun FahrenheitDegree : Ind UnitOfTemperature ; - - -- Falling is the class of events in which something moves - -- from a higher location to a lower location under the force of gravity. - fun Falling : Class ; - fun Falling_Class : SubClass Falling (both MotionDownward Translocation) ; - - -- The TruthValue of being false. - fun False : Ind TruthValue ; - - -- A GroupOfPeople whose members bear - -- familyRelations to one another. - fun FamilyGroup : Class ; - fun FamilyGroup_Class : SubClass FamilyGroup GroupOfPeople ; - - -- SI capacitance measure. Symbol: F. It is the - -- capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears - -- a difference of potential of 1 Volt when it is charged by a quantity - -- of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb. Farad = C/V = - -- m^(_2)*kg(_1)*s^4*A^2. - fun Farad : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Nonrigid Tissue that is composed largely of fat cells. - fun FatTissue : Class ; - fun FatTissue_Class : SubClass FatTissue Tissue ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are February. - fun February : Class ; - fun February_Class : SubClass February Month ; - - -- The Class of Carnivores with completely - -- separable toes, slim bodies, and rounded heads. All felines other than - -- the cheetah have retractable claws. - fun Feline : Class ; - fun Feline_Class : SubClass Feline Carnivore ; - - -- An Attribute indicating that an Organism is - -- female in nature. - fun Female : Ind SexAttribute ; - - -- A NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. - -- This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and - -- whisk ferns. - fun Fern : Class ; - fun Fern_Class : SubClass Fern NonFloweringPlant ; - - -- The class of Texts that purport to - -- be largely a product of the author's imagination, i.e. the author - -- does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is - -- an accurate depiction of the real world. Note that something can - -- be an instance of FictionalText, even if it is completely true. - -- Whether something is a FictionalText is determined by the beliefs - -- of the agent creating the text. - fun FictionalText : Class ; - fun FictionalText_Class : SubClass FictionalText Text ; - - -- An academic or applied discipline with - -- recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note - -- that FieldOfStudy is a subclass of Proposition, because a - -- FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational - -- content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of - -- this content. - fun FieldOfStudy : Class ; - fun FieldOfStudy_Class : SubClass FieldOfStudy Proposition ; - - -- Something is Fillable if it can be filled by - -- something else. Note that 'filled' here means perfectly filled. - -- Something is fillable just in case it is part of a hole, i.e., - -- fillability is an exclusive property of holes and their parts. - fun Fillable : Ind ShapeAttribute ; - - -- A document having monetary value - -- or recording a monetary transaction - fun FinancialInstrument : Class ; - fun FinancialInstrument_Class : SubClass FinancialInstrument Certificate ; - - -- A Transaction where an instance - -- of Currency is exchanged for something else. - fun FinancialTransaction : Class ; - fun FinancialTransaction_Class : SubClass FinancialTransaction Transaction ; - - -- A Set containing a finite number of elements. - fun FiniteSet : Class ; - fun FiniteSet_Class : SubClass FiniteSet Set ; - - -- A cold_blooded aquatic Vertebrate characterized by - -- fins and breathing by gills. Included here are Fish having either a bony - -- skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. - -- Also included are those Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or - -- hagfish. - fun Fish : Class ; - fun Fish_Class : SubClass Fish ColdBloodedVertebrate ; - - -- The Attribute of being flammable at normal temperatures - -- (i.e. not while a Plasma). - fun Flammable : Ind PhysicalAttribute ; - - -- (FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest Integer - -- less than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER. - fun FloorFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; - - -- FlowRegion is a class of things whose - -- boundaries are relatively stable but whose constitutive material is continuously moving - -- through the region itself and being replaced by - -- other, similar material. Each FlowRegion is constituted by a stream - -- of matter moving as a whole. A FlowRegion may be liquid or gaseous. - -- A wind may be considered as a Process or as a FlowRegion, similarly - -- an OceanCurrent or a WaterWave. The motion process associated with a - -- FlowRegion F is denoted by (FlowFn F). Note that certain - -- properties belong to the FlowRegion itself (e.g., mass, length, volume, - -- temperature, and speed or velocity of the region moving as a whole), - -- while other properties of interest belong to the Motion of its - -- constitutive stuff (e.g., velocity, direction). The motion of - -- a FlowRegion as a whole (e.g., JetStream moves within the atmosphere) - -- is distinguished from the motion of the pieces of stuff constituting the - -- FlowRegion. See FlowFn and FlowRegionFn. - fun FlowRegion : Class ; - - -- A Plant that produces seeds and flowers. - -- This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers. - fun FloweringPlant : Class ; - fun FloweringPlant_Class : SubClass FloweringPlant Plant ; - - -- Fluid is the PhysicalState attribute of an - -- Object that does not have a fixed shape and thus tends to flow or to - -- conform to the shape of a container. - fun Fluid : Ind PhysicalState ; - - -- Any SelfConnectedObject containing Nutrients, - -- such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a - -- living Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue. - fun Food : Class ; - fun Food_Class : SubClass Food SelfConnectedObject ; - - -- English length unit of feet. - fun FootLength : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - -- The Class of Processes where an Object is - -- cooled and converted from a Liquid to a Solid. - fun Freezing : Class ; - fun Freezing_Class : SubClass Freezing StateChange ; - - -- A subclass of - -- TimeDependentQuantity, instances of which are measures of the - -- frequency with which some Process occurs. - fun FrequencyMeasure : Class ; - fun FrequencyMeasure_Class : SubClass FrequencyMeasure TimeDependentQuantity ; - - -- A WaterArea whose Water is not saline, - -- e.g. most rivers and lakes. - fun FreshWaterArea : Class ; - fun FreshWaterArea_Class : SubClass FreshWaterArea WaterArea ; - - -- The Class of all calendar Fridays. - fun Friday : Class ; - fun Friday_Class : SubClass Friday Day ; - - -- A Function that maps an Object to the side - -- that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the - -- direction in which the Object moves. Note that this is a partial - -- function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and - -- spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in - -- much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. - -- Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, - -- it does not have significant practical implications, since there is - -- widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. - fun FrontFn : El SelfConnectedObject -> Ind SelfConnectedObject ; - - -- Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a - -- ripened ReproductiveBody of a Plant. Note that FruitOrVegetable - -- is not a subclass of Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous - -- berries, are not edible. - fun FruitOrVegetable : Class ; - fun FruitOrVegetable_Class : SubClass FruitOrVegetable (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; - - -- The stage of an Organism when it has reached - -- the end of its growth phase. - fun FullyFormed : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; - - -- A FunctionQuantity - -- is a PhysicalQuantity that is returned by a Function that maps - -- from one or more instances of ConstantQuantity to another instance - -- of ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would - -- be represented by a FunctionQuantity relating values of time (which - -- are instances of ConstantQuantity) to values of distance - -- (also instances of ConstantQuantity). Note that all elements of the - -- range of the Function corresponding to a FunctionQuantity have the - -- same physical dimension as the FunctionQuantity itself. - fun FunctionQuantity : Class ; - fun FunctionQuantity_Class : SubClass FunctionQuantity PhysicalQuantity ; - - -- Any instance of Giving where the patient is an - -- instance of Currency. Note that this class covers both financing, e.g. - -- where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement - -- that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned - -- to the firm, and instances of UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition - -- waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship. - fun Funding : Class ; - fun Funding_Class : SubClass Funding Giving ; - - -- A eukaryotic Organism characterized by the - -- absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included - -- here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, - -- and mushrooms. - fun Fungus : Class ; - fun Fungus_Class : SubClass Fungus Organism ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition - -- to the TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at - -- PositiveInfinity. - fun FutureFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - -- A Contest whose purpose is the - -- enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the Game. - fun Game : Class ; - fun Game_Class : SubClass Game (both Contest RecreationOrExercise) ; - - -- An Object has the Attribute of Gas if it has - -- neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape. - fun Gas : Ind PhysicalState ; - - -- Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, - -- viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Gas and any - -- component other than Gas in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles - -- which are suspended in the Gas. - fun GasMixture : Class ; - fun GasMixture_Class : SubClass GasMixture Mixture ; - - -- Any Motion where the patient is a - -- Gas. This class would cover, in particular, the motion of - -- Air, e.g. a breeze or wind. - fun GasMotion : Class ; - fun GasMotion_Class : SubClass GasMotion Motion ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that takes a - -- SetOrClass of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which - -- is the intersection of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. - -- the SetOrClass containing just those instances which are instances of all - -- instances of the original SetOrClass. - fun GeneralizedIntersectionFn : Desc SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that takes a SetOrClass - -- of Classes as its single argument and returns a SetOrClass which is the - -- merge of all of the Classes in the original SetOrClass, i.e. the SetOrClass - -- containing just those instances which are instances of an instance of the - -- original SetOrClass. - fun GeneralizedUnionFn : Desc SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - -- A geographic location, generally having - -- definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass - -- Region in that a GeographicArea is a three_dimensional Region of the - -- earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all - -- one_dimensional and two_dimensional Regions are not classed under - -- GeographicArea. - fun GeographicArea : Class ; - fun GeographicArea_Class : SubClass GeographicArea Region ; - - -- The class of activities that - -- are caused by geological forces and affect geological features, - -- and which may affect the biosphere as well. - fun GeologicalProcess : Class ; - fun GeologicalProcess_Class : SubClass GeologicalProcess (both InternalChange Motion) ; - - -- The class of all geometric figures, i.e. the - -- class of all abstract, spatial representations. The instances of this class - -- are GeometricPoints, TwoDimensionalFigures or ThreeDimensionalFigures. - fun GeometricFigure : Class ; - fun GeometricFigure_Class : SubClass GeometricFigure ShapeAttribute ; - - -- The class of zero_dimensional - -- GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of GeometricFigures that have position - -- but lack extension in any dimension. - fun GeometricPoint : Class ; - fun GeometricPoint_Class : SubClass GeometricPoint GeometricFigure ; - - -- Any GeographicArea which is associated - -- with some sort of political structure. This class includes Lands, - -- Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity - -- of a GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders. - fun GeopoliticalArea : Class ; - fun GeopoliticalArea_Class : SubClass GeopoliticalArea (both Agent GeographicArea) ; - - -- Any BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the - -- head, a smile, which is also an instance of Communication. - fun Gesture : Class ; - fun Gesture_Class : SubClass Gesture (both BodyMotion Communication) ; - - -- The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the - -- agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is - -- obtained is specified with the origin CaseRole. - fun Getting : Class ; - fun Getting_Class : SubClass Getting ChangeOfPossession ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into - -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original - -- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (GigaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 Hertz. - fun GigaFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - -- The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the - -- agent gives the destination something. - fun Giving : Class ; - fun Giving_Class : SubClass Giving ChangeOfPossession ; - - -- Any instance of Giving where the agent gives - -- something to the destination which was previously given to the agent by - -- the destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone. - fun GivingBack : Class ; - fun GivingBack_Class : SubClass GivingBack Giving ; - - -- An Organ that removes Substances from the Blood, - -- alters them in some way, and then releases them. - fun Gland : Class ; - fun Gland_Class : SubClass Gland Organ ; - - -- The ruling body of a GeopoliticalArea. - fun Government : Class ; - fun Government_Class : SubClass Government GovernmentOrganization ; - - -- (GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the - -- Government of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, - -- (GovernmentFn UnitedStates) denotes the Federal_level government of - -- the United States, (GovernmentFn PuertoRico) denotes the government of - -- the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. - fun GovernmentFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind Government ; - - -- GovernmentOrganization is the - -- class of official Organizations that are concerned with the government - -- of a GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a subOrganization - -- of a government. - fun GovernmentOrganization : Class ; - fun GovernmentOrganization_Class : SubClass GovernmentOrganization Organization ; - - -- Any instance of Touching which results in - -- a situation where the agent grasps the patient of the Touching. - fun Grabbing : Class ; - fun Grabbing_Class : SubClass Grabbing (both Attaching Touching) ; - - -- The OrganizationalProcess of graduating - -- from an EducationalOrganization. - fun Graduation : Class ; - fun Graduation_Class : SubClass Graduation LeavingAnOrganization ; - - -- Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. - -- 1 kilogram = 1000 Grams. - fun Gram : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - -- The Class of graphs, where a graph is understood - -- to be a set of GraphNodes connected by GraphArcs. Note that this - -- Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a - -- GraphPath between any two GraphNodes. Note too that every Graph - -- is required to contain at least two GraphArcs and three GraphNodes. - fun Graph : Class ; - fun Graph_Class : SubClass Graph Abstract ; - - -- Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes - -- and GraphArcs. Every GraphArc links two GraphNodes. - fun GraphArc : Class ; - fun GraphArc_Class : SubClass GraphArc GraphElement ; - - -- A GraphPath that begins (see - -- BeginNodeFn) and ends (see EndNodeFn) at the same - -- GraphNode. - fun GraphCircuit : Class ; - fun GraphCircuit_Class : SubClass GraphCircuit GraphPath ; - - -- Noncompositional parts of Graphs. - -- These parts are restricted to GraphNodes and GraphArcs. - fun GraphElement : Class ; - fun GraphElement_Class : SubClass GraphElement Abstract ; - - -- A GraphArc in which a GraphNode is - -- linked to itself. - fun GraphLoop : Class ; - fun GraphLoop_Class : SubClass GraphLoop GraphArc ; - - -- Graphs are comprised of GraphNodes - -- and GraphArcs. Every GraphNode is linked by a GraphArc. - fun GraphNode : Class ; - fun GraphNode_Class : SubClass GraphNode GraphElement ; - - -- Informally, a single, directed route between - -- two GraphNodes in a Graph. Formally, a DirectedGraph that is a - -- subGraph of the original Graph and such that no two GraphArcs in - -- the DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see InitialNodeFn) or - -- the same terminal node (see TerminalNodeFn). - fun GraphPath : Class ; - fun GraphPath_Class : SubClass GraphPath DirectedGraph ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that maps two GraphNodes - -- to the Class of GraphPaths between those two nodes. Note that the two - -- GraphNodes must belong to the same Graph. - fun GraphPathFn : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> Desc GraphPath ; - - -- SI absorbed dose measure. Symbol: Gy. It measures - -- the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately - -- to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to - -- matter by ionizing radiation is 1 Joule per kilogram. Gray = J/kg - -- = m^2*s^(_2). - fun Gray : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- (GreatestCommonDivisorFn - -- ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of - -- ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. - fun GreatestCommonDivisorFn : [El Integer] -> Ind Integer ; - - -- A Collection of Agents, e.g. a flock - -- of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop. - fun Group : Class ; - fun Group_Class : SubClass Group (both Agent Collection) ; - - -- Any Group whose members are - -- exclusively Humans. - fun GroupOfPeople : Class ; - fun GroupOfPeople_Class : SubClass GroupOfPeople Group ; - - -- The Process of biological development in which - -- an Organism or part of an Organism changes its form or its size. - fun Growth : Class ; - fun Growth_Class : SubClass Growth AutonomicProcess ; - - -- Any IntentionalProcess where the agent tries to - -- direct the behavior of another Object, whether an Agent or not. - fun Guiding : Class ; - fun Guiding_Class : SubClass Guiding IntentionalProcess ; - - -- The subclass of Perception in which the - -- sensing is done by an auditory Organ. - fun Hearing : Class ; - fun Hearing_Class : SubClass Hearing Perception ; - - -- Any Increasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity - -- increased is a TemperatureMeasure. - fun Heating : Class ; - fun Heating_Class : SubClass Heating Increasing ; - - -- SI inductance measure. Symbol: H. One Henry - -- is equivalent to one Volt divided by one Ampere per SecondDuration. - -- If a current changing at the rate of one Ampere per SecondDuration - -- induces an electromotive force of one Volt, the circuit has an - -- inductance of one Henry. Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(_2)*A^(_2). - fun Henry : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- SI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the - -- number of cycles per second. Hertz = s^(_1). Note that Hertz - -- does not have a conversion function. - fun Hertz : Ind UnitOfFrequency ; - - -- OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an - -- employee of an Organization. - fun Hiring : Class ; - fun Hiring_Class : SubClass Hiring JoiningAnOrganization ; - - -- A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface - -- of an Object. Since every Hole is ontologically dependent on its host - -- (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a Hole is defined as - -- being a hole in something. Note that two Holes may occupy the same - -- region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts. Any two - -- hosts of a hole have a common proper part that entirely hosts the hole. A - -- common host of two holes hosts all parts of the sum of those holes. Any - -- object that includes the host of a hole is a host of that hole, unless its - -- parts also include parts of that very hole. Overlapping holes have - -- overlapping hosts. No hole is atomic. Holes are connected with their - -- hosts. No hole can have a proper part that is externally connected with - -- exactly the same things as the hole itself. - fun Hole : Class ; - fun Hole_Class : SubClass Hole Region ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to - -- the Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a Hole - -- is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only - -- when the argument is a hole). - fun HoleHostFn : El Hole -> Ind Object ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a Hole to the skin - -- of the Hole. The skin of a Hole is the fusion of those superficial - -- parts (see superficialPart) of the Hole's principal host (see - -- HoleHostFn) with which the Hole is externally connected. - fun HoleSkinFn : El Hole -> Ind Object ; - - -- Includes Humans and relatively recent - -- ancestors of Humans. - fun Hominid : Class ; - fun Hominid_Class : SubClass Hominid Primate ; - - -- The Class of quadruped Mammals with hooves. - -- Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc. - fun HoofedMammal : Class ; - fun HoofedMammal_Class : SubClass HoofedMammal Mammal ; - - -- Attribute used to indicate that an Object - -- is positioned width_wise with respect to another Object. - fun Horizontal : Ind PositionalAttribute ; - - -- In Animals, a chemical secreted by an - -- endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid. - -- Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or - -- control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents, - -- are assigned to the Class BiologicallyActiveSubstance. Hormones act as - -- chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as - -- growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. They usually fall into two broad - -- categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones. - fun Hormone : Class ; - fun Hormone_Class : SubClass Hormone (both BiologicallyActiveSubstance BodySubstance) ; - - -- A power measure that is equal to 746 Watts. - fun Horsepower : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- The Class of all clock Hours. - fun Hour : Class ; - fun Hour_Class : SubClass Hour TimeInterval ; - - -- Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes. - fun HourDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and - -- a subclass of Days to the Hours within each Day corresponding to that - -- NonnegativeInteger. For example, (HourFn 12 Thursday) is the Class of all - -- instances of noon Thursday. For another example, (HourFn 0 Day) would return - -- the class of all instances of midnight. For still another example, (HourFn 14 - -- (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of - -- August 1912. - fun HourFn : El NonnegativeInteger -> Desc Day -> Desc Hour ; - - -- A ResidentialBuilding which is intended to be - -- inhabited by members of the same SocialUnit. Houses are distinguished - -- from temporary housing like hotels and multi_family dwellings like condominium - -- and apartment buildings. - fun House : Class ; - fun House_Class : SubClass House (both ResidentialBuilding SingleFamilyResidence) ; - - -- Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo - -- genus. - fun Human : Class ; - fun Human_Class : SubClass Human (both CognitiveAgent Hominid) ; - - -- The subclass of Languages used by - -- Humans. - fun HumanLanguage : Class ; - fun HumanLanguage_Class : SubClass HumanLanguage Language ; - - -- Hunting is the class of Processes in which - -- an animal or animals are pursued and sometimes captured and/or killed. - fun Hunting : Class ; - fun Hunting_Class : SubClass Hunting Pursuing ; - - -- This is the subclass of ContentBearingPhysical - -- which are not part of a Language and which have some sort of similarity - -- with the Objects that they represent. This Class would include symbolic - -- roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc. - fun Icon : Class ; - fun Icon_Class : SubClass Icon ContentBearingPhysical ; - - -- The Attribute of Regions that are - -- illuminated to some degree, i.e. in which some shapes are visually - -- discernable. - fun Illuminated : Ind VisualAttribute ; - - -- Any Number that is the result of - -- multiplying a RealNumber by the square root of _1. - fun ImaginaryNumber : Class ; - fun ImaginaryNumber_Class : SubClass ImaginaryNumber Number ; - - -- (ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns - -- the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of _1 as its factor. - fun ImaginaryPartFn : El ComplexNumber -> Ind ImaginaryNumber ; - - -- (ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes the - -- immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the Group consisting of the parents of - -- ?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a parent. - fun ImmediateFamilyFn : El Human -> Ind FamilyGroup ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a - -- TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that - -- immediately follows the TimePosition. - fun ImmediateFutureFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a - -- TimePosition to a short, indeterminate TimeInterval that - -- immediately precedes the TimePosition. - fun ImmediatePastFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - -- Any Touching where something comes into - -- sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples - -- would be striking, knocking, whipping etc. - fun Impacting : Class ; - fun Impacting_Class : SubClass Impacting Touching ; - - -- The subclass of Transfer where the patient - -- travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples - -- would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc. - fun Impelling : Class ; - fun Impelling_Class : SubClass Impelling Transfer ; - - -- English length unit of inches. - fun Inch : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - -- InchMercury is a UnitOfMeasure - -- for barometricPressure. It is used to express the number of - -- inches of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer by the - -- surrounding air pressure. - fun InchMercury : Ind UnitOfAtmosphericPressure ; - - -- Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity - -- is increased. - fun Increasing : Class ; - fun Increasing_Class : SubClass Increasing QuantityChange ; - - -- An Argument which is inductive, i.e. it is - -- claimed that a set of specific cases makes the conclusion, which generalizes - -- these cases, more likely to be true. - fun InductiveArgument : Class ; - fun InductiveArgument_Class : SubClass InductiveArgument Argument ; - - -- Measures of the amount of information. - -- Includes Bit, Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. KiloByte and - -- MegaByte. - fun InformationMeasure : Class ; - fun InformationMeasure_Class : SubClass InformationMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - - -- The Process by which Food is - -- taken into an Animal. - fun Ingesting : Class ; - fun Ingesting_Class : SubClass Ingesting OrganismProcess ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a - -- GraphArc to the initial node of the GraphArc. Note - -- that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is - -- undefined for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. - fun InitialNodeFn : El GraphArc -> Ind GraphNode ; - - -- Inserting a BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an - -- Animal or a Human with a syringe. - fun Injecting : Class ; - fun Injecting_Class : SubClass Injecting Inserting ; - - -- The process of creating a traumatic wound or - -- injury. Since Injuring is not possible without some biologic function - -- of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess. - fun Injuring : Class ; - def Injuring = both PathologicProcess - (KappaFn Damaging (\INJ -> exists Organism (\ORGANISM -> patient (var Damaging Process ? INJ) - (var Organism Entity ? ORGANISM)))) ; - - -- A Class of small Arthropods that are - -- air_breathing and that are distinguished by appearance. - fun Insect : Class ; - fun Insect_Class : SubClass Insect Arthropod ; - - -- Putting one thing inside of another thing. - fun Inserting : Class ; - fun Inserting_Class : SubClass Inserting Putting ; - - -- A negative or nonnegative whole number. - fun Integer : Class ; - fun Integer_Class : SubClass Integer RationalNumber ; - - -- (IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) - -- returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER. - fun IntegerSquareRootFn : El RealNumber -> Ind NonnegativeInteger ; - - -- A Process that has a specific - -- purpose for the CognitiveAgent who performs it. - fun IntentionalProcess : Class ; - fun IntentionalProcess_Class : SubClass IntentionalProcess Process ; - - -- An IntentionalProcess that - -- can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an Organism. Thus, - -- for example, Reasoning is a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, - -- because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain. On the other - -- hand, RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, - -- because many instances of RecreationOrExercise necessarily have subProcesses - -- of BodyMotion. - fun IntentionalPsychologicalProcess : Class ; - fun IntentionalPsychologicalProcess_Class : SubClass IntentionalPsychologicalProcess (both IntentionalProcess PsychologicalProcess) ; - - -- Any Attribute of an Entity that is an - -- internal property of the Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, - -- etc. - fun InternalAttribute : Class ; - fun InternalAttribute_Class : SubClass InternalAttribute Attribute ; - - -- Processes which involve altering an internal - -- property of an Object, e.g. the shape of the Object, its coloring, its - -- structure, etc. Processes that are not instances of this class include - -- changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in - -- spatial or temporal location. - fun InternalChange : Class ; - fun InternalChange_Class : SubClass InternalChange Process ; - - -- Any Process of assigning a Proposition to - -- a Text, i.e. understanding the Text. - fun Interpreting : Class ; - fun Interpreting_Class : SubClass Interpreting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that maps two - -- SetOrClasses to the intersection of these SetOrClasses. An object is - -- an instance of the intersection of two SetOrClasses just in case it is - -- an instance of both of those SetOrClasses. - fun IntersectionFn : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that - -- maps two instances of ConstantQuantity to the subclass of - -- ConstantQuantity that comprises the interval from the first - -- ConstantQuantity to the second ConstantQuantity. For - -- example, (IntervalFn (MeasureFn 8 Meter) (MeasureFn 14 Meter)) - -- would return the subclass of ConstantQuantity comprising quantities - -- between 8 and 14 meters in length. - fun IntervalFn : El ConstantQuantity -> El ConstantQuantity -> Desc ConstantQuantity ; - - -- DeductiveArguments that are not - -- ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of premises - -- in fact entails the conclusion. - fun InvalidDeductiveArgument : Class ; - fun InvalidDeductiveArgument_Class : SubClass InvalidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument ; - - -- An Animal which has no spinal column. - fun Invertebrate : Class ; - fun Invertebrate_Class : SubClass Invertebrate Animal ; - - -- The class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses - -- where the agent attempts to obtaina information (i.e. a Proposition denoted - -- by a Formula). - fun Investigating : Class ; - fun Investigating_Class : SubClass Investigating IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - - -- Any RealNumber that is not also a - -- RationalNumber. - fun IrrationalNumber : Class ; - fun IrrationalNumber_Class : SubClass IrrationalNumber RealNumber ; - - -- A LandArea that is completely surrounded by a WaterArea. - fun Island : Class ; - fun Island_Class : SubClass Island LandArea ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are January. - fun January : Class ; - fun January_Class : SubClass January Month ; - - -- The OrganizationalProcess of - -- becoming a member of an Organization. - fun JoiningAnOrganization : Class ; - fun JoiningAnOrganization_Class : SubClass JoiningAnOrganization OrganizationalProcess ; - - -- SI energy measure. Symbol: J. It is the work - -- done when the point of application of 1 Newton is displaced a distance - -- of 1 Meter in the direction of the force. Joule = N*m = - -- m^2*kg*s^(_2). - fun Joule : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts - -- for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to - -- him/her. - fun Judging : Class ; - fun Judging_Class : SubClass Judging Selecting ; - - -- JudicialOrganization is the class - -- of Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according - -- to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization. - -- Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example, - -- those associated with sporting associations. - fun JudicialOrganization : Class ; - fun JudicialOrganization_Class : SubClass JudicialOrganization Organization ; - - -- Any legal proceeding which is conducted - -- by a JudicialOrganization. Note that there is an important difference - -- between the concepts LegalAction and JudicialProcess. The former - -- refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits, - -- while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings - -- where the merits of a LegalAction are decided. - fun JudicialProcess : Class ; - def JudicialProcess = KappaFn PoliticalProcess (\PROCESS -> forall Organization (\ORG -> agent (var PoliticalProcess Process ? PROCESS) - (var Organization Agent ? ORG))) ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are July. - fun July : Class ; - fun July_Class : SubClass July Month ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are June. - fun June : Class ; - fun June_Class : SubClass June Month ; - - -- The Class of Processes where the agent - -- keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time. - fun Keeping : Class ; - fun Keeping_Class : SubClass Keeping IntentionalProcess ; - - -- SI UnitOfMeasure used - -- with MeasureFn to produce terms denoting instances of - -- TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in - -- SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the - -- Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be - -- 273.16 KelvinDegrees while it is 0 CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes - -- of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the - -- conversion constant is 273.15. - fun KelvinDegree : Ind UnitOfTemperature ; - - -- The subclass of Destruction in which the - -- death of an Organism is caused by an Organism. Note that in cases - -- of suicide the Organism would be the same in both cases. - fun Killing : Class ; - fun Killing_Class : SubClass Killing Destruction ; - - -- One KiloByte (KB) of information. One - -- KiloByte is 1024 Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is - -- different from the one accepted in the SI system. - fun KiloByte : Ind UnitOfInformation ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into - -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. - -- For example, (KiloFn Gram) is 1,000 Grams. - fun KiloFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - -- Supermultiple of Gramm. Symbol: kg. 1 Kilogram - -- = 1000 Grams. - fun Kilogram : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - -- Supermultiple of Meter. Symbol: km. A - -- Meter is the 1000th part of a Kilometer - fun Kilometer : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - -- An area which is predominantly solid ground, - -- e.g. a Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a LandArea may - -- contain some relatively small WaterAreas. For example, Australia is - -- a LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes. - fun LandArea : Class ; - fun LandArea_Class : SubClass LandArea GeographicArea ; - - -- LandTransitway is the subclass of - -- Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground. - fun LandTransitway : Class ; - fun LandTransitway_Class : SubClass LandTransitway (both LandArea Transitway) ; - - -- A system of signs for expressing thought. The - -- system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges - -- gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created - -- by a person or group of people. - fun Language : Class ; - fun Language_Class : SubClass Language LinguisticExpression ; - - -- Form of most Invertebrates, Amphibians, and - -- Fish immediately after they hatch. This form is fundamentally unlike - -- the adult form, and metamorphosis is required to reach the latter form. - fun Larval : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; - - -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that are - -- required by a government or a branch of the government and that are enforced - -- with penalties for noncompliance. These Propositions may be codified as - -- legislation or they may be more informal, as in the case of government policy. - fun Law : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - -- The Class of all leap years. These are years - -- which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly - -- divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century). - fun LeapYear : Class ; - fun LeapYear_Class : SubClass LeapYear Year ; - - -- The Class of Processes which relate to the - -- acquisition of information. - fun Learning : Class ; - fun Learning_Class : SubClass Learning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - - -- (LeastCommonMultipleFn - -- ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of - -- ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. - fun LeastCommonMultipleFn : [El Integer] -> Ind Integer ; - - -- The OrganizationalProcess of - -- leaving an Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. - fun LeavingAnOrganization : Class ; - fun LeavingAnOrganization_Class : SubClass LeavingAnOrganization OrganizationalProcess ; - - -- This PositionalAttribute is derived from the - -- left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the left, so that, - -- if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the - -- two objects overlap. - fun Left : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - -- Any Process where a CognitiveAgent seeks - -- to obtain something through a court of law. - fun LegalAction : Class ; - fun LegalAction_Class : SubClass LegalAction Contest ; - - -- A decision issued by a court with respect to - -- a LegalAction. Note that a LegalDecision is the act of Declaring a - -- decision of a court, it is not the act of judge or jury Deciding the merits - -- of a particular LegalAction. - fun LegalDecision : Class ; - fun LegalDecision_Class : SubClass LegalDecision (both Declaring JudicialProcess) ; - - -- The subclass of Giving Processes where - -- the agent gives the destination something for a limited period of - -- time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with - -- interest). - fun Lending : Class ; - fun Lending_Class : SubClass Lending Giving ; - - -- A subclass of - -- ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of length. - fun LengthMeasure : Class ; - fun LengthMeasure_Class : SubClass LengthMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - - -- The ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. more - -- likely than not to be True. - fun Likely : Ind ProbabilityAttribute ; - - -- A Communication that involves - -- the transfer of information via a LinguisticExpression. - fun LinguisticCommunication : Class ; - fun LinguisticCommunication_Class : SubClass LinguisticCommunication Communication ; - - -- This is the subclass of - -- ContentBearingPhysical which are language_related. Note that this Class - -- encompasses both Language and the the elements of Languages, - -- e.g. Words. - fun LinguisticExpression : Class ; - fun LinguisticExpression_Class : SubClass LinguisticExpression ContentBearingPhysical ; - - -- An Object has the Attribute of Liquid if - -- it has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. - fun Liquid : Ind PhysicalState ; - - -- Any Mixture that satisfies two conditions, - -- viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a Liquid and any - -- component other than Liquid in the Mixture is in the form of fine particles - -- which are suspended in the Liquid. - fun LiquidMixture : Class ; - fun LiquidMixture_Class : SubClass LiquidMixture Mixture ; - - -- Any Motion where the patient is a - -- Liquid. This class would cover, in particular, the flow of - -- Water. - fun LiquidMotion : Class ; - fun LiquidMotion_Class : SubClass LiquidMotion Motion ; - - -- Every List is a particular ordered n_tuple of - -- items. Generally speaking, Lists are created by means of the ListFn - -- Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a - -- List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other - -- Lists, may be an item in a List. Note too that Lists are - -- extensional _ two lists that have the same items in the same order are - -- identical. Note too that a List may contain no items. In that case, - -- the List is the NullList. - fun List : Class ; - - -- A Function that returns the concatenation - -- of the two Lists that are given as arguments. For example, the value of - -- (ListConcatenateFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday) (ListFn Wednesday - -- Thursday)) would be (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday). - fun ListConcatenateFn : El List -> El List -> Ind List ; - - -- A Function that takes any number of arguments and - -- returns the List containing those arguments in exactly the same order. - fun ListFn : [El Entity] -> Ind List ; - - -- A Function that takes a List as its sole - -- argument and returns the number of items in the List. For example, - -- (ListLengthFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would return the - -- value 3. - fun ListLengthFn : El List -> Ind NonnegativeInteger ; - - -- (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item - -- that is in the ?NUMBER position in the List ?LIST. For example, - -- (ListOrderFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday) 2) would return the - -- value Tuesday. - fun ListOrderFn : El List -> El PositiveInteger -> Ind Entity ; - - -- Any instance of Hearing which is intentional. - fun Listening : Class ; - fun Listening_Class : SubClass Listening (both Hearing IntentionalProcess) ; - - -- Unit of volume in the metric - -- system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic - -- decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l. - fun Liter : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - -- This Attribute applies to Organisms that are - -- alive. - fun Living : Ind AnimacyAttribute ; - - -- (LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the - -- RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the Integer ?INT. - fun LogFn : El RealNumber -> El PositiveInteger -> Ind RealNumber ; - - -- This Class comprises all - -- of the logical operators (viz. 'and', 'or', 'not', '=>', and '<=>'). - fun LogicalOperator : Class ; - - -- Any instance of Seeing which is intentional. - fun Looking : Class ; - fun Looking_Class : SubClass Looking (both IntentionalProcess Seeing) ; - - -- SI luminous flux measure. Symbol: lm. It is the - -- amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 Steradian from a - -- uniform point source having an intensity of one Candela. Lumen = - -- cd*sr = cd * 1. - fun Lumen : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- SI illuminance measure. Symbol: lx. It is the - -- amount of illumination provided when one Lumen is evenly distributed - -- over an area of 1 square Meter. This is also equivalent to the - -- illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one - -- Meter from a point source of one Candela. Lux = lm/m^2 = - -- m^(_2)*cd. - fun Lux : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Machines are Devices that that have a - -- well_defined resource and result and that automatically convert - -- the resource into the result. - fun Machine : Class ; - fun Machine_Class : SubClass Machine Device ; - - -- The magnitude of a PhysicalQuantity is the - -- numeric value for the quantity. In other words, MagnitudeFn converts - -- a PhysicalQuantity with an associated UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary - -- RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the ConstantQuantity 2 - -- Kilometers is the RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a - -- quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original - -- quantity. - fun MagnitudeFn : El PhysicalQuantity -> Ind RealNumber ; - - -- The Class of Processes where the agent - -- cares for or maintains the Object. - fun Maintaining : Class ; - fun Maintaining_Class : SubClass Maintaining IntentionalProcess ; - - -- The subclass of Creation in which an individual - -- Artifact or a type of Artifact is made. - fun Making : Class ; - fun Making_Class : SubClass Making (both Creation IntentionalProcess) ; - - -- An Attribute indicating that an Organism is - -- male in nature. - fun Male : Ind SexAttribute ; - - -- A Vertebrate having a constant body temperature - -- and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat - -- glands. - fun Mammal : Class ; - fun Mammal_Class : SubClass Mammal WarmBloodedVertebrate ; - - -- The class of Male Humans. - fun Man : Class ; - fun Man_Class : SubClass Man Human ; - - -- OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing - -- the activities of others. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess - -- and its sibling Managing. The latter implies a long_term relationship between - -- the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which - -- the activities of the regulated are referred. - fun Managing : Class ; - fun Managing_Class : SubClass Managing (both Guiding OrganizationalProcess) ; - - -- An intentional move or play within a Contest. - -- In many cases, a Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for - -- winning the Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi_arbitrary - -- division of the overarching Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game. - fun Maneuver : Class ; - fun Maneuver_Class : SubClass Maneuver IntentionalProcess ; - - -- A ManualHumanLanguage is a - -- HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such - -- as the shape, position, and movement of the hands. - fun ManualHumanLanguage : Class ; - fun ManualHumanLanguage_Class : SubClass ManualHumanLanguage HumanLanguage ; - - -- The Making of Artifacts on a mass - -- scale. - fun Manufacture : Class ; - fun Manufacture_Class : SubClass Manufacture Making ; - - -- Any Corporation which manufactures Products. - fun Manufacturer : Class ; - fun Manufacturer_Class : SubClass Manufacturer Corporation ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are March. - fun March : Class ; - fun March_Class : SubClass March Month ; - - -- The Class of Mammals which have a pouch for - -- their young. - fun Marsupial : Class ; - fun Marsupial_Class : SubClass Marsupial Mammal ; - - -- A subclass of - -- ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of the amount of - -- matter in an Object. - fun MassMeasure : Class ; - fun MassMeasure_Class : SubClass MassMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - - -- The OrganizationalProcess of joining an - -- EducationalOrganization as a student. - fun Matriculation : Class ; - fun Matriculation_Class : SubClass Matriculation JoiningAnOrganization ; - - -- (MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of - -- ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, - -- MaxFn returns one of its arguments. - fun MaxFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - -- This BinaryFunction assigns two - -- GraphNodes to the GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs - -- between the two GraphNodes. - fun MaximalWeightedPathFn : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> Ind GraphPath ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are May. - fun May : Class ; - fun May_Class : SubClass May Month ; - - -- This BinaryFunction maps a - -- RealNumber and a UnitOfMeasure to that Number of units. It is - -- used to express `measured' instances of PhysicalQuantity. Example: - -- the concept of three meters is represented as (MeasureFn 3 - -- Meter). - fun MeasureFn : El RealNumber -> El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind PhysicalQuantity ; - - -- The Class of Calculating Processes where - -- the aim is to determine the PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the patient. - fun Measuring : Class ; - fun Measuring_Class : SubClass Measuring Calculating ; - - -- Any Device whose purpose is to measure a - -- PhysicalQuantity. - fun MeasuringDevice : Class ; - fun MeasuringDevice_Class : SubClass MeasuringDevice Device ; - - -- Any Food which was originally part of an - -- Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal - -- blood that is eaten as food. Note that this class covers both raw - -- meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking. - -- Note too that preparations involving Meat and FruitOrVegetable - -- are classed directly under Food. - fun Meat : Class ; - fun Meat_Class : SubClass Meat Food ; - - -- The coming together of two or more - -- CognitiveAgents for the purpose of Communication. This covers informal - -- meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board - -- of directors meeting. - fun Meeting : Class ; - fun Meeting_Class : SubClass Meeting SocialInteraction ; - - -- One MegaByte (MB) of information. One - -- MegaByte is 1024 KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is - -- different from the one accepted in the SI system. - fun MegaByte : Ind UnitOfInformation ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into - -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original - -- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MegaFn Hertz) is 1,000,000 Hertz. - fun MegaFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - -- The Class of Processes where an Object is - -- heated and converted from a Solid to a Liquid. - fun Melting : Class ; - fun Melting_Class : SubClass Melting StateChange ; - - -- Any Corporation which sells - -- goods or services to customers for a profit. - fun MercantileOrganization : Class ; - fun MercantileOrganization_Class : SubClass MercantileOrganization Corporation ; - - -- (MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) - -- denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1 - -- and not to ?OBJ2. - fun MereologicalDifferenceFn : El Object -> El Object -> Ind Object ; - - -- (MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) - -- denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1 - -- and ?OBJ2. - fun MereologicalProductFn : El Object -> El Object -> Ind Object ; - - -- (MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) - -- denotes the Object consisting of the parts which belong to either - -- ?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2. - fun MereologicalSumFn : El Object -> El Object -> Ind Object ; - - -- A Metal is an ElementalSubstance that conducts heat - -- and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered - -- into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements - -- (ElementalSubstances) are metals. - fun Metal : Class ; - fun Metal_Class : SubClass Metal ElementalSubstance ; - - -- SI UnitOfLength. Symbol: m. It is one of the - -- base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Meter - -- is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time - -- interval of 1/299792458 of a SecondDuration. - fun Meter : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into - -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. - -- For example, (MicroFn Meter) is .000001 Meters. - fun MicroFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - -- An Organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope. - fun Microorganism : Class ; - fun Microorganism_Class : SubClass Microorganism Organism ; - - -- English length unit of miles. - fun Mile : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - -- MilitaryForce is the subclass of - -- Organizations that are organized along military lines and for the - -- purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not - -- the force is an official GovernmentOrganization. - fun MilitaryForce : Class ; - fun MilitaryForce_Class : SubClass MilitaryForce PoliticalOrganization ; - - -- Any heavily armed Organization - -- that is part of a Government and that is charged with representing the - -- Government in international conflicts. - fun MilitaryOrganization : Class ; - fun MilitaryOrganization_Class : SubClass MilitaryOrganization (both GovernmentOrganization MilitaryForce) ; - - -- Any Process that is carried out by a - -- military organization. Note that this class covers Processes, e.g. - -- military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as - -- those which are unscripted. - fun MilitaryProcess : Class ; - fun MilitaryProcess_Class : SubClass MilitaryProcess PoliticalProcess ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into - -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original UnitOfMeasure. - -- For example, (MilliFn Gram) is .001 Grams. - fun MilliFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - -- Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: mm. A millimeter - -- is the 1000th part of a meter - fun Millimeter : Ind UnitOfLength ; - - -- (MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of - -- ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, - -- MinFn returns one of its arguments. - fun MinFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - -- Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous - -- substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or - -- synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form - -- and properties of a naturally occurring mineral. - fun Mineral : Class ; - fun Mineral_Class : SubClass Mineral Substance ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that assigns a Graph - -- the Class of GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the Graph and - -- which have the least number of GraphArcs. - fun MinimalCutSetFn : El Graph -> Desc GraphPath ; - - -- This BinaryFunction assigns two - -- GraphNodes to the GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs - -- between the two GraphNodes. - fun MinimalWeightedPathFn : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> Ind GraphPath ; - - -- The Class of all clock Minutes. - fun Minute : Class ; - fun Minute_Class : SubClass Minute TimeInterval ; - - -- Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. - fun MinuteDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and - -- a subclass of Hours to the Minutes within each Hour corresponding to that - -- NonnegativeInteger. For example, (MinuteFn 30 (HourFn 17 Day)) is the Class - -- of all 5:30's in the afternoon. For another example, (MinuteFn 15 Hour) would return - -- the class of all instances of quarter past the hour. For still another example, - -- (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912))))) denotes - -- 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912. - fun MinuteFn : El NonnegativeInteger -> Desc Hour -> Desc Minute ; - - -- A Mixture is two or more PureSubstances, - -- combined in varying proportions _ each retaining its own specific properties. - -- The components of a Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without - -- the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly - -- dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. - fun Mixture : Class ; - fun Mixture_Class : SubClass Mixture Substance ; - - -- MmMercury is a UnitOfMeasure - -- for barometricPressure. It is used to express the number - -- of millimeters of mercury supported in a mercurial barometer - -- by the surrounding air pressure. - fun MmMercury : Ind UnitOfAtmosphericPressure ; - - -- SI amount of substance - -- unit. symbol: mol. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as - -- follows: the Mole is the amount of substance of a system which - -- contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 - -- Kilograms of carbon 12. Note that, when this UnitOfMeasure is - -- used, the elementary entities must be specified _ they may be atoms, - -- molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such particles. - fun Mole : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - -- A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a - -- CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties - -- of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more Atoms - -- linked by a chemical bond. - fun Molecule : Class ; - fun Molecule_Class : SubClass Molecule CompoundSubstance ; - - -- Soft_bodied Invertebrate that is usually - -- contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, - -- octopi, and squid. - fun Mollusk : Class ; - fun Mollusk_Class : SubClass Mollusk Invertebrate ; - - -- The Class of all calendar Mondays. - fun Monday : Class ; - fun Monday_Class : SubClass Monday Day ; - - -- Various Primates with relatively long - -- tails. - fun Monkey : Class ; - fun Monkey_Class : SubClass Monkey Primate ; - - -- An Object with this Attribute has - -- the same color on every part of its surface. - fun Monochromatic : Ind ColorAttribute ; - - -- The Class of all calendar Months. - fun Month : Class ; - fun Month_Class : SubClass Month TimeInterval ; - - -- Time unit. A month's duration is at least - -- 28 days, and no more than 31 days. Note that this unit is a range, rather - -- than an exact amount, unlike most other units. - fun MonthDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of Month and a - -- subclass of Year to the class containing the Months corresponding to thos Years. - -- For example (MonthFn January (YearFn 1912)) is the class containing the eighth - -- Month, i.e. August, of the Year 1912. For another example, (MonthFn August - -- Year) is equal to August, the class of all months of August. Note that this function - -- returns a Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. - -- DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals - -- and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of - -- these functions classes rather than individuals. - fun MonthFn : Desc Month -> Desc Year -> Desc Month ; - - -- Part of a Word which cannot be subdivided - -- and which expresses a meaning. - fun Morpheme : Class ; - fun Morpheme_Class : SubClass Morpheme LinguisticExpression ; - - -- A NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little - -- if any vascular tissue. - fun Moss : Class ; - fun Moss_Class : SubClass Moss NonFloweringPlant ; - - -- Any Process of movement. - fun Motion : Class ; - fun Motion_Class : SubClass Motion Process ; - - -- Motion where an Object is moving toward the - -- ground. - fun MotionDownward : Class ; - fun MotionDownward_Class : SubClass MotionDownward Motion ; - - -- A ContentBearingObject which depicts motion - -- (and which may have an audio or text component as well). This Class covers - -- films, videos, etc. - fun MotionPicture : Class ; - fun MotionPicture_Class : SubClass MotionPicture Text ; - - -- Motion where an Object is moving away from the ground. - fun MotionUpward : Class ; - fun MotionUpward_Class : SubClass MotionUpward Motion ; - - -- A TimeZone that covers much of the - -- Rocky Mountain region of the United States. - fun MountainTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; - - -- The Class of multigraphs. A multigraph - -- is a Graph containing at least one pair of GraphNodes that are - -- connected by more than one GraphArc. - fun MultiGraph : Class ; - fun MultiGraph_Class : SubClass MultiGraph Graph ; - - -- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, - -- then (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product - -- of these numbers. - fun MultiplicationFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - -- Nonrigid Tissue appearing only in Animals and - -- composed largely of contractile cells. - fun Muscle : Class ; - fun Muscle_Class : SubClass Muscle (both AnimalSubstance Tissue) ; - - -- The subclass of RadiatingSound where the - -- sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately. - fun Music : Class ; - fun Music_Class : SubClass Music RadiatingSound ; - - -- A Device which is manipulated by a Human - -- and whose purpose is to produce Music. - fun MusicalInstrument : Class ; - fun MusicalInstrument_Class : SubClass MusicalInstrument Device ; - - -- A SetOrClass is a MutuallyDisjointClass - -- just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of - -- the original SetOrClass. - fun MutuallyDisjointClass : Class ; - fun MutuallyDisjointClass_Class : SubClass MutuallyDisjointClass SetOrClass ; - - -- A Class of Arthropods that includes - -- centipedes and millipedes. - fun Myriapod : Class ; - fun Myriapod_Class : SubClass Myriapod Arthropod ; - - -- A Promise where nothing is promised in return, - -- i.e. a nudum pactum. - fun NakedPromise : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - -- The Process of assigning a name to someone or something. - fun Naming : Class ; - fun Naming_Class : SubClass Naming Declaring ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into - -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original - -- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (MicroFn SecondDuration) is .000000001 - -- SecondDurations. - fun NanoFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - -- The broadest GeopoliticalArea, i.e. Nations are - -- GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and - -- comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts - -- of loose international organizations). - fun Nation : Class ; - fun Nation_Class : SubClass Nation (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; - - -- The subclass of HumanLanguages which - -- are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This - -- Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, - -- Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural - -- languages. - fun NaturalLanguage : Class ; - fun NaturalLanguage_Class : SubClass NaturalLanguage HumanLanguage ; - - -- A Process that take place in nature - -- spontanously. - fun NaturalProcess : Class ; - fun NaturalProcess_Class : SubClass NaturalProcess Process ; - - -- Any Substance that is not the result of - -- an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally. - fun NaturalSubstance : Class ; - fun NaturalSubstance_Class : SubClass NaturalSubstance Substance ; - - -- The relation of common sense adjacency. Note that, if - -- an object is Near another object, then the objects are not connected. - fun Near : Ind SymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that are - -- necessary, i.e. true in every possible world. - fun Necessity : Ind AlethicAttribute ; - - -- The TimePoint that is before all other TimePoints. - fun NegativeInfinity : Ind TimePoint ; - - -- An Integer that is less than zero. - fun NegativeInteger : Class ; - fun NegativeInteger_Class : SubClass NegativeInteger (both Integer NegativeRealNumber) ; - - -- A RealNumber that is less than zero. - fun NegativeRealNumber : Class ; - def NegativeRealNumber = KappaFn RealNumber (\NUMBER -> lessThan (var RealNumber Quantity ? NUMBER) - (el Integer Quantity ? (toInt 0))); - - -- A system in Vertebrates that is made up of - -- the Brain, the spinal cord, nerves, etc. - fun NervousSystem : Class ; - fun NervousSystem_Class : SubClass NervousSystem (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure Organ) ; - - -- Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have no charge. - fun Neutron : Class ; - fun Neutron_Class : SubClass Neutron SubatomicParticle ; - - -- SI force measure. Symbol: N. It is that force - -- which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 Meter per - -- SecondDuration. Newton = m*kg*s^(_2). - fun Newton : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Instances of - -- this Class are UnitsOfMeasure that are applied to a single - -- dimension, and so are not intrinsically defined by the functional - -- composition of other units. - fun NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure : Class ; - fun NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure_Class : SubClass NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure UnitOfMeasure ; - - -- A Plant that reproduces with spores and - -- does not produce flowers. - fun NonFloweringPlant : Class ; - fun NonFloweringPlant_Class : SubClass NonFloweringPlant Plant ; - - -- The stage of an Organism before it is FullyFormed. - fun NonFullyFormed : Ind DevelopmentalAttribute ; - - -- Any SetOrClass that contains at least one instance. - fun NonNullSet : Class ; - fun NonNullSet_Class : SubClass NonNullSet SetOrClass ; - - -- An Integer that is greater than or equal to zero. - fun NonnegativeInteger : Class ; - fun NonnegativeInteger_Class : SubClass NonnegativeInteger (both Integer NonnegativeRealNumber) ; - - -- A RealNumber that is greater than or equal to zero. - fun NonnegativeRealNumber : Class ; - def NonnegativeRealNumber = KappaFn RealNumber (\NUMBER -> greaterThanOrEqualTo (var RealNumber Quantity ? NUMBER) - (el Integer Quantity ? (toInt 0))) ; - - -- A Class containing all of the - -- Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, - -- etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that - -- something ought or ought not to be the case. - fun NormativeAttribute : Class ; - fun NormativeAttribute_Class : SubClass NormativeAttribute RelationalAttribute ; - - -- The compass direction of North. - fun North : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; - - -- One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words - -- that conventionally denote Objects. - fun Noun : Class ; - fun Noun_Class : SubClass Noun Word ; - - -- A Phrase that has the same function as a Noun. - fun NounPhrase : Class ; - fun NounPhrase_Class : SubClass NounPhrase Phrase ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are November. - fun November : Class ; - fun November_Class : SubClass November Month ; - - -- The List that has no items. The uniqueness of - -- NullList follows from the extensionality of Lists, i.e. the fact that - -- two Lists with the same items in the same order are identical. - fun NullList : Ind List ; - - -- Any SetOrClass that contains no instances. - fun NullSet : Class ; - fun NullSet_Class : SubClass NullSet SetOrClass ; - - -- A measure of how many things there are, or how - -- much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into - -- RealNumber, ComplexNumber, and ImaginaryNumber. - fun Number : Class ; - fun Number_Class : SubClass Number Quantity ; - - -- NumberE is the RealNumber that is the base for - -- natural logarithms. It is approximately equal to 2.718282. - fun NumberE : Ind PositiveRealNumber ; - - -- (NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator - -- of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER. - fun NumeratorFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; - - -- A BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an Organism. - -- It is generally ingested as Food, and it is of primary interest because of its role - -- in the biologic functioning of the Organism. - fun Nutrient : Class ; - fun Nutrient_Class : SubClass Nutrient BiologicallyActiveSubstance ; - - -- Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary - -- objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, - -- and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical - -- class. In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal - -- extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the - -- time_axis. - fun Object : Class ; - fun Object_Class : SubClass Object Physical ; - - -- The Class of NormativeAttributes that are - -- associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is - -- broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable. - fun ObjectiveNorm : Class ; - fun ObjectiveNorm_Class : SubClass ObjectiveNorm NormativeAttribute ; - - -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that an - -- Agent is required, by some authority, to make true. - fun Obligation : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are October. - fun October : Class ; - fun October_Class : SubClass October Month ; - - -- An Integer that is not evenly divisible by 2. - fun OddInteger : Class ; - fun OddInteger_Class : SubClass OddInteger Integer ; - - -- The subclass of Committing in which a - -- CognitiveAgent offers something Physical to another agent. Offerings - -- may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a - -- UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to - -- effect a Transaction of some sort). - fun Offering : Class ; - fun Offering_Class : SubClass Offering Committing ; - - -- SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric - -- resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference - -- of potential of 1 Volt, applied between these two points, - -- produces in this conductor a current of 1 Ampere, this conductor not - -- being the force of any electromotive force. Ohm = V/A = - -- m^2*kg*s^(_3)*A^(_2). - fun Ohm : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- The Class of properties that are - -- detectable by smell. - fun OlfactoryAttribute : Class ; - fun OlfactoryAttribute_Class : SubClass OlfactoryAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; - - -- This is used to assert that an object is on top of - -- another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves - -- contact. - fun On : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - -- The class of GeometricFigures that - -- have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines. - fun OneDimensionalFigure : Class ; - fun OneDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass OneDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure ; - - -- The class of TwoDimensionalFigures that - -- are not ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures. - fun OpenTwoDimensionalFigure : Class ; - fun OpenTwoDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass OpenTwoDimensionalFigure TwoDimensionalFigure ; - - -- A Directing in which the receiver is - -- commanded to realize the content of a ContentBearingObject. Orders - -- are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or - -- which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee. - fun Ordering : Class ; - fun Ordering_Class : SubClass Ordering Directing ; - - -- A somewhat independent BodyPart that performs a - -- specialized function. Note that this functional definition covers bodily - -- systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system. - fun Organ : Class ; - fun Organ_Class : SubClass Organ BodyPart ; - - -- A PhysiologicProcess of a - -- particular Organ or Tissue. - fun OrganOrTissueProcess : Class ; - fun OrganOrTissueProcess_Class : SubClass OrganOrTissueProcess AutonomicProcess ; - - -- This class encompasses Organisms, - -- CorpuscularObjects that are parts of Organisms, i.e. BodyParts, - -- and CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by - -- Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies. - fun OrganicObject : Class ; - fun OrganicObject_Class : SubClass OrganicObject CorpuscularObject ; - - -- Generally, a living individual, including all - -- Plants and Animals. - fun Organism : Class ; - fun Organism_Class : SubClass Organism (both Agent OrganicObject) ; - - -- A physiologic function of the - -- Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple - -- Organs or Tissues. - fun OrganismProcess : Class ; - fun OrganismProcess_Class : SubClass OrganismProcess PhysiologicProcess ; - - -- An Organization is a corporate or similar - -- institution. The members of an Organization typically have a common - -- purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments, - -- etc. of organizations. For example, both the Shell Corporation and the - -- accounting department at Shell would both be instances of Organization. - -- Note too that the existence of an Organization is dependent on the existence - -- of at least one member (since Organization is a subclass of Collection). - -- Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a fictitious member - -- should be assumed. - fun Organization : Class ; - fun Organization_Class : SubClass Organization (both CognitiveAgent Group) ; - - -- An IntentionalProcess that involves an Organization. - fun OrganizationalProcess : Class ; - fun OrganizationalProcess_Class : SubClass OrganizationalProcess IntentionalProcess ; - - -- English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a Cup. - fun Ounce : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - -- The class of ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures that are - -- produced by the intersection of a Cone with a ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure. - fun Oval : Class ; - fun Oval_Class : SubClass Oval ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure ; - - -- A TimeZone that covers much of the - -- western part of the United States. - fun PacificTimeZone : Ind TimeZone ; - - -- A SetOrClass is a PairwiseDisjointClass - -- just in case every instance of the SetOrClass is either equal to or disjoint - -- from every other instance of the SetOrClass. - fun PairwiseDisjointClass : Class ; - fun PairwiseDisjointClass_Class : SubClass PairwiseDisjointClass SetOrClass ; - - -- An Organization which is much like - -- a MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it - -- is not associated with a Government. - fun ParamilitaryOrganization : Class ; - fun ParamilitaryOrganization_Class : SubClass ParamilitaryOrganization MilitaryForce ; - - -- An umbrella Class for any Word that does not - -- fit into the other subclasses of Word. A ParticleWord is generally a small - -- term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', - -- 'since', etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the - -- subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc. Note that the class ParticleWord - -- includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its', - -- etc. - fun ParticleWord : Class ; - fun ParticleWord_Class : SubClass ParticleWord Word ; - - -- SI pressure measure. Symbol:Pa. It is the - -- pressure of one Newton per square Meter. Pascal = N/m^2 - -- = m^(_1)*kg*s^(_2). - fun Pascal : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition - -- to the TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at - -- NegativeInfinity. - fun PastFn : El TimePosition -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - -- A Certificate that expresses the content of an - -- invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental - -- entity. - fun Patent : Class ; - fun Patent_Class : SubClass Patent Certificate ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath to - -- the sum of the arcWeights on the GraphArcs in the GraphPath. - fun PathWeightFn : El GraphPath -> Ind Quantity ; - - -- A disordered process, activity, or - -- state of the Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of - -- multiple Organs or Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a - -- negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are - -- less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have - -- systemic effects. - fun PathologicProcess : Class ; - fun PathologicProcess_Class : SubClass PathologicProcess BiologicalProcess ; - - -- PerFn maps two instances of PhysicalQuantity to - -- the FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances. For example, - -- (PerFn (MeasureFn 2 (MicroFn Gram)) (MeasureFn 1 (KiloFn - -- Gram))) denotes the FunctionQuantity of 2 micrograms per kiogram. - -- This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge engineer to - -- dynamically generate instances of FunctionQuantity. - fun PerFn : El PhysicalQuantity -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Ind FunctionQuantity ; - - -- Sensing some aspect of the material world. - -- Note that the agent of this sensing is assumed to be an Animal. - fun Perception : Class ; - fun Perception_Class : SubClass Perception PsychologicalProcess ; - - -- Any Attribute whose presence is detected - -- by an act of Perception. - fun PerceptualAttribute : Class ; - fun PerceptualAttribute_Class : SubClass PerceptualAttribute InternalAttribute ; - - -- A Series whose elements are published separately - -- and on a periodic basis. - fun Periodical : Class ; - fun Periodical_Class : SubClass Periodical Series ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of - -- Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the Periodical corresponding - -- to the number. - fun PeriodicalIssueFn : Desc Periodical -> El PositiveInteger -> Desc Periodical ; - - -- A Residence where people live, i.e. - -- where people have a home. - fun PermanentResidence : Class ; - fun PermanentResidence_Class : SubClass PermanentResidence Residence ; - - -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that an - -- Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true. - fun Permission : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - -- A set of Words in a Language which form a unit, - -- i.e. express a meaning in the Language. - fun Phrase : Class ; - fun Phrase_Class : SubClass Phrase LinguisticExpression ; - - -- An entity that has a location in space_time. - -- Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in - -- space_time. - fun Physical : Class ; - fun Physical_Class : SubClass Physical Entity ; - - -- An InternalAttribute given by physical - -- properties of the object. - fun PhysicalAttribute : Class ; - fun PhysicalAttribute_Class : SubClass PhysicalAttribute InternalAttribute ; - - -- A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of - -- some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's - -- diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable - -- solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial - -- coordinates). Every PhysicalQuantity is either a ConstantQuantity - -- or FunctionQuantity. Instances of ConstantQuantity are dependent - -- on a UnitOfMeasure, while instances of FunctionQuantity are - -- Functions that map instances of ConstantQuantity to other instances - -- of ConstantQuantity (e.g., a TimeDependentQuantity is a - -- FunctionQuantity). Although the name and definition of - -- PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, a PhysicalQuantity need - -- not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, - -- etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. - -- Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of PhysicalQuantity. - -- A PhysicalQuantity is distinguished from a pure Number by the fact that - -- the former is associated with a dimension of measurement. - fun PhysicalQuantity : Class ; - fun PhysicalQuantity_Class : SubClass PhysicalQuantity Quantity ; - - -- The physical state of an Object. There - -- are three reified instances of this Class: Solid, Liquid, and Gas. - -- Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one - -- substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical - -- states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a - -- substance still called iron. - fun PhysicalState : Class ; - fun PhysicalState_Class : SubClass PhysicalState InternalAttribute ; - - -- PhysicalSystem is the class of complex - -- Physical things. A PhysicalSystem may have one or more - -- corresponding abstract Graph representations. - fun PhysicalSystem : Class ; - fun PhysicalSystem_Class : SubClass PhysicalSystem Physical ; - - -- A normal process of an Organism - -- or part of an Organism. - fun PhysiologicProcess : Class ; - fun PhysiologicProcess_Class : SubClass PhysiologicProcess BiologicalProcess ; - - -- Pi is the RealNumber that - -- is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. It is - -- approximately equal to 3.141592653589793. - fun Pi : Ind PositiveRealNumber ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure into - -- a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original - -- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (PicoFn SecondDuration) is .000000000001 - -- SecondDurations. - fun PicoFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - -- English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a - -- Quart. - fun Pint : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - -- A specification of a sequence of Processes which - -- is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time. - fun Plan : Class ; - fun Plan_Class : SubClass Plan Procedure ; - - -- The value of an angle in a plane. - fun PlaneAngleMeasure : Class ; - fun PlaneAngleMeasure_Class : SubClass PlaneAngleMeasure AngleMeasure ; - - -- Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a - -- set of goals or objectives. - fun Planning : Class ; - fun Planning_Class : SubClass Planning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - - -- An Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing - -- by synthesis of Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of - -- chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion. - fun Plant : Class ; - def Plant = KappaFn Organism (\PLANT -> and (forall PlantSubstance (\SUBSTANCE -> part (var PlantSubstance Object ? SUBSTANCE) - (var Organism Object ? PLANT))) - (forall PlantAnatomicalStructure (\STRUCTURE -> part (var PlantAnatomicalStructure Object ? STRUCTURE) - (var Organism Object ? PLANT)))) ; - - -- AnatomicalStructures that - -- are possessed exclusively by Plants. - fun PlantAnatomicalStructure : Class ; - fun PlantAnatomicalStructure_Class : SubClass PlantAnatomicalStructure AnatomicalStructure ; - - -- BodySubstances that are produced - -- exclusively by Plants. - fun PlantSubstance : Class ; - fun PlantSubstance_Class : SubClass PlantSubstance BodySubstance ; - - -- An extremely energetic PhysicalState that consists - -- of atomic nuclei stripped of electrons. That is, a plasma is composed of - -- positive ions and free electrons. Plasma behaves differently enough from - -- Gas that it is referred to as the fourth state of matter. - fun Plasma : Ind PhysicalState ; - - -- The shape of an Object with this Attribute - -- can easily be altered. - fun Pliable : Ind InternalAttribute ; - - -- A Poisoning is caused by an external - -- substance. Since Poisoning is not possible without some biologic - -- function which affects the Organism being injured, it is a subclass - -- of BiologicalProcess. - fun Poisoning : Class ; - fun Poisoning_Class : SubClass Poisoning Injuring ; - - -- The Class of Processes where the agent - -- pierces the surface of the Object with an instrument. - fun Poking : Class ; - fun Poking_Class : SubClass Poking IntentionalProcess ; - - -- Any GovernmentOrganization - -- that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the Government. - fun PoliceOrganization : Class ; - fun PoliceOrganization_Class : SubClass PoliceOrganization GovernmentOrganization ; - - -- An Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort - -- of political change. - fun PoliticalOrganization : Class ; - fun PoliticalOrganization_Class : SubClass PoliticalOrganization Organization ; - - -- An OrganizationalProcess carried - -- out by, for or against officially constituted governments. Some examples - -- would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative, - -- or even overthrowing a government in a revolution. - fun PoliticalProcess : Class ; - fun PoliticalProcess_Class : SubClass PoliticalProcess OrganizationalProcess ; - - -- A powder produced by FloweringPlants that contains male - -- gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of FloweringPlants of the same - -- species. - fun Pollen : Class ; - fun Pollen_Class : SubClass Pollen (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; - - -- An Object with this Attribute has - -- different colors on different parts of its surface. - fun Polychromatic : Ind ColorAttribute ; - - -- A formal position of reponsibility within an - -- Organization. Examples of Positions include president, laboratory - -- director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc. - fun Position : Class ; - fun Position_Class : SubClass Position SocialRole ; - - -- Attributes characterizing the - -- orientation of an Object, e.g. Vertical versus Horizontal, Left - -- versus Right etc. - fun PositionalAttribute : Class ; - fun PositionalAttribute_Class : SubClass PositionalAttribute RelationalAttribute ; - - -- The TimePoint that is after all other TimePoints. - fun PositiveInfinity : Ind TimePoint ; - - -- An Integer that is greater than zero. - fun PositiveInteger : Class ; - fun PositiveInteger_Class : SubClass PositiveInteger (both NonnegativeInteger PositiveRealNumber) ; - - -- A RealNumber that is greater than - -- zero. - fun PositiveRealNumber : Class ; - def PositiveRealNumber = KappaFn NonnegativeRealNumber (\NUMBER -> greaterThan (var NonnegativeRealNumber Quantity ? NUMBER) - (el Integer Quantity ? (toInt 0))); - - -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that are - -- possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world. - fun Possibility : Ind AlethicAttribute ; - - -- English pound of force. The conversion - -- factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A - -- mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this - -- constant. - fun PoundForce : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- English mass unit of pounds. - fun PoundMass : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - -- (PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the SetOrClass - -- ?CLASS to the SetOrClass of all subclasses of ?CLASS. - fun PowerSetFn : El SetOrClass -> Desc SetOrClass ; - - -- Precipitation is the process of - -- water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a - -- liquid or frozen state. - fun Precipitation : Class ; - fun Precipitation_Class : SubClass Precipitation (both Falling (both WaterMotion WeatherProcess)) ; - - -- A unary function that maps an Integer to - -- its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4. - fun PredecessorFn : El Integer -> Ind Integer ; - - -- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses - -- which involve the formulation of a Proposition about a state of affairs - -- which might be realized in the future. - fun Predicting : Class ; - fun Predicting_Class : SubClass Predicting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - - -- (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete - -- set of premises of the Argument ?ARGUMENT. - fun PremisesFn : El Argument -> Ind Proposition ; - - -- A Phrase that begins with a - -- preposition and that functions as an Adjective or an Adverb. - fun PrepositionalPhrase : Class ; - fun PrepositionalPhrase_Class : SubClass PrepositionalPhrase Phrase ; - - -- Any SocialInteraction where a - -- CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents attempts to make - -- another CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents believe - -- something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, - -- impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few - -- examples. - fun Pretending : Class ; - fun Pretending_Class : SubClass Pretending SocialInteraction ; - - -- Colors which can be blended to form any - -- color and which cannot be derived from any other colors. - fun PrimaryColor : Class ; - fun PrimaryColor_Class : SubClass PrimaryColor ColorAttribute ; - - -- The Class of Mammals which are - -- Primates. - fun Primate : Class ; - fun Primate_Class : SubClass Primate Mammal ; - - -- An Integer that is evenly divisible only - -- by itself and 1. - fun PrimeNumber : Class ; - fun PrimeNumber_Class : SubClass PrimeNumber Integer ; - - -- A class containing all of the Attributes - -- relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. Likely and - -- Unlikely. - fun ProbabilityAttribute : Class ; - fun ProbabilityAttribute_Class : SubClass ProbabilityAttribute ObjectiveNorm ; - - -- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations, - -- ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of - -- affairs. (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA) denotes the a priori probability - -- of ?FORMULA. - fun ProbabilityFn : Formula -> Ind RealNumber ; - - -- A sequence_dependent specification. Some - -- examples are ComputerPrograms, finite_state machines, cooking recipes, - -- musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts - -- of plays and movies. - fun Procedure : Class ; - fun Procedure_Class : SubClass Procedure Proposition ; - - -- The class of things that happen - -- and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events - -- like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading, - -- and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that occurs in - -- time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have - -- participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players - -- in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose - -- spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages - -- roughly perpendicular to the time_axis. - fun Process : Class ; - fun Process_Class : SubClass Process Physical ; - - -- An Artifact that is produced by Manufacture. - fun Product : Class ; - fun Product_Class : SubClass Product Artifact ; - - -- Prohibition is the DeonticAttribute that - -- applies to Formulas that an Agent is forbidden, by some authority, - -- to make true. - fun Prohibition : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - -- Attribute that applies to Propositions that - -- an Agent promises to make true. Promises may be implicit or explicit. - -- They may be expressed in a written or verbal or gestural manner. - fun Promise : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to the - -- Set of Objects owned by the Agent. - fun PropertyFn : El Agent -> Ind Set ; - - -- Propositions are Abstract entities that - -- express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, - -- the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the - -- entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that - -- propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual - -- sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by - -- theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish - -- Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A - -- Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, - -- but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. - -- A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: - -- strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is - -- on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed - -- on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence - -- of sounds or by some non_latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form - fun Proposition : Class ; - fun Proposition_Class : SubClass Proposition Abstract ; - - -- The BodyPosition of lying down, being in a - -- horizontal position. - fun Prostrate : Ind BodyPosition ; - - -- A Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by - -- peptide bonds. - fun Protein : Class ; - fun Protein_Class : SubClass Protein Nutrient ; - - -- Components of the AtomicNucleus. They have a - -- positive charge. - fun Proton : Class ; - fun Proton_Class : SubClass Proton SubatomicParticle ; - - -- The Class of pseudographs. A pseudograph - -- is a Graph containing at least one GraphLoop. - fun PseudoGraph : Class ; - fun PseudoGraph_Class : SubClass PseudoGraph Graph ; - - -- Attributes that characterize the mental - -- or behavioral life of an Organism. - fun PsychologicalAttribute : Class ; - fun PsychologicalAttribute_Class : SubClass PsychologicalAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; - - -- A clinically significant - -- dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. - -- These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies - -- or manifestations. - fun PsychologicalDysfunction : Class ; - fun PsychologicalDysfunction_Class : SubClass PsychologicalDysfunction (both DiseaseOrSyndrome PsychologicalAttribute) ; - - -- A BiologicalProcess which takes place in - -- the mind or brain of an Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior - -- of the Organism. - fun PsychologicalProcess : Class ; - fun PsychologicalProcess_Class : SubClass PsychologicalProcess BiologicalProcess ; - - -- The Manufacture of Texts. Note that - -- there is no implication that the Texts are distributed. Such - -- distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of Dissemination. - fun Publication : Class ; - fun Publication_Class : SubClass Publication (both ContentDevelopment Manufacture) ; - - -- A Contract between two Agents in - -- which one Agent agrees to render the other some good or service in - -- exchange for currency. - fun PurchaseContract : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - -- The Class of Substances with constant - -- composition. A PureSubstance can be either an element (ElementalSubstance) - -- or a compound of elements (CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt - -- (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), - -- iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). - fun PureSubstance : Class ; - fun PureSubstance_Class : SubClass PureSubstance Substance ; - - -- The class of IntentionalProcesses where something is - -- sought. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking. - fun Pursuing : Class ; - fun Pursuing_Class : SubClass Pursuing IntentionalProcess ; - - -- The Class of Processes where something is put - -- in a location. Note that the location is specified with the CaseRole - -- destination. - fun Putting : Class ; - fun Putting_Class : SubClass Putting Transfer ; - - -- Any specification of how many or how much of - -- something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: - -- Number (how many) and PhysicalQuantity (how much). - fun Quantity : Class ; - fun Quantity_Class : SubClass Quantity Abstract ; - - -- Any InternalChange where a PhysicalQuantity - -- associated with the patient is altered. - fun QuantityChange : Class ; - fun QuantityChange_Class : SubClass QuantityChange InternalChange ; - - -- English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a - -- UnitedStatesGallon. - fun Quart : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - -- A request for information. For example, John asked - -- Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union - -- address. - fun Questioning : Class ; - fun Questioning_Class : SubClass Questioning Directing ; - - -- SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the - -- angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's - -- radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a - -- circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the - -- radius. Radian = m/m = 1. - fun Radian : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ; - - -- Processes in which some form of electromagnetic - -- radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given - -- off or absorbed by something else. - fun Radiating : Class ; - fun Radiating_Class : SubClass Radiating Motion ; - - -- RadiatingElectromagnetic - -- is the subclass of Radiating processes in which electromagnetic - -- radiation is transmitted or absorbed. - fun RadiatingElectromagnetic : Class ; - fun RadiatingElectromagnetic_Class : SubClass RadiatingElectromagnetic Radiating ; - - -- Any instance of Radiating where the - -- wavelengths are longer than those of visible light and shorter than those - -- of radio emissions. - fun RadiatingInfrared : Class ; - fun RadiatingInfrared_Class : SubClass RadiatingInfrared RadiatingElectromagnetic ; - - -- The subclass of Radiating in which - -- light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, - -- and glittering. - fun RadiatingLight : Class ; - fun RadiatingLight_Class : SubClass RadiatingLight RadiatingElectromagnetic ; - - -- Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from - -- a nuclear reaction. - fun RadiatingNuclear : Class ; - fun RadiatingNuclear_Class : SubClass RadiatingNuclear Radiating ; - - -- The subclass of Radiating in which - -- sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, - -- roaring, and whistling. - fun RadiatingSound : Class ; - fun RadiatingSound_Class : SubClass RadiatingSound Radiating ; - - fun RadiatingXRay : Class ; - fun RadiatingXRay_Class : SubClass RadiatingXRay RadiatingElectromagnetic ; - - -- A TemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 RankineDegrees is - -- the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 KelvinDegrees). - fun RankineDegree : Ind UnitOfTemperature ; - - -- Any RealNumber that is the product of - -- dividing two Integers. - fun RationalNumber : Class ; - fun RationalNumber_Class : SubClass RationalNumber RealNumber ; - - -- (RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns - -- the rational representation of ?NUMBER. - fun RationalNumberFn : El Number -> Ind RationalNumber ; - - -- A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which - -- content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation. - -- Note that the class Interpreting should be used in cases where a - -- Text is read silently. - fun Reading : Class ; - fun Reading_Class : SubClass Reading ContentDevelopment ; - - -- Any Number that can be expressed as a - -- (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any Number that has a position - -- on the number line. - fun RealNumber : Class ; - fun RealNumber_Class : SubClass RealNumber Number ; - - -- (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of - -- ?NUMBER that is a RealNumber. - fun RealNumberFn : El Number -> Ind RealNumber ; - - -- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses - -- which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive - -- evidence, that a particular Proposition or Sentence is true. - fun Reasoning : Class ; - fun Reasoning_Class : SubClass Reasoning IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - - -- (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal - -- element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator - -- (MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal - -- element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a - -- reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be - -- 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is equal to - -- applying the ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power - -- _1. - fun ReciprocalFn : El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - -- A Process that is carried out for - -- the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since RecreationOrExercise is a - -- subclass of IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether - -- or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same - -- program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely - -- to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an - -- instance of RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of - -- watching the television program would however be in the class of Seeing, since - -- being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention). - fun RecreationOrExercise : Class ; - fun RecreationOrExercise_Class : SubClass RecreationOrExercise IntentionalProcess ; - - -- A function that is useful for generating - -- recurring time intervals. For example, (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (HourFn 6 Day) - -- (HourFn 12 Day)) returns the Class of TimeIntervals beginning at 6 in the - -- morning and ending at 12 noon. For another example, (RecurrentTimeInterval - -- Saturday Sunday) returns the Class of all weekends. For still another example, - -- (RecurrentTimeInterval June August) returns the Class containing the academic - -- summer period. - fun RecurrentTimeIntervalFn : Desc TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval ; - - -- The Attribute of redness. - fun Red : Ind PrimaryColor ; - - -- A topographic location. Regions encompass - -- surfaces of Objects, imaginary places, and GeographicAreas. Note - -- that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at - -- itself. Note too that Region is not a subclass of SelfConnectedObject, - -- because some Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not - -- connected with one another. - fun Region : Class ; - fun Region_Class : SubClass Region Object ; - - -- an Guiding whose aim is the enforcement - -- of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess - -- and the related concept Managing. The latter implies a long_term relationship - -- between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the - -- former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are - -- referred. - fun RegulatoryProcess : Class ; - fun RegulatoryProcess_Class : SubClass RegulatoryProcess Guiding ; - - -- Any Attribute that an Entity has by - -- virtue of a relationship that it bears to another Entity or set of Entities, - -- e.g. SocialRoles and PositionalAttributes. - fun RelationalAttribute : Class ; - fun RelationalAttribute_Class : SubClass RelationalAttribute Attribute ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that maps two - -- SetOrClasses to the difference between these SetOrClasses. More - -- precisely, (RelativeComplementFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) denotes the instances - -- of ?CLASS1 that are not also instances of ?CLASS2. - fun RelativeComplementFn : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - -- A means of converting TimePositions - -- between different TimeZones. (RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE) - -- denotes the TimePosition in CoordinatedUniversalTime that is - -- contemporaneous with the TimePosition ?TIME in TimeZone ?ZONE. - -- For example, (RelativeTimeFn (MeasureFn 14 HourDuration) EasternTimeZone) - -- would return the value (MeasureFn 19 HourDuration). - fun RelativeTimeFn : El TimePosition -> El TimeZone -> Ind TimePosition ; - - -- Any instance of Transfer which results in - -- a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something - -- which he/she grasps previously. - fun Releasing : Class ; - fun Releasing_Class : SubClass Releasing Transfer ; - - -- An Organization whose members - -- share a set of religious beliefs. - fun ReligiousOrganization : Class ; - fun ReligiousOrganization_Class : SubClass ReligiousOrganization (both BeliefGroup Organization) ; - - -- An OrganizationalProcess that is - -- carried out within or by a ReligiousOrganization. - fun ReligiousProcess : Class ; - fun ReligiousProcess_Class : SubClass ReligiousProcess OrganizationalProcess ; - - -- (RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the - -- remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR. - -- The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR. - fun RemainderFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - -- The Class of PsychologicalProcesses which - -- involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge - -- which was previously acquired. - fun Remembering : Class ; - fun Remembering_Class : SubClass Remembering PsychologicalProcess ; - - -- The Class of Processes where something is - -- taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location - -- are specified with the CaseRoles patient and origin, respectively. - fun Removing : Class ; - fun Removing_Class : SubClass Removing Transfer ; - - -- The Class of Processes where the agent - -- makes a modification or series of modifications to an Object that is not - -- functioning as intended so that it works properly. - fun Repairing : Class ; - fun Repairing_Class : SubClass Repairing IntentionalProcess ; - - -- The Process of biological reproduction. - -- This can be either a sexual or an asexual process. - fun Replication : Class ; - fun Replication_Class : SubClass Replication OrganismProcess ; - - -- Any ArtWork that represents - -- something Physical. - fun RepresentationalArtWork : Class ; - fun RepresentationalArtWork_Class : SubClass RepresentationalArtWork (both ArtWork Icon) ; - - -- Reproductive structure of Organisms. - -- Consists of an Embryonic Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. - -- Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and FruitOrVegetables, as - -- well as the eggs produced by Animals. - fun ReproductiveBody : Class ; - fun ReproductiveBody_Class : SubClass ReproductiveBody BodyPart ; - - -- A ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external - -- covering of scales or horny plates. Reptiles breathe by means of - -- Lungs and generally lay eggs. - fun Reptile : Class ; - fun Reptile_Class : SubClass Reptile ColdBloodedVertebrate ; - - -- A request expresses a desire that some future - -- action be performed. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support - -- from the 3rd Bomber Group. Note that this class covers proposals, - -- recommendations, suggestions, etc. - fun Requesting : Class ; - fun Requesting_Class : SubClass Requesting Directing ; - - -- A Building or part of a Building which provides - -- some accomodation for sleeping. - fun Residence : Class ; - fun Residence_Class : SubClass Residence StationaryArtifact ; - - -- A Building which provides some - -- accomodation for sleeping. Note that this class does not cover just - -- permanent residences, e.g. Houses and condominium and apartment buildings, - -- but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories. - -- ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from CommercialBuildings, - -- which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential - -- function. - fun ResidentialBuilding : Class ; - fun ResidentialBuilding_Class : SubClass ResidentialBuilding (both Building Residence) ; - - -- This PositionalAttribute is derived from the - -- left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the right, so that, - -- if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the - -- two objects overlap. - fun Right : Ind AntiSymmetricPositionalAttribute ; - - -- The shape of an Object with this Attribute - -- cannot be altered without breaking. - fun Rigid : Ind InternalAttribute ; - - -- Roadway is the subclass of LandTransitways - -- that are areas intended for surface travel by self_powered, wheeled - -- vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks. Roadways have been - -- at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles. - -- Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and - -- expressways. - fun Roadway : Class ; - fun Roadway_Class : SubClass Roadway LandTransitway ; - - -- The Class of Mammals with one or two pairs - -- of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and - -- rabbits. - fun Rodent : Class ; - fun Rodent_Class : SubClass Rodent Mammal ; - - -- A properPart of a Building which is separated from - -- the exterior of the Building and/or other Rooms of the Building by walls. - -- Some Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, - -- entertainment, etc. - fun Room : Class ; - fun Room_Class : SubClass Room StationaryArtifact ; - - -- An Object with this Attribute has a rough - -- surface. - fun Rough : Ind TextureAttribute ; - - -- (RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the Integer closest - -- to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two - -- Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger Integer. - fun RoundFn : El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - -- Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a - -- way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a - -- period of time. - fun Running : Class ; - fun Running_Class : SubClass Running Ambulating ; - - -- A WaterArea whose Water is saline, e.g. - -- oceans and seas. - fun SaltWaterArea : Class ; - fun SaltWaterArea_Class : SubClass SaltWaterArea WaterArea ; - - -- A Class of Attributes that specify, in - -- a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of Object in - -- another kind of Object. - fun SaturationAttribute : Class ; - fun SaturationAttribute_Class : SubClass SaturationAttribute InternalAttribute ; - - -- The Class of all calendar Saturdays. - fun Saturday : Class ; - fun Saturday_Class : SubClass Saturday Day ; - - -- The Class of all clock Seconds. - fun Second : Class ; - fun Second_Class : SubClass Second TimeInterval ; - - -- SI UnitOfDuration. Symbol: s. - -- It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as - -- follows: the SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of - -- the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine - -- levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. - fun SecondDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and a - -- subclass of Minutes to the Seconds within each Minute corresponding to that - -- PositiveRealNumber. For example, (SecondFn 4 (MinuteFn 5 Hour)) is the Class - -- of all fourth Seconds of every fifth Minute of every hour. For another example, - -- (SecondFn 8 Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute. For still - -- another example, - -- - -- (SecondFn 9 (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912)))))) - -- - -- denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912. - fun SecondFn : El PositiveRealNumber -> Desc Minute -> Desc Second ; - - -- The fertilized or unfertilized female ReproductiveBody - -- of a FloweringPlant. - fun Seed : Class ; - fun Seed_Class : SubClass Seed (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; - - -- The subclass of Perception in which the - -- sensing is done by an ocular Organ. - fun Seeing : Class ; - fun Seeing_Class : SubClass Seeing Perception ; - - -- The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses - -- which involve opting for one or more Entity out of a larger set of Entities. - -- Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating. - fun Selecting : Class ; - fun Selecting_Class : SubClass Selecting IntentionalPsychologicalProcess ; - - -- A SelfConnectedObject is any - -- Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts. - fun SelfConnectedObject : Class ; - fun SelfConnectedObject_Class : SubClass SelfConnectedObject Object ; - - -- A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of - -- Physical is exchanged for an instance of CurrencyMeasure. - fun Selling : Class ; - fun Selling_Class : SubClass Selling FinancialTransaction ; - - -- A syntactically well_formed formula of a - -- Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which - -- may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a Proposition. - fun Sentence : Class ; - fun Sentence_Class : SubClass Sentence LinguisticExpression ; - - -- An Agent that has rights but may or may - -- not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are - -- present, then the Agent is also an instance of CognitiveAgent. - -- Domesticated animals are an example of SentientAgents that are not - -- also CognitiveAgents. - fun SentientAgent : Class ; - fun SentientAgent_Class : SubClass SentientAgent Agent ; - - -- A Process where a SelfConnectedObject is - -- separated into (some of) its parts. Note that Separating is different - -- from Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not - -- being connected. Note too that Separating is different from - -- Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated - -- may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated. - fun Separating : Class ; - fun Separating_Class : SubClass Separating DualObjectProcess ; - - -- The Class of all Months which are September. - fun September : Class ; - fun September_Class : SubClass September Month ; - - -- A Text consisting of multiple self_contained units. - -- Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television - -- series made up of many episodes, a film serial, etc. - fun Series : Class ; - fun Series_Class : SubClass Series Text ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that maps a type of Series - -- (e.g. the Encyclopedia_Britannica or the Popular_Mechanics periodical) and a - -- number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number. - fun SeriesVolumeFn : Desc Series -> El PositiveInteger -> Desc Text ; - - -- ServiceProcess denotes the class - -- of events in which one agent performs a service for another. The - -- service need not be commercial, and it need not be the case that - -- the serviceRecipient pays or recompenses the serviceProvider - -- for the service. - fun ServiceProcess : Class ; - fun ServiceProcess_Class : SubClass ServiceProcess SocialInteraction ; - - -- A SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as - -- other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. Sets differ - -- from Classes in two important respects. First, Sets are extensional _ - -- two Sets with the same elements are identical. Second, a Set can be - -- an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that Sets - -- have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that Sets - -- are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a Set may occur more - -- than once in the Set. - fun Set : Class ; - fun Set_Class : SubClass Set SetOrClass ; - - -- The SetOrClass of Sets - -- and Classes, i.e. any instance of Abstract that has elements or - -- instances. - fun SetOrClass : Class ; - fun SetOrClass_Class : SubClass SetOrClass Abstract ; - - -- Attributes that indicate the sex of an - -- Organism. - fun SexAttribute : Class ; - fun SexAttribute_Class : SubClass SexAttribute BiologicalAttribute ; - - -- Sexual Processes of biological - -- reproduction. - fun SexualReproduction : Class ; - fun SexualReproduction_Class : SubClass SexualReproduction Replication ; - - -- Any Attribute that relates to the - -- shape of an Object. - fun ShapeAttribute : Class ; - fun ShapeAttribute_Class : SubClass ShapeAttribute InternalAttribute ; - - -- The Process of changing the shape of an Object. - fun ShapeChange : Class ; - fun ShapeChange_Class : SubClass ShapeChange InternalChange ; - - -- The subclass of Impelling where the patient - -- is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of - -- Device. - fun Shooting : Class ; - fun Shooting_Class : SubClass Shooting Impelling ; - - -- A ShoreArea is a LandArea approximately - -- 1_3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, - -- or lake. A ShoreArea may comprise a variety of LandForms, such as dunes, - -- sloughs, and marshes. - fun ShoreArea : Class ; - fun ShoreArea_Class : SubClass ShoreArea LandArea ; - - -- SI electric conductance measure. Symbol: S. - -- In the case of direct current, the conductance in Siemens is the - -- reciprocal of the resistance in Ohms, in the case of alternating current, - -- it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms. siemens = A/V = - -- m^(_2)*kg(_1)*s^(3)*A^2. - fun Siemens : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- SI dose equivalent measure. Symbol: Sv. It is - -- a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation. The Sievert makes it - -- possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes - -- into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, - -- since each form of such radiation__e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons__ - -- has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed - -- dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in Sievert) is - -- the dose of the radiation in Gray multiplied by a quality factor that - -- is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. - -- Accordingly, one Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation - -- roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one Gray of gamma - -- radiation. Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(_2) - fun Sievert : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- (SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. - -- This is one of the following values: _1, 1, or 0. - fun SignumFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Integer ; - - -- (SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the - -- PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side - -- opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right_angled triangle. - fun SineFn : El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Ind RealNumber ; - - -- Speaking that is also Music. - fun Singing : Class ; - fun Singing_Class : SubClass Singing (both Music Speaking) ; - - -- SingleAgentProcess - -- is the Class of all Processes that require exactly one agent in order to occur. - fun SingleAgentProcess : Class ; - fun SingleAgentProcess_Class : SubClass SingleAgentProcess Process ; - - -- A PermanentResidence which is - -- intended to be the home of a single SocialUnit. This class covers - -- Houses, ApartmentUnits, and CondominiumUnits. - fun SingleFamilyResidence : Class ; - fun SingleFamilyResidence_Class : SubClass SingleFamilyResidence PermanentResidence ; - - -- The BodyPosition of being recumbent, i.e. - -- knees bent and back side supported. - fun Sitting : Ind BodyPosition ; - - -- The system of Bones that make up the supporting structure - -- of Vertebrates. - fun Skeleton : Class ; - fun Skeleton_Class : SubClass Skeleton (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure BodyPart) ; - - -- English mass unit of slugs. - fun Slug : Ind UnitOfMass ; - - -- The subclass of Perception in which the - -- sensing is done by an olefactory Organ. - fun Smelling : Class ; - fun Smelling_Class : SubClass Smelling Perception ; - - -- A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is - -- produced by Combustion. - fun Smoke : Class ; - fun Smoke_Class : SubClass Smoke Cloud ; - - -- An Object with this Attribute has a smooth - -- surface. - fun Smooth : Ind TextureAttribute ; - - -- The subclass of - -- IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between - -- CognitiveAgents. - fun SocialInteraction : Class ; - fun SocialInteraction_Class : SubClass SocialInteraction IntentionalProcess ; - - -- The Class of all Attributes that - -- specify the position or status of a CognitiveAgent within an - -- Organization or other Group. - fun SocialRole : Class ; - fun SocialRole_Class : SubClass SocialRole RelationalAttribute ; - - -- A GroupOfPeople who all have the same home. - fun SocialUnit : Class ; - fun SocialUnit_Class : SubClass SocialUnit GroupOfPeople ; - - -- An Object has the Attribute of Solid if it - -- has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. - fun Solid : Ind PhysicalState ; - - -- The value of an angle in a solid. - fun SolidAngleMeasure : Class ; - fun SolidAngleMeasure_Class : SubClass SolidAngleMeasure AngleMeasure ; - - -- A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in - -- a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. - -- A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. - -- Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given - -- amount of water. - fun Solution : Class ; - fun Solution_Class : SubClass Solution LiquidMixture ; - - -- The volume of sound relative to a listener. - fun SoundAttribute : Class ; - fun SoundAttribute_Class : SubClass SoundAttribute RelationalAttribute ; - - -- The compass direction of South. - fun South : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; - - -- Any LinguisticGeneration which is also a - -- Vocalizing, i.e. any LinguisticCommunication by a Human which - -- involves his/her vocal cords. - fun Speaking : Class ; - fun Speaking_Class : SubClass Speaking (both LinguisticCommunication Vocalizing) ; - - -- Maps an instance of LengthMeasure and an instance of - -- TimeDuration to the speed represented by this proportion of distance and time. - -- For example, (SpeedFn (MeasureFn 55 Mile)(MeasureFn 1 HourDuration)) - -- represents the velocity of 55 miles per hour. - fun SpeedFn : El LengthMeasure -> El TimeDuration -> Ind FunctionQuantity ; - - -- A flexible column made out of bones called - -- vertebrae. The main function of the SpinalColumn is to protect the - -- spinal cord. - fun SpinalColumn : Class ; - fun SpinalColumn_Class : SubClass SpinalColumn (both AnimalAnatomicalStructure Organ) ; - - -- A SpokenHumanLanguage is a - -- HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also - -- berepresented visually through writing, although not all - -- SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form. - fun SpokenHumanLanguage : Class ; - fun SpokenHumanLanguage_Class : SubClass SpokenHumanLanguage HumanLanguage ; - - -- Any ReproductiveBody of a NonFloweringPlant. - fun Spore : Class ; - fun Spore_Class : SubClass Spore (both PlantAnatomicalStructure ReproductiveBody) ; - - -- A Game which requires some degree of physical - -- exercion from the participants of the game. - fun Sport : Class ; - fun Sport_Class : SubClass Sport Game ; - - -- (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal - -- square root of ?NUMBER. - fun SquareRootFn : El RealNumber -> Ind Number ; - - -- The BodyPosition of being upright, i.e. being - -- fully extended and supported by nothing other than one's own feet. - fun Standing : Ind BodyPosition ; - - -- Any Process where the PhysicalState - -- of part of the patient of the Process changes. - fun StateChange : Class ; - fun StateChange_Class : SubClass StateChange InternalChange ; - - -- The class StateOfMind is distinguished from - -- its complement TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are - -- transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make_up. - fun StateOfMind : Class ; - fun StateOfMind_Class : SubClass StateOfMind PsychologicalAttribute ; - - -- Administrative subdivisions of a - -- Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that - -- may exist. This Class includes the states of the United States, as - -- well as the provinces of Canada and European countries. - fun StateOrProvince : Class ; - fun StateOrProvince_Class : SubClass StateOrProvince (both GeopoliticalArea LandArea) ; - - -- A WaterArea in which water does not flow - -- constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds. - fun StaticWaterArea : Class ; - fun StaticWaterArea_Class : SubClass StaticWaterArea WaterArea ; - - -- Instances of this Class commit the agent to some truth. - -- For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese. - fun Stating : Class ; - fun Stating_Class : SubClass Stating LinguisticCommunication ; - - -- A StationaryArtifact is an Artifact - -- that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this Class are - -- architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, - -- single_family houses, etc. - fun StationaryArtifact : Class ; - fun StationaryArtifact_Class : SubClass StationaryArtifact Artifact ; - - -- SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is - -- the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose - -- area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition - -- is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, - -- cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square - -- with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Steradian = - -- m^2/m^2 = 1. - fun Steradian : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ; - - -- A relatively narrow WaterArea where the - -- water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, - -- etc. - fun StreamWaterArea : Class ; - fun StreamWaterArea_Class : SubClass StreamWaterArea (both FlowRegion WaterArea) ; - - -- The class of ElementalSubstances that - -- are smaller than Atoms and compose Atoms. - fun SubatomicParticle : Class ; - fun SubatomicParticle_Class : SubClass SubatomicParticle ElementalSubstance ; - - -- The Class of NormativeAttributes - -- which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of - -- these Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the - -- same subject over time. This Class is, generally speaking, only used when - -- mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge - -- source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to - -- this Class. - fun SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute : Class ; - fun SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute_Class : SubClass SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute NormativeAttribute ; - - -- An Object in which every part is similar to - -- every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a - -- Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts _ any parts have - -- properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance - -- may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the - -- temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part - -- to another. An example would be a body of water. - fun Substance : Class ; - fun Substance_Class : SubClass Substance SelfConnectedObject ; - - -- The Class of Transfers where one thing is - -- replaced with something else. - fun Substituting : Class ; - fun Substituting_Class : SubClass Substituting (both DualObjectProcess Transfer) ; - - -- If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, - -- then (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference - -- between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2. An - -- exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case - -- (SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2. - fun SubtractionFn : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Ind Quantity ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to - -- its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6. - fun SuccessorFn : El Integer -> Ind Integer ; - - -- A short Text that is a summary of another, - -- longer Text. - fun Summary : Class ; - fun Summary_Class : SubClass Summary Text ; - - -- The Class of all calendar Sundays. - fun Sunday : Class ; - fun Sunday_Class : SubClass Sunday Day ; - - -- Instances of this Class suppose, for the sake of - -- argument, that a proposition is true. For example, John considered what he - -- would do if he won the lottery. - fun Supposing : Class ; - fun Supposing_Class : SubClass Supposing LinguisticCommunication ; - - -- Processes which involve altering - -- the properties that apply to the surface of an Object. - fun SurfaceChange : Class ; - fun SurfaceChange_Class : SubClass SurfaceChange InternalChange ; - - -- Any TherapeuticProcess that involves making an - -- incision in the Animal that is the patient of the TherapeuticProcess. - fun Surgery : Class ; - fun Surgery_Class : SubClass Surgery TherapeuticProcess ; - - -- A LiquidMixture where at least one of the - -- components of the Mixture is equally distributed throughout the Mixture - -- but is not dissolved in it. - fun Suspension : Class ; - fun Suspension_Class : SubClass Suspension LiquidMixture ; - - -- Any deliberate and controlled BodyMotion - -- through water that is accomplished by an Organism. - fun Swimming : Class ; - fun Swimming_Class : SubClass Swimming BodyMotion ; - - -- The Class of alphanumeric sequences. - fun SymbolicString : Class ; - fun SymbolicString_Class : SubClass SymbolicString ContentBearingObject ; - - -- SymmetricAttribute is the class of - -- PositionalAttribute that hold between two items regardless of their - -- order or orientation. - fun SymmetricPositionalAttribute : Class ; - fun SymmetricPositionalAttribute_Class : SubClass SymmetricPositionalAttribute PositionalAttribute ; - - -- Any Substance that is the result of an - -- IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by Humans. - fun SyntheticSubstance : Class ; - def SyntheticSubstance = KappaFn Substance (\SUBSTANCE -> exists IntentionalProcess - (\PROCESS -> result (var IntentionalProcess Process ? PROCESS) - (var Substance Entity ? SUBSTANCE))) ; - - -- The Class of Systeme - -- International (SI) units. - fun SystemeInternationalUnit : Class ; - fun SystemeInternationalUnit_Class : SubClass SystemeInternationalUnit UnitOfMeasure ; - - -- The subclass of Perception in which - -- the sensing is done by Touching. Note that Touching need not involve - -- TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in - -- both of his legs would have no TactilePerception of anything his legs - -- were Touching. - fun TactilePerception : Class ; - fun TactilePerception_Class : SubClass TactilePerception Perception ; - - -- (TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the - -- PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of - -- the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right_angled - -- triangle. - fun TangentFn : El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Ind RealNumber ; - - -- The Class of Attributes relating to - -- the taste of Objects. - fun TasteAttribute : Class ; - fun TasteAttribute_Class : SubClass TasteAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; - - -- The subclass of Perception in which the - -- sensing is done by of an Organ which can discriminate various tastes. - fun Tasting : Class ; - fun Tasting_Class : SubClass Tasting Perception ; - - -- Measures of temperature. - -- In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the - -- average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing. - fun TemperatureMeasure : Class ; - fun TemperatureMeasure_Class : SubClass TemperatureMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - - -- The basic Function for expressing - -- the composition of larger TimeIntervals out of smaller TimeIntervals. - -- For example, if ThisSeptember is an instance of September, - -- (TemporalCompositionFn ThisSeptember Day) denotes the Class of - -- consecutive days that make up ThisSeptember. Note that one can obtain - -- the number of instances of this Class by using the function CardinalityFn. - fun TemporalCompositionFn : El TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval -> Desc TimeInterval ; - - -- A Residence which is strictly temporary, - -- i.e. where no one makes his/her home. - fun TemporaryResidence : Class ; - fun TemporaryResidence_Class : SubClass TemporaryResidence Residence ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a UnitOfMeasure - -- into a UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original - -- UnitOfMeasure. For example, (TeraFn Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 Hertz. - fun TeraFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a - -- GraphArc to the terminal node of the GraphArc. Note that this - -- is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined - -- for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. - fun TerminalNodeFn : El GraphArc -> Ind GraphNode ; - - -- OrganizationalProcesses where someone - -- ceases to be an employee of an Organization. Note that this covers being - -- laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job. - fun TerminatingEmployment : Class ; - fun TerminatingEmployment_Class : SubClass TerminatingEmployment LeavingAnOrganization ; - - -- SI magnetic flux density measure. Symbol: T. - -- One Tesla equals one Weber per square Meter. Tesla = Wb/m^2 = - -- kg*s^(_2)*A^(_1). - fun Tesla : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- A LinguisticExpression or set of - -- LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related - -- to Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular - -- topic, and that are inscribed in a CorpuscularObject by Humans. - fun Text : Class ; - fun Text_Class : SubClass Text (both Artifact (both ContentBearingObject LinguisticExpression)) ; - - -- Any Attribute that characterizes the - -- texture of an Object. - fun TextureAttribute : Class ; - fun TextureAttribute_Class : SubClass TextureAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; - - -- A Process that is carried out - -- for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated - -- with a DiseaseOrSyndrome. - fun TherapeuticProcess : Class ; - fun TherapeuticProcess_Class : SubClass TherapeuticProcess Repairing ; - - -- The class of GeometricFigures that - -- have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids - -- like polyhedrons and cylinders. - fun ThreeDimensionalFigure : Class ; - fun ThreeDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass ThreeDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure ; - - -- The Class of all calendar Thursdays. - fun Thursday : Class ; - fun Thursday_Class : SubClass Thursday Day ; - - -- A UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of continuous time. All instances of - -- this Class are returned by Functions that map a time quantity into - -- another ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, 'the - -- temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a - -- TimeDependentQuantity, since its value depends on the time. - fun TimeDependentQuantity : Class ; - fun TimeDependentQuantity_Class : SubClass TimeDependentQuantity UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity ; - - -- Any measure of length of time, - -- with or without respect to the universal timeline. - fun TimeDuration : Class ; - fun TimeDuration_Class : SubClass TimeDuration TimeMeasure ; - - -- An interval of time. - -- Note that a TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the - -- universal timeline. Note too that a TimeInterval has no gaps, - -- i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals. - fun TimeInterval : Class ; - fun TimeInterval_Class : SubClass TimeInterval TimePosition ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that takes two TimePoints - -- as arguments and returns the TimeInterval defined by these two TimePoints. - -- Note that the first TimePoint must occur earlier than the second TimePoint. - fun TimeIntervalFn : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - -- The class of temporal durations (instances - -- of TimeDuration) and positions of TimePoints and TimeIntervals along - -- the universal timeline (instances of TimePosition). - fun TimeMeasure : Class ; - fun TimeMeasure_Class : SubClass TimeMeasure ConstantQuantity ; - - -- An extensionless point on - -- the universal timeline. The TimePoints at which Processes occur - -- can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but - -- conceptually TimePoints are point_like and not interval_like. That - -- is, it doesn't make sense to talk about how long a TimePoint - -- lasts. - fun TimePoint : Class ; - fun TimePoint_Class : SubClass TimePoint TimePosition ; - - -- Any TimePoint or TimeInterval - -- along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to - -- PositiveInfinity. - fun TimePosition : Class ; - fun TimePosition_Class : SubClass TimePosition TimeMeasure ; - - -- An Attribute which is used to specify coordinates - -- in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to - -- the same TimePositions. - fun TimeZone : Class ; - fun TimeZone_Class : SubClass TimeZone RelationalAttribute ; - - -- An aggregation of similarly specialized Cells - -- and the associated intercellular substance. Tissues are relatively - -- non_localized in comparison to BodyParts, Organs or Organ components. - -- The main features of Tissues are self_connectivity (see - -- SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the - -- same granularity are instances of Tissue as well). - fun Tissue : Class ; - fun Tissue_Class : SubClass Tissue BodySubstance ; - - -- Any Transfer where two Objects are - -- brought into immediate physical contact with one another. - fun Touching : Class ; - fun Touching_Class : SubClass Touching Transfer ; - - -- Attributes that indicate the the - -- behavior/personality traits of an Organism. - fun TraitAttribute : Class ; - fun TraitAttribute_Class : SubClass TraitAttribute PsychologicalAttribute ; - - -- The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where - -- something is exchanged for something else. - fun Transaction : Class ; - fun Transaction_Class : SubClass Transaction (both ChangeOfPossession DualObjectProcess) ; - - -- Any instance of Translocation where the agent - -- and the patient are not the same thing. - fun Transfer : Class ; - fun Transfer_Class : SubClass Transfer Translocation ; - - -- Transitway is the broadest class - -- of regions which may be passed through as a path in instances - -- of Translocation. Transitway includes land, air, and sea - -- regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways. - fun Transitway : Class ; - fun Transitway_Class : SubClass Transitway (both Region SelfConnectedObject) ; - - -- Converting content from one Language into another. - -- This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written translation. - fun Translating : Class ; - fun Translating_Class : SubClass Translating (both ContentDevelopment DualObjectProcess) ; - - -- Translocation is that class of Motions - -- in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round - -- trips, the origin and destination are the same, but the intervening - -- motion passes through other locations. Translocation represents linear - -- motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is - -- not necessary, Ambulating is a kind of Translocation. - fun Translocation : Class ; - fun Translocation_Class : SubClass Translocation Motion ; - - -- Motion from one point to another by means - -- of a TransportationDevice. - fun Transportation : Class ; - fun Transportation_Class : SubClass Transportation Translocation ; - - -- A TransportationDevice is a Device - -- which serves as the instrument in a Transportation Process which carries - -- the patient of the Process from one point to another. - fun TransportationDevice : Class ; - fun TransportationDevice_Class : SubClass TransportationDevice Device ; - - -- A Tree is a DirectedGraph that has no - -- GraphLoops. - fun Tree : Class ; - fun Tree_Class : SubClass Tree Graph ; - - -- The TruthValue of being true. - fun True : Ind TruthValue ; - - -- The Class of truth values, e.g. True and - -- False. These are Attributes of Sentences and Propositions. - fun TruthValue : Class ; - fun TruthValue_Class : SubClass TruthValue RelationalAttribute ; - - -- The Class of all calendar Tuesdays. - fun Tuesday : Class ; - fun Tuesday_Class : SubClass Tuesday Day ; - - -- Any two OneDimensionalFigures (i.e. - -- straight lines) meeting at a single GeometricPoint. - fun TwoDimensionalAngle : Class ; - fun TwoDimensionalAngle_Class : SubClass TwoDimensionalAngle OpenTwoDimensionalFigure ; - - -- The class of GeometricFigures that - -- have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures - -- like circles and polygons. - fun TwoDimensionalFigure : Class ; - fun TwoDimensionalFigure_Class : SubClass TwoDimensionalFigure GeometricFigure ; - - -- A subclass of FunctionQuantity, instances of which are returned by - -- UnaryFunctions that map from one instance of the Class - -- ConstantQuantity to another instance of the Class - -- ConstantQuantity. - fun UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity : Class ; - fun UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity_Class : SubClass UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity FunctionQuantity ; - - -- Attribute that applies to Organisms that - -- are unconscious. An Organism may be Unconscious because it is Dead - -- or because of a blow to the head, a drug, etc. - fun Unconscious : Ind ConsciousnessAttribute ; - - -- The Class of Removing processes where the agent - -- uncovers the patient, either completely or only partially. - fun Uncovering : Class ; - fun Uncovering_Class : SubClass Uncovering Removing ; - - -- The Attribute of a CognitiveAgent when - -- he/she is unemployed. - fun Unemployed : Ind SocialRole ; - - -- Any instance of Detaching which results in - -- a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something - -- which he/she grasps previously. - fun Ungrasping : Class ; - fun Ungrasping_Class : SubClass Ungrasping Detaching ; - - -- Any instance of Getting that is not part - -- of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Getting where nothing - -- is given in return. Some examples of UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, - -- commandeering, stealing, etc. - fun UnilateralGetting : Class ; - fun UnilateralGetting_Class : SubClass UnilateralGetting Getting ; - - -- Any instance of Giving that is not part - -- of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Giving where nothing - -- is received in return. Some examples of UnilateralGiving are: honorary - -- awards, gifts, and financial grants. - fun UnilateralGiving : Class ; - fun UnilateralGiving_Class : SubClass UnilateralGiving Giving ; - - -- The Attribute of Regions that are - -- unilluminated, i.e in which no shapes are visually discernable. - fun Unilluminated : Ind VisualAttribute ; - - -- A BinaryFunction that maps two SetOrClasses to - -- the union of these SetOrClasses. An object is an element of the union - -- of two SetOrClasses just in case it is an instance of either SetOrClass. - fun UnionFn : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Ind SetOrClass ; - - -- A List in which no item appears more than once, - -- i.e. a List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 - -- such that (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) - -- return the same value. - fun UniqueList : Class ; - fun UniqueList_Class : SubClass UniqueList List ; - - -- UnitFn returns just the UnitOfMeasure of a PhysicalQuantity with an associated - -- UnitOfMeasure and RealNumber magnitude. For example, the unit of - -- the ConstantQuantity (MeasureFn 2 Kilometer) is the - -- UnitOfMeasure Kilometer. - fun UnitFn : El PhysicalQuantity -> Ind UnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used - -- with MeasureFn to form instances of AngleMeasure. - fun UnitOfAngularMeasure : Class ; - fun UnitOfAngularMeasure_Class : SubClass UnitOfAngularMeasure NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form - -- instances of AreaMeasure. - fun UnitOfArea : Class ; - fun UnitOfArea_Class : SubClass UnitOfArea CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- UnitOfAtmosphericPressure includes those instances of - -- UnitOfMeasure used to measure atmospheric pressure (barometricPressure), - -- e.g., InchMercury. - fun UnitOfAtmosphericPressure : Class ; - fun UnitOfAtmosphericPressure_Class : SubClass UnitOfAtmosphericPressure CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form - -- instances of CurrencyMeasure. - fun UnitOfCurrency : Class ; - fun UnitOfCurrency_Class : SubClass UnitOfCurrency NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form - -- instances of TimeDuration. Note that TimeDuration is a subclass of TimeMeasure. - fun UnitOfDuration : Class ; - fun UnitOfDuration_Class : SubClass UnitOfDuration NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Every instance of this - -- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form - -- instances of FrequencyMeasure. - fun UnitOfFrequency : Class ; - fun UnitOfFrequency_Class : SubClass UnitOfFrequency CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Every instance of this - -- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form - -- instances of InformationMeasure. - fun UnitOfInformation : Class ; - fun UnitOfInformation_Class : SubClass UnitOfInformation NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Every instance of this - -- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form - -- instances of LengthMeasure. - fun UnitOfLength : Class ; - fun UnitOfLength_Class : SubClass UnitOfLength NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Every instance of this - -- Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form - -- instances of MassMeasure, which denote the amount of matter in - -- PhysicalObjects. - fun UnitOfMass : Class ; - fun UnitOfMass_Class : SubClass UnitOfMass NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- A standard of measurement for some dimension. - -- For example, the Meter is a UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, - -- as is the Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a UnitOfMeasure that - -- makes it primitive or fundamental, rather, a system of units (e.g. - -- SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and - -- assigns units for each. - fun UnitOfMeasure : Class ; - fun UnitOfMeasure_Class : SubClass UnitOfMeasure PhysicalQuantity ; - - -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form - -- instances of TemperatureMeasure. - fun UnitOfTemperature : Class ; - fun UnitOfTemperature_Class : SubClass UnitOfTemperature NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Every instance of this Class is a UnitOfMeasure that can be used with MeasureFn to form - -- instances of VolumeMeasure. - fun UnitOfVolume : Class ; - fun UnitOfVolume_Class : SubClass UnitOfVolume CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Unit of volume commonly used in the United Kingdom. - fun UnitedKingdomGallon : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - -- A currency measure. 1 UnitedStatesCent is equal to .01 UnitedStatesDollars. - fun UnitedStatesCent : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; - - -- A currency measure. - fun UnitedStatesDollar : Ind UnitOfCurrency ; - - -- Unit of volume commonly used in the United States. - fun UnitedStatesGallon : Ind UnitOfVolume ; - - -- The ProbabilityAttribute of being improbable, i.e. more - -- likely than not to be False. - fun Unlikely : Ind ProbabilityAttribute ; - - -- A DeductiveArgument which is valid, i.e. the set of premises in fact entails the conclusion. - fun ValidDeductiveArgument : Class ; - fun ValidDeductiveArgument_Class : SubClass ValidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument ; - - -- Vehicle is the subclass of - -- TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods - -- from one place to another by moving from one place to the other - -- with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes. Contrast - -- with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket - -- checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means - -- of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to - -- the destination. - fun Vehicle : Class ; - fun Vehicle_Class : SubClass Vehicle TransportationDevice ; - - -- Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed - -- and the direction of the speed. For example (VelocityFn (MeasureFn 55 Mile) - -- (MeasureFn 2 HourDuration) ?REFERENCE North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles - -- per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE. - fun VelocityFn : El LengthMeasure -> El TimeDuration -> El Region -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Ind FunctionQuantity ; - - -- One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words - -- that conventionally denote Processes. - fun Verb : Class ; - fun Verb_Class : SubClass Verb Word ; - - -- A Phrase that has the same function as a Verb. - fun VerbPhrase : Class ; - fun VerbPhrase_Class : SubClass VerbPhrase Phrase ; - - -- An Animal which has a spinal column. - fun Vertebrate : Class ; - def Vertebrate = KappaFn Animal (\VERT -> and (and (and (exists SpinalColumn (\SPINE -> component (var SpinalColumn CorpuscularObject ? SPINE) - (var Animal CorpuscularObject ? VERT))) - (forall NervousSystem (\S -> part (var NervousSystem Object ? S) - (var Animal Object ? VERT)))) - (forall Skeleton (\SKELETON -> part (var Skeleton Object ? SKELETON) - (var Animal Object ? VERT)))) - (forall Exoskeleton (\SKELETON -> part (var Exoskeleton Object ? SKELETON) - (var Animal Object ? VERT)))) ; - - -- Attribute used to indicate that an Object - -- is positioned height_wise with respect to another Object. - fun Vertical : Ind PositionalAttribute ; - - -- A Contest where one participant attempts to - -- physically injure another participant. - fun ViolentContest : Class ; - fun ViolentContest_Class : SubClass ViolentContest Contest ; - - -- An Organism consisting of a core of a single - -- nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate - -- only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the - -- usual characteristics of living things. - fun Virus : Class ; - fun Virus_Class : SubClass Virus Microorganism ; - - -- The Class of visually discernible - -- properties. - fun VisualAttribute : Class ; - fun VisualAttribute_Class : SubClass VisualAttribute PerceptualAttribute ; - - -- A Nutrient present in natural products or made - -- synthetically, which is essential in the diet of Humans and other higher - -- Animals. Included here are Vitamin precursors and provitamins. - fun Vitamin : Class ; - fun Vitamin_Class : SubClass Vitamin Nutrient ; - - -- The vocal cords, are composed - -- of two folds of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the - -- larynx. They vibrate, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the - -- lungs during Vocalizing. - fun VocalCords : Class ; - fun VocalCords_Class : SubClass VocalCords Organ ; - - -- Any instance of RadiatingSound where the - -- instrument is the Human vocal cords. This covers grunts, screams, - -- roars, as well as Speaking. - fun Vocalizing : Class ; - fun Vocalizing_Class : SubClass Vocalizing (both BodyMotion RadiatingSound) ; - - -- SI electric potential measure. Symbol: V. It is - -- the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting - -- wire carrying a constant current of 1 Ampere, when the power dissipated - -- between these points is equal to 1 Watt. Volt = W/A = - -- m^2*kg*s^(_3)*A^(_1). - fun Volt : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions. - fun VolumeMeasure : Class ; - fun VolumeMeasure_Class : SubClass VolumeMeasure FunctionQuantity ; - - -- Voting is the activity of voting in an - -- Election. Voting is typically done by individuals, while Elections - -- are conducted by Organizations. The voting process by an individual - -- voter is part of an Election process. - fun Voting : Class ; - fun Voting_Class : SubClass Voting Deciding ; - - -- Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in such a - -- way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground. - fun Walking : Class ; - fun Walking_Class : SubClass Walking Ambulating ; - - -- A military confrontation between two or more - -- GeopoliticalAreas or Organizations whose members are GeopoliticalAreas. - -- As the corresponding axiom specifies, a War is made up of Battles. - fun War : Class ; - fun War_Class : SubClass War ViolentContest ; - - -- Vertebrates whose body temperature - -- is internally regulated. - fun WarmBloodedVertebrate : Class ; - fun WarmBloodedVertebrate_Class : SubClass WarmBloodedVertebrate Vertebrate ; - - -- A Contract that states the cirumstances - -- under which defects in the product will be corrected for no charge. - -- A Warranty is usually limited to a length of time that is specified - -- in the Warranty itself. A Warranty also includes information about - -- what is not covered and actions that invalidate the Warranty. - fun Warranty : Ind DeonticAttribute ; - - -- The Class of samples of the compound H20. Note - -- that this Class covers both pure and impure Water. - fun Water : Class ; - fun Water_Class : SubClass Water CompoundSubstance ; - - -- A body which is made up predominantly of water, - -- e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. - fun WaterArea : Class ; - fun WaterArea_Class : SubClass WaterArea GeographicArea ; - - -- Any Cloud that is composed primarily of water vapor. - fun WaterCloud : Class ; - fun WaterCloud_Class : SubClass WaterCloud Cloud ; - - -- Any LiquidMotion where the Liquid is Water. - fun WaterMotion : Class ; - fun WaterMotion_Class : SubClass WaterMotion LiquidMotion ; - - -- SI power measure. Symbol: W. A UnitOfMeasure - -- that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by - -- TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production - -- of energy (or work) at the rate of one Joule per SecondDuration. - -- Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(_3). - fun Watt : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps an Agent to a - -- CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the Agent. - -- Note that this Function is generally used in conjunction with the - -- Function PropertyFn, e.g. (WealthFn (PropertyFn BillGates)) would - -- return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings. - fun WealthFn : El Agent -> Ind CurrencyMeasure ; - - -- The Class of Devices that are designed - -- primarily to damage or destroy Humans/Animals, StationaryArtifacts or - -- the places inhabited by Humans/Animals. - fun Weapon : Class ; - fun Weapon_Class : SubClass Weapon Device ; - - -- WearableItem is the subclass of - -- Artifacts that are made to be worn on the body. - fun WearableItem : Class ; - fun WearableItem_Class : SubClass WearableItem Artifact ; - - -- WeatherProcess is the broadest class of - -- processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused - -- with instances of SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short_term weather - -- events. - fun WeatherProcess : Class ; - fun WeatherProcess_Class : SubClass WeatherProcess Motion ; - - -- SI magnetic flux measure. Symbol: Wb. It is the - -- magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an - -- electromotive force of 1 Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform - -- rate in 1 SecondDuration. Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(_2)*A^(_1). - fun Weber : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ; - - -- Any Declaring that leads to one person being - -- the spouse of another. - fun Wedding : Class ; - fun Wedding_Class : SubClass Wedding Declaring ; - - -- The Class of all calendar Wednesdays. - fun Wednesday : Class ; - fun Wednesday_Class : SubClass Wednesday Day ; - - -- The Class of all calendar weeks. - fun Week : Class ; - fun Week_Class : SubClass Week TimeInterval ; - - -- Time unit. A week's duration is seven days. - fun WeekDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - -- The compass direction of West. - fun West : Ind DirectionalAttribute ; - - -- An Attribute which indicates that the - -- associated Object is fully saturated with a Liquid, i.e. - -- every part of the Object has a subpart which is a Liquid. - fun Wet : Ind SaturationAttribute ; - - -- The Class of Processes where a Liquid is - -- added to an Object. - fun Wetting : Class ; - fun Wetting_Class : SubClass Wetting Putting ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps an Object or - -- Process to the exact TimeInterval during which it exists. Note - -- that, for every TimePoint ?TIME outside of the TimeInterval - -- (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold. - fun WhenFn : El Physical -> Ind TimeInterval ; - - -- Maps an Object and a TimePoint at which the Object exists to - -- the Region where the Object existed at that TimePoint. - fun WhereFn : El Physical -> El TimePoint -> Ind Region ; - - -- The Attribute of being white in color. - fun White : Ind PrimaryColor ; - - -- Any Motion of Air. - fun Wind : Class ; - fun Wind_Class : SubClass Wind GasMotion ; - - -- The class of Female Humans. - fun Woman : Class ; - fun Woman_Class : SubClass Woman Human ; - - -- A term of a Language that represents a concept. - fun Word : Class ; - fun Word_Class : SubClass Word LinguisticExpression ; - - -- Long, narrow, soft_bodied Invertebrates. - fun Worm : Class ; - fun Worm_Class : SubClass Worm Invertebrate ; - - -- A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which - -- content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented - -- mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both - -- transcription and original creation of written Texts. - fun Writing : Class ; - fun Writing_Class : SubClass Writing ContentDevelopment ; - - -- The Class of all calendar Years. - fun Year : Class ; - fun Year_Class : SubClass Year TimeInterval ; - - -- Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year = 365 days = 31536000 seconds. - fun YearDuration : Ind UnitOfDuration ; - - -- A UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar - -- Year. For example, (YearFn 1912) returns the Class containing just one instance, - -- the year of 1912. As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, - -- while negative integers return years in B.C.E. Note that this function returns a Class - -- as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. MonthFn, DayFn, - -- HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals - -- and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of - -- these functions classes rather than individuals. - fun YearFn : El Integer -> Desc Year ; - - -- The Attribute of being yellow in color. - fun Yellow : Ind PrimaryColor ; - - -- (abstractCounterpart ?AB ?PHYS - -- relates a Physical entity to an Abstract one which is an idealized - -- model in some dimension of the Physical entity. For example, an - -- Abstract GraphNode could be stated to be the counterpart of an - -- actual Computer in a ComputerNetwork. - fun abstractCounterpart : El Abstract -> El Physical -> Formula ; - - -- (acquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means that ?H1 has - -- met and knows something about ?H2, such as ?H2's name and appearance. - -- Statements made with this predicate should be temporally specified with - -- holdsDuring. Note that acquaintance is not symmetric. For the - -- symmetric version, see mutualAcquaintance. - fun acquaintance : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; - - -- Simply relates an Object to a ConstantQuantity - -- specifying the age of the Object. - fun age : El Object -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ; - - -- (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is - -- an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process - -- ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an - -- agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple. - fun agent : El Process -> El Agent -> Formula ; - - -- A TernaryPredicate that is - -- used to state the distance between the top of an Object and - -- another point that is below the top of the Object (often this - -- other point will be sea level). Note that this Predicate can be - -- used to specify, for example, the height of geographic features, - -- e.g. mountains, the altitude of aircraft, and the orbit of satellites - -- around the Earth. - fun altitude : El Physical -> El Physical -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- The transitive closure of the parent predicate. - -- (ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the - -- parent of ?DESCENDANT or the parent of the parent of DESCENDANT or etc. - fun ancestor : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - -- (angleOfFigure ?ANGLE ?FIGURE) means that - -- the TwoDimensionalAngle ?ANGLE is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE. - fun angleOfFigure : El GeometricFigure -> El GeometricFigure -> Formula ; - - -- (angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means that - -- the two_dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the PlaneAngleMeasure of - -- ?MEASURE. - fun angularMeasure : El TwoDimensionalAngle -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- This predicate indicates the value of a - -- GraphArc in a Graph. This could map to the length of a road in - -- a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system. - fun arcWeight : El GraphArc -> El Quantity -> Formula ; - - -- (atomicNumber ?ELEMENT ?NUMBER) means that - -- the ElementalSubstance ?ELEMENT has the atomic number ?NUMBER. The - -- atomic number is the number of Protons in the nucleus of an Atom. - fun atomicNumber : Desc ElementalSubstance -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ; - - -- (attends ?DEMO ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON attends, - -- i.e. is a member of the audience, of the performance event ?DEMO. - fun attends : El Demonstrating -> El Human -> Formula ; - - -- (attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that - -- ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, - -- (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red). - fun attribute : El Object -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - -- (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is - -- creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is - -- author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. - fun authors : El Agent -> Desc Text -> Formula ; - - -- A partial function that relates a List to a - -- RealNumber, provided that the List only has list elements that are - -- RealNumbers. The RealNumber associated with the List is equal to the - -- mathematical average of the RealNumbers in the List divided by the total - -- number of list elements. - fun average : El List -> El RealNumber -> Formula ; - - -- (barometricPressure ?AREA ?PRESSURE) means that the atmospheric - -- pressure measured at ?AREA is ?PRESSURE. Barometric pressure is - -- typically expressed in units of InchMercury or MmMercury. For - -- example, standard sea level pressure is 29.92 inches (760 mm) of mercury: - -- (barometricPressure SeaLevel (MeasureFn 29.92 InchMercury)). - fun barometricPressure : El Object -> El UnitOfAtmosphericPressure -> Formula ; - - -- (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 - -- precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline. - fun before : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; - - -- (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 - -- is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline. - fun beforeOrEqual : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; - - -- The epistemic predicate of belief. (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means - -- that ?AGENT believes the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. - fun believes : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- (between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is - -- spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3. Note that this implies that - -- ?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1 - -- and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2. - fun between : El Object -> El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- The temperature at which a PureSubstance changes - -- state from a Liquid to a Gas. - fun boilingPoint : Desc PureSubstance -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the - -- lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT. - fun bottom : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - -- The general relationship of being a brother. - -- (brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON. - fun brother : El Man -> El Human -> Formula ; - - -- The causation relation between instances of Process. - -- (causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of Process ?PROCESS1 - -- brings about the instance of Process ?PROCESS2. - fun causes : El Process -> El Process -> Formula ; - - -- (causesProposition ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means - -- that the state of affairs described by ?FORMULA1 - -- causes, or mechanistically brings about, the state of affairs - -- described by ?FORMULA2. Note that unlike entails, the time - -- during which ?FORMULA2 holds cannot precede the time during which - -- ?FORMULA1 holds, although ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 can hold - -- simultaneously. Note, also, that causesProposition is a - -- predicate, not a truth function. The following rule - -- (contraposition) does not hold: (=> (causesProp ?FORMULA1 - -- ?FORMULA2) (causesProp (not ?FORMULA2) (not ?FORMULA1))). - fun causesProposition : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- The causation relation between subclasses of Process. - -- (causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of Process ?PROCESS1 - -- brings about the subclass of Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (causesSubclass Killing - -- Death). - fun causesSubclass : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; - - -- (citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the - -- Human ?PERSON is a citizen of Nation ?NATION. - fun citizen : El Human -> El Nation -> Formula ; - - -- (completelyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) - -- means that some part of the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. - -- Note that if (completelyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), - -- then (completelyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). A complete filler of (a part of) a hole - -- is connected with everything with which (that part of) the hole itself is connected. - -- A perfect filler of (a part of) a hole completely fills every proper - -- part of (that part of) that hole. - fun completelyFills : El Object -> El Hole -> Formula ; - - -- A specialized common sense notion of part - -- for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) - -- means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component - -- include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a - -- country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare piece, which - -- is also a subrelation of part. - fun component : El CorpuscularObject -> El CorpuscularObject -> Formula ; - - -- (conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that - -- the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the - -- Argument ?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT - -- entails ?PROPOSITION. - fun conclusion : El Argument -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - -- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. - -- conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional - -- probability. (conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means - -- that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is - -- ?NUMBER. - fun conditionalProbability : Formula -> Formula -> El RealNumber -> Formula ; - - -- Expresses the relationship between a Formula, - -- an Entity, and an ObjectiveNorm when the Entity brings it about that - -- the Formula has the ObjectiveNorm. - fun confersNorm : El Entity -> Formula -> El ObjectiveNorm -> Formula ; - - -- Expresses the relationship between a - -- a Formula, an Entity, and a CognitiveAgent when the Entity - -- obligates the CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the Formula is true. - fun confersObligation : Formula -> El Entity -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - -- Expresses the relationship between a Formula, - -- an Entity, and a CognitiveAgent when the Entity authorizes the - -- CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the Formula is true. - fun confersRight : Formula -> El Entity -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - -- (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 - -- meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2. - fun connected : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- This is the most general - -- connection relation between EngineeringComponents. If - -- (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor - -- ?COMP2 can be an engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation - -- connectedEngineeringComponents is a SymmetricRelation, there is no - -- information in the direction of connection between two components. It is - -- also an IrreflexiveRelation, no EngineeringComponent bears this relation - -- to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type - -- with the connection. - fun connectedEngineeringComponents : El EngineeringComponent -> El EngineeringComponent -> Formula ; - - -- The relationship between three things, when one of - -- the three things connects the other two. More formally, (connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) - -- means that (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3) - -- and not (connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3). - fun connects : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - -- connectsEngineeringComponents - -- is a TernaryPredicate that maps from an EngineeringConnection to the - -- EngineeringComponents it connects. Since EngineeringComponents cannot - -- be connected to themselves and there cannot be an EngineeringConnection - -- without a connectedEngineeringComponents Predicate, the second and third - -- arguments of any connectsEngineeringComponents relationship will always be - -- distinct for any given first argument. - fun connectsEngineeringComponents : El EngineeringComponent -> El EngineeringComponent -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - -- (considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders - -- about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. - fun considers : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- (consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two - -- Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it - -- is possible for both of them to be true at the same time. - fun consistent : El Proposition -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - -- The relation of spatial containment for two - -- separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an - -- automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used. - -- (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has - -- a space (i.e. a Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2. - fun contains : El SelfConnectedObject -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- A subrelation of represents. This - -- predicate relates a ContentBearingPhysical to the Proposition that is - -- expressed by the ContentBearingPhysical. Examples include the relationships - -- between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its - -- musical content. - fun containsInformation : El ContentBearingPhysical -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - -- A contraryAttribute is a set of Attributes - -- such that something can not simultaneously have more than one of these Attributes. - -- For example, (contraryAttribute Pliable Rigid) means that nothing can be both - -- Pliable and Rigid. - fun contraryAttribute : [El Attribute] -> Formula ; - - -- (cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the - -- Object or Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, - -- or jointly with the Object or Process ?THING2. This covers the - -- following temporal relations: is co_incident with, is concurrent with, - -- is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with. - fun cooccur : El Physical -> El Physical -> Formula ; - - -- relates an Object to an exact copy of the - -- Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original - -- with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal - -- location. - fun copy : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that Object ?OBJ1 - -- traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being connected to it. - fun crosses : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- A BinaryPredicate that specifies a - -- TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution - -- of one day, for a particular Object or Process. - fun date : El Physical -> El Day -> Formula ; - - -- The general relationship of daughterhood. - -- (daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is - -- the biological daughter of ?PARENT. - fun daughter : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - -- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. - -- (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less - -- likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. - fun decreasesLikelihood : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- Expresses the relationship between an - -- Entity, a Formula, and an ObjectiveNorm when the Entity - -- brings it about that the Formula does not have the ObjectiveNorm. - fun deprivesNorm : El Entity -> Formula -> El ObjectiveNorm -> Formula ; - - -- A TernaryPredicate that is - -- used to state the distance between the top of an Object and - -- another point that is above the top of the Object (often this - -- other point will be sea level). Note that this Predicate can be - -- used to specify, for example, the depth of marine life or submarines, - -- for example. - fun depth : El Physical -> El Physical -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants - -- to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there - -- is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. - -- Note too that desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former - -- is a PropositionalAttitude, while wants is an ObjectAttitude. - fun desires : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- (destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that - -- ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, - -- Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went - -- to Danbury. Note that this is a very general CaseRole and, in - -- particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. - -- Thus, John would be the destination in the following proposition: - -- Tom gave a book to John. - fun destination : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- (developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) - -- means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of - -- ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are developmentalForms - -- of frogs and butterflies, respectively. - fun developmentalForm : El OrganicObject -> El DevelopmentalAttribute -> Formula ; - - -- (diameter ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the diameter - -- of the Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH. - fun diameter : El Circle -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- (direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the - -- Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one - -- would use this Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving - -- North. - fun direction : El Process -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ; - - -- Classes are disjoint only if they share no - -- instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to - -- them is empty. - fun disjoint : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Formula ; - - -- A disjointDecomposition of a Class - -- C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually disjoint. - fun disjointDecomposition : Class -> [Class] -> Formula ; - - -- (distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the - -- shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT. Note - -- that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that - -- the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of - -- a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that - -- separates two distinct objects. - fun distance : El Physical -> El Physical -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- A relation between objects - -- in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text stated in - -- a particular HumanLanguage. The domain of documentation is not - -- constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does - -- not quote the names when associating them with their documentation. - fun documentation : El Entity -> El HumanLanguage -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ; - - -- (duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the - -- duration of the TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this - -- Predicate can be used in conjunction with the Function WhenFn - -- to specify the duration of any instance of Physical. - fun duration : El TimeInterval -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ; - - -- (during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that - -- ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2. - fun during : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - -- (earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that - -- the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 - -- begins. - fun earlier : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - -- (editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is - -- an editor of ?TEXT. - fun editor : El Agent -> Desc Text -> Formula ; - - -- (element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case - -- ?ENTITY is contained in the Set ?SET. An Entity can be an element - -- of another Entity only if the latter is a Set. - fun element : El Entity -> El Set -> Formula ; - - -- (employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has - -- hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly - -- or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary - -- compensation. - fun employs : El Organization -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - -- (engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) - -- means that the EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a - -- properPart of ?SUPER. This relation is an AsymmetricRelation, since - -- two EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other. - fun engineeringSubcomponent : El EngineeringComponent -> El EngineeringComponent -> Formula ; - - -- The operator of logical entailment. (entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) - -- means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 - -- by means of the proof theory of SUO_KIF. - fun entails : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- (equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case - -- ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2. - fun equal : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- A binary predicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingObject. - -- (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by - -- each instance of ?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, - -- and vice versa. An example would be the relationship between English and Russian - -- editions of Agatha Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that - -- (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies - -- (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1). - fun equivalentContentClass : Desc ContentBearingObject -> Desc ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; - - -- A BinaryPredicate relating two - -- instances of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) - -- means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to - -- the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship - -- between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed - -- copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) - -- implies (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and - -- (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2). - fun equivalentContentInstance : El ContentBearingObject -> El ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; - - -- The actual, minimal location of an Object. - -- This is a subrelation of the more general Predicate located. - fun exactlyLocated : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- This predicate relates a Class to a - -- set of Attributes, and it means that the elements of this set exhaust the - -- instances of the Class. For example, (exhaustiveAttribute PhysicalState - -- Solid Fluid Liquid Gas Plasma) means that there are only five instances of - -- the class PhysicalState, viz. Solid, Fluid, Liquid, Gas and Plasma. - fun exhaustiveAttribute : Desc Attribute -> [El Attribute] -> Formula ; - - -- An exhaustiveDecomposition of a - -- Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every instance of C is an - -- instance of one of the subclasses in the set. Note: this does not necessarily - -- mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see partition _ a partition - -- is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition). - fun exhaustiveDecomposition : Class -> [Class] -> Formula ; - - -- (experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means - -- that ?AGENT experiences the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo - -- is the experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo - -- sees the fish. Note that experiencer, unlike agent, does - -- not entail a causal relation between its arguments. - fun experiencer : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used - -- by ?AGENT as a resource in an unspecified instance of Process. This - -- Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the - -- relations agent and resource. - fun exploits : El Object -> El Agent -> Formula ; - - -- (expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) means that the - -- LinguisticExpression ?EXPRESS is part of the Language ?LANG. - fun expressedInLanguage : El LinguisticExpression -> El Language -> Formula ; - - -- (faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of - -- ?OBJ (see FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. - -- More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of - -- ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it - -- intersected with its back (see BackFn). - fun faces : El Object -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ; - - -- A very general Predicate for biological - -- relationships. (familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that - -- ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor. - fun familyRelation : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - -- The general relationship of fatherhood. - -- (father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father of ?CHILD. - fun father : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - -- Holes can be filled. (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) - -- means that the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that - -- fills here means perfectly filled. Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts in common (rather, - -- they may occupy the same spatial region). - fun fills : El Object -> El Hole -> Formula ; - - -- (finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that - -- ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same - -- ending TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1. - fun finishes : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - -- (frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the - -- Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME. - fun frequency : Desc Process -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ; - - -- (geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeographicArea ?PART is - -- part of the GeographicArea ?WHOLE. - fun geographicSubregion : El GeographicArea -> El GeographicArea -> Formula ; - - -- (geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?LENGTH) - -- means that ?LENGTH is the distance between the two - -- GeometricPoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT2. - fun geometricDistance : El GeometricPoint -> El GeometricPoint -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- (geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the - -- GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the GeometricFigure ?WHOLE. - fun geometricPart : El GeometricFigure -> El GeometricFigure -> Formula ; - - -- (geopoliticalSubdivision ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any - -- geopolitical part of ?AREA2, that is, ?AREA1 is - -- an integral geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), - -- having its own associated GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by - -- the government of ?AREA2. Cf. dependentGeopoliticalArea. - fun geopoliticalSubdivision : El GeopoliticalArea -> El GeopoliticalArea -> Formula ; - - -- (graphMeasure ?GRAPH ?MEAS) fixes a - -- UnitOfMeasure that is used for the arcWeight of a given Graph. Stating - -- such a relationship entails that the components of given graph are the - -- abstractCounterparts of sets of Physical Entity(ies). - fun graphMeasure : El Graph -> El UnitOfMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- A basic relation for Graphs and their - -- parts. (graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a GraphArc - -- or GraphNode of the Graph ?GRAPH. - fun graphPart : El GraphElement -> El Graph -> Formula ; - - -- The state of grasping an Object. (grasps ?ANIMAL ?OBJ) means - -- that the Animal ?ANIMAL is intentionally holding - -- on to the Object ?OBJ. - fun grasps : El Animal -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true - -- just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the Quantity - -- ?NUMBER2. - fun greaterThan : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; - - -- (greaterThanByQuality ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?ATT) means that - -- ?ENTITY1 has more of the given quality ?ATT than ?ENTITY2 - fun greaterThanByQuality : El Entity -> El Entity -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - -- (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 - -- ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater - -- than the Quantity ?NUMBER2. - fun greaterThanOrEqualTo : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; - - -- This Predicate expresses the concept of a - -- conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. - -- Accordingly, (hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of - -- Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the Proposition expressed by - -- ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between - -- the Predicates hasPurpose and result. Although the second argument - -- of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, - -- a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result - -- may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may - -- have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no - -- goal, a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on. - fun hasPurpose : El Physical -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- Expresses a cognitive attitude of an - -- agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical. More precisely, - -- (hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of - -- ?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Very complex - -- issues are involved here. In particular, the rules of inference of the - -- first order predicate calculus are not truth_preserving for the second - -- argument position of this Predicate. - fun hasPurposeForAgent : El Physical -> Formula -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - -- Similar to the capability Predicate - -- with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/ - -- demonstrated to some measurable degree. - fun hasSkill : Desc Process -> El Agent -> Formula ; - - -- The height of an Object is the distance between - -- its top and its bottom. - fun height : El SelfConnectedObject -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the - -- proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note - -- that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every TimePoint which is a - -- temporalPart of ?TIME. - fun holdsDuring : El TimePosition -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- Expresses a relationship between a - -- Formula and a CognitiveAgent whereby the CognitiveAgent has - -- the obligation to bring it about that the Formula is true. - fun holdsObligation : Formula -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - -- Expresses a relationship between a Formula - -- and a CognitiveAgent whereby the CognitiveAgent has the right to - -- bring it about that the Formula is true. - fun holdsRight : Formula -> El CognitiveAgent -> Formula ; - - -- (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a - -- Hole in ?OBJ. A Hole is a fillable body located at the - -- surface an Object. - fun hole : El Hole -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - -- The relation between a Human and a PermanentResidence - -- of the Human. - fun home : El Human -> El PermanentResidence -> Formula ; - - -- (husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the - -- husband of ?WOMAN. - fun husband : El Man -> El Woman -> Formula ; - - -- (identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) - -- means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their - -- respective lists. Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share - -- exactly the same items, they may order these items differently. - fun identicalListItems : El List -> El List -> Formula ; - - -- A SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an immediateSubclass - -- of another SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and - -- there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it. - fun immediateSubclass : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Formula ; - - -- The analog of element and instance for Lists. - -- (inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the List ?LIST. For example, - -- (inList Tuesday (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would be true. - fun inList : El Entity -> El List -> Formula ; - - -- A very general Predicate. - -- (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the - -- scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be - -- either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in - -- avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY. - fun inScopeOfInterest : El CognitiveAgent -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. - -- (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more - -- likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. - fun increasesLikelihood : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- One of the basic ProbabilityRelations. - -- (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of - -- ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent. - fun independentProbability : Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- A very basic notion of living within something - -- else. (inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence - -- (either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of ?ORGANISM. - fun inhabits : El Organism -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- A very general Predicate. (inhibits ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means - -- that the Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders - -- the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an - -- object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types - -- of Processes, not between instances. - fun inhibits : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; - - -- (instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL - -- is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not - -- changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an instrument in the - -- following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that instrument - -- and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair. - fun instrument : El Process -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means - -- that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and - -- any superficialPart ?OBJ2. - fun interiorPart : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (involvedInEvent ?EVENT ?THING) means - -- that in the Process ?EVENT, the Entity ?THING plays some CaseRole. - fun involvedInEvent : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- The epistemic predicate of knowing. (knows - -- ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by - -- ?FORMULA. Note that knows entails conscious awareness, so this - -- Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or - -- unconscious knowledge. - fun knows : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- (larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is - -- larger, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. - fun larger : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON) - -- means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON. - fun leader : El Agent -> El Human -> Formula ; - - -- (legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means - -- that ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2 are relatives by virtue of a legal relationship. - -- Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc. - fun legalRelation : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; - - -- binary predicate that is used to state the measure - -- of an Object along its longest span. - fun length : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ; - - -- (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just - -- in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the Quantity ?NUMBER2. - fun lessThan : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; - - -- (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true - -- just in case the Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to - -- the Quantity ?NUMBER2. - fun lessThanOrEqualTo : El Quantity -> El Quantity -> Formula ; - - -- (lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE) means that the - -- straight line ?LINE has the LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE. - fun lineMeasure : El OneDimensionalFigure -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- Binary predicate that is used to state the measure - -- of an Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note - -- that the difference between the predicates length and distance is that - -- the length is used to state the LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of - -- a single object, while distance is used to state the LengthMeasure that - -- separates two distinct objects. - fun linearExtent : El Object -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- a TernaryPredicate that specifies the - -- GraphArc connecting two GraphNodes. - fun links : El GraphNode -> El GraphNode -> El GraphArc -> Formula ; - - -- (located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is partlyLocated at ?OBJ, - -- and there is no part or subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at ?OBJ. - fun located : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the - -- Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the Attribute ?MANNER. The Attributes - -- of Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the - -- speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports - -- competition. - fun manner : El Process -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - -- (material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that - -- ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation - -- encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. - -- For example, plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Compare - -- part and its subrelations, viz component and piece. - fun material : Desc Substance -> El CorpuscularObject -> Formula ; - - -- A very general Predicate for - -- asserting that a particular Object is measured by a particular - -- PhysicalQuantity. In general, the second argument of this - -- Predicate will be a term produced with the Function MeasureFn. - fun measure : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ; - - -- (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that - -- ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 - -- overlapsSpatially the other. - fun meetsSpatially : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) - -- means that the terminal point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the - -- initial point of the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2. - fun meetsTemporally : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - -- The temperature at which a PureSubstance changes - -- state from a Solid to a Liquid. Note that Arsenic can sublimate directly - -- from Solid to Gas which means that its melting and boiling points are equal. - fun meltingPoint : Desc PureSubstance -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- A specialized common sense notion of part for - -- uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of - -- sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock. - fun member : El SelfConnectedObject -> El Collection -> Formula ; - - -- A BinaryRelation that is used to state the - -- normative force of a Proposition. (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means - -- that the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the NormativeAttribute - -- ?PROP. For example, (modalAttribute (exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (and - -- (instance ?ACT Giving) (agent ?ACT John) (patient ?ACT ?OBJ) - -- (destination ?ACT Tom))) Obligation) means that John is obligated to give - -- Tom something. - fun modalAttribute : Formula -> El NormativeAttribute -> Formula ; - - -- A BinaryPredicate that associates an - -- Object or Process with its value expressed as an instance of - -- CurrencyMeasure. - fun monetaryValue : El Physical -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- The general relationship of motherhood. - -- (mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother - -- of ?CHILD. - fun mother : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - -- (multiplicativeFactor ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) - -- means that ?NUMBER1 is a factor of ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 can be multiplied by - -- some Integer to give ?NUMBER2 as a result. - fun multiplicativeFactor : El Integer -> El Integer -> Formula ; - - -- (mutualAcquaintance ?H1 ?H2) means - -- that ?H1 and ?H2 have met each other and know something about each other, - -- such as name and appearance. Statements made with this predicate should - -- be temporally specified with holdsDuring. See also the weaker, - -- non_symmetric version of this predicate, acquaintance. - fun mutualAcquaintance : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; - - -- (names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY - -- has the SymbolicString ?STRING as its name. Note that names and represents - -- are the two immediate subrelations of refers. The predicate names is used - -- when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the - -- predicate represents is used for referring items that have such content. - fun names : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- (needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is - -- physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT. - fun needs : El CognitiveAgent -> El Physical -> Formula ; - - -- (occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) - -- means that ?PERSON holds the Position ?POSITION at Organization ?ORG. - -- For example, (occupiesPosition TomSmith ResearchDirector - -- AcmeLaboratory) means that TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs. - fun occupiesPosition : El Human -> El Position -> El Organization -> Formula ; - - -- A general Predicate for indicating how two - -- Objects are oriented with respect to one another. For example, - -- (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 North) means that ?OBJ1 is north of ?OBJ2, and - -- (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Vertical) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned - -- vertically with respect to ?OBJ2. - fun orientation : El Object -> El Object -> El PositionalAttribute -> Formula ; - - -- (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE - -- indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies - -- that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not - -- participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the - -- origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a - -- submarine. - fun origin : El Process -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means - -- that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 - -- is a part of the other. - fun overlapsPartially : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means - -- that the Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a - -- reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation. - fun overlapsSpatially : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) - -- means that the TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 - -- have a TimeInterval as a common part. - fun overlapsTemporally : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - -- (parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the - -- OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another, - -- i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point. - fun parallel : El OneDimensionalFigure -> El OneDimensionalFigure -> Formula ; - - -- The general relationship of parenthood. - -- (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent - -- of ?CHILD. - fun parent : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - -- A binary predicate is a partial ordering on a set or class - -- only if the relation is reflexive on the set or class, - -- and it is both an antisymmetric relation, and a transitive relation. - fun partialOrderingOn : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def partialOrderingOn c p = and (reflexiveOn c p) - (and (TransitiveRelation c p) - (AntisymmetricRelation c p)) ; - - -- The basic mereological relation. All other - -- mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. - -- (part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the Object ?PART is part - -- of the Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since part is a - -- ReflexiveRelation, every Object is a part of itself. - fun part : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?OBJ completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. - -- Note that if (partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). - -- Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may - -- stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as - -- (is a limit case of) a partial one. - fun partiallyFills : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- A partition of a class C is a set of - -- mutually disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C. - -- Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses - -- in the partition. - fun partition : Class -> [Class] -> Formula ; - - -- (partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the - -- instance of Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ. For - -- example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe. - -- Note that partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: located - -- is an immediate subrelation of partlyLocated and exactlyLocated is - -- an immediate subrelation of located. - fun partlyLocated : El Physical -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route - -- along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the - -- following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101. - fun path : El Motion -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- A BinaryPredicate that specifies the - -- length (in number of GraphNodes) of a GraphPath. - -- (pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in - -- the GraphPath ?PATH. - fun pathLength : El GraphPath -> El PositiveInteger -> Formula ; - - -- (patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY - -- is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. - -- For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the - -- canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients. Note - -- that the patient of a Process may or may not undergo structural - -- change as a result of the Process. The CaseRole of patient is used - -- when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a - -- Process. - fun patient : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along - -- at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth). - fun penetrates : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- A specialized common sense notion of part for - -- arbitrary parts of Substances. Quasi_synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, - -- etc. Compare component, another subrelation of part. - fun piece : El Substance -> El Substance -> Formula ; - - -- (pointOfFigure ?POINT ?FIGURE) means that - -- the GeometricPoint ?POINT is part of the GeometricFigure ?FIGURE. - fun pointOfFigure : El GeometricFigure -> El GeometricFigure -> Formula ; - - -- (pointOfIntersection ?FIGURE1 ?FIGURE2 - -- ?POINT) means that the two straight lines ?FIGURE1 and ?FIGURE2 meet at the - -- point ?POINT. - fun pointOfIntersection : El OneDimensionalFigure -> El OneDimensionalFigure -> El GeometricPoint -> Formula ; - - -- Relation that holds between an Agent and - -- an Object when the Agent has ownership of the Object. - fun possesses : El Agent -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- A very general Predicate. (precondition - -- ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an - -- instance of ?PROC1 also exists. - fun precondition : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; - - -- (prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that - -- CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1 - -- over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal. - fun prefers : El CognitiveAgent -> Formula -> Formula -> Formula ; - - -- (premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the - -- Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the Argument - -- ?ARGUMENT. - fun premise : El Argument -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - -- A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 - -- prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring - -- in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 cannot occur at the same time and place. - -- For example, innoculating prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a - -- relation between types of Processes, not between instances. - fun prevents : Desc Process -> Desc Process -> Formula ; - - -- (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that - -- ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a - -- TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an - -- IrreflexiveRelation). - fun properPart : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) - -- means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by - -- ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that - -- properlyFills is the dual of completelyFills, and is so - -- related to partiallyFills that ?OBJ properlyFills ?HOLE just in - -- case ?OBJ partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect - -- filler is both complete and proper in this sense). - -- Every hole is connected with everything with which a proper filler - -- of the hole is connected. Every proper part of a perfect filler of (a part of) a hole properly - -- fills (that part of) that hole. - fun properlyFills : El Object -> El Hole -> Formula ; - - -- This Predicate holds between an instance of - -- Entity and an instance of Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) - -- means that ?ENTITY has the Attribute ?ATTR. - fun property : El Entity -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - -- (publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG - -- publishes ?TEXT. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's - -- Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. - fun publishes : El Organization -> Desc Text -> Formula ; - - -- (radius ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the radius of - -- the Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH. - fun radius : El Circle -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- A subrelation of represents. - -- (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which - -- expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical - -- performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the - -- reading of a poem. - fun realization : El Process -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - -- (refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 - -- mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that refers is - -- more general in meaning than represents, because presumably something - -- can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. - -- For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of - -- oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, - -- the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options - -- for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, - -- etc. - fun refers : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- A binary predicate is reflexive on a set or class only if - -- every instance of the set or class bears the relation to itself. - fun reflexiveOn : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def reflexiveOn c p = forall c (\INST -> p (var c c ? INST) (var c c ? INST)) ; - - -- (relatedEvent ?EVENT1 ?EVENT2) means - -- that the Process ?EVENT1 is related to the Process ?EVENT2. The - -- relationship is between separate individual events, not events and - -- their subprocesses. On the other hand, two subProcesses of the same - -- overarching event may be relatedEvents. The argument order does not - -- imply temporal ordering. - fun relatedEvent : El Process -> El Process -> Formula ; - - -- Used to signify a three_place - -- relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept - -- in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source. - fun relatedExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; - - -- Means that the two arguments are - -- related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity - -- of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO - -- concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate - -- relatedExternalConcept. - fun relatedInternalConcept : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- (relative ?O1 ?O2) means that ?O1 - -- and ?O2 are relatives, whether through common ancestry (consanguinity), - -- someone's marriage (affinity), or someone's adoption. This definition is - -- intentionally broad, so as to capture a wide array of `familial' - -- relations. The notion of who counts as `family' also varies between - -- cultures, but that aspect of meaning is not addressed here. - fun relative : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - -- A very general semiotics Predicate. - -- (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, - -- expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The Predicates - -- containsInformation and realization are subrelations of represents. - -- Note that represents is a subrelation of refers, since something can - -- represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the - -- documentation string for names. - fun represents : El Entity -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- A very general predicate. - -- (representsForAgent ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2 ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT - -- chooses to use ?ENTITY1 to 'stand for' ?ENTITY2. - fun representsForAgent : El Entity -> El Entity -> El Agent -> Formula ; - - -- A very general predicate. - -- (representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the - -- LinguisticExpression ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the Language - -- ?LANGUAGE. - fun representsInLanguage : El LinguisticExpression -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; - - fun resourceS : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- (result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is - -- a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the - -- following proposition: Eric built a house. - fun result : El Process -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- The relationship between two Organisms that - -- have the same mother and father. Note that this relationship does - -- not hold between half_brothers, half_sisters, etc. - fun sibling : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - -- (side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of the object, - -- as opposed to the top or bottom. - fun side : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - -- The general relationship of being a sister. - -- (sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON. - fun sister : El Woman -> El Human -> Formula ; - - -- (smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 - -- is smaller, with respect to all LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. - fun smaller : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- The general relationship of being a son. - -- (son ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological - -- son of ?PARENT. - fun son : El Organism -> El Organism -> Formula ; - - -- The relationship of marriage between two Humans. - fun spouse : El Human -> El Human -> Formula ; - - -- (starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that - -- ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same - -- initial TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2. - fun starts : El TimeInterval -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ; - - -- The relation between a Human and a TemporaryResidence - -- of the Human. - fun stays : El Human -> El TemporaryResidence -> Formula ; - - -- Means that the second argument can be - -- ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it. - fun subAttribute : El Attribute -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - -- (subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that - -- the Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the Collection ?COLL2. - fun subCollection : El Collection -> El Collection -> Formula ; - - -- The relation between two Graphs when one - -- Graph is a part of the other. (subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means - -- that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2. - fun subGraph : El Graph -> El Graph -> Formula ; - - -- (subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a - -- sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and - -- the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both - -- Lists. Elements that are common to both Lists and are consecutive in one - -- list must also be consecutive in the other list. (Therefore _ the list of - -- prime numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 5 7] is not a subList of the - -- natural numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]). - fun subList : El List -> El List -> Formula ; - - -- (subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means - -- that ?ORG1 is an Organization which is a part of the Organization - -- ?ORG2. Note that subOrganization is a ReflexiveRelation, so every - -- Organization is a subOrganization of itself. - fun subOrganization : El Organization -> El Organization -> Formula ; - - -- (subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 - -- is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally - -- used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular - -- context. - fun subPlan : El Plan -> El Plan -> Formula ; - - -- (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC - -- is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally - -- distinguished part (proper or not) of a Process. - fun subProcess : El Process -> El Process -> Formula ; - - -- (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that - -- ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. - -- In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks - -- of abstract content. - fun subProposition : El Proposition -> El Proposition -> Formula ; - - -- (subSystem ?SUB ?SYSTEM) means that the - -- PhysicalSystem ?SUB is a part of the PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM. - fun subSystem : El PhysicalSystem -> El PhysicalSystem -> Formula ; - - -- (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is - -- a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of - -- ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses. - fun subclass : El SetOrClass -> El SetOrClass -> Formula ; - - -- (subset ?SET1 ?SET2) is true just in case the - -- elements of the Set ?SET1 are also elements of the Set ?SET2. - fun subset : El Set -> El Set -> Formula ; - - -- (subsumedExternalConcept - -- ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed - -- by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower - -- in meaning than ?STRING. - fun subsumedExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; - - -- A BinaryPredicate that relates two - -- subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 - -- ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is - -- also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1. Examples include the - -- relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and - -- one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of - -- ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate - -- instances, the Predicate subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note - -- that subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for - -- example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its - -- Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and - -- not just for a single instance. - fun subsumesContentClass : Desc ContentBearingObject -> Desc ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; - - -- A BinaryPredicate relating two - -- instances of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) - -- means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed - -- by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and - -- one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, - -- rather than Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship - -- between Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a - -- part of that work, the relation subsumesContentClass should be used. - fun subsumesContentInstance : El ContentBearingObject -> El ContentBearingObject -> Formula ; - - -- (subsumingExternalConcept - -- ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes - -- the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader - -- in meaning than ?STRING. - fun subsumingExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; - - -- (successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) - -- means that ?ATTR2 is the Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 - -- on the scale that they share. - fun successorAttribute : El Attribute -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - -- The transitive closure of - -- successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means - -- that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting - -- ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2. - fun successorAttributeClosure : El Attribute -> El Attribute -> Formula ; - - -- (superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) - -- means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own - -- (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are - -- externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too - -- is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and - -- MereologicalProductFn. - fun superficialPart : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- (surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 - -- is a maximally connected superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some - -- SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow - -- object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface. - fun surface : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - -- (synonymousExternalConcept - -- ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the - -- same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE. - fun synonymousExternalConcept : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> El Language -> Formula ; - - -- (systemPart ?PART ?SYSTEM) means that - -- the Physical thing ?PART is a SystemElement in the PhysicalSystem - -- ?SYSTEM. - fun systemPart : El Physical -> El PhysicalSystem -> Formula ; - - -- The temporal analogue of the spatial part - -- predicate. (temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that TimePosition ?POS1 - -- is part of TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since temporalPart is a - -- ReflexiveRelation every TimePostion is a temporalPart of itself. - fun temporalPart : El TimePosition -> El TimePosition -> Formula ; - - -- (temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 - -- ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the TimePoints - -- ?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before - -- ?POINT3. - fun temporallyBetween : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; - - -- (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 - -- ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the - -- TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the TimePoint - -- ?POINT3. - fun temporallyBetweenOrEqual : El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> El TimePoint -> Formula ; - - -- This relation holds between an instance of - -- Physical and an instance of TimePosition just in case the temporal - -- lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (time - -- ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note - -- that time does for instances of Physical what holdsDuring does - -- for instances of Formula. The constants located and time are - -- the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively. - fun time : El Physical -> El TimePosition -> Formula ; - - fun totalOrderingOn : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def totalOrderingOn c p = and (partialOrderingOn c p) - (trichotomizingOn c p) ; - - -- (top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest maximal - -- superficial part of ?OBJECT. - fun top : El SelfConnectedObject -> El SelfConnectedObject -> Formula ; - - -- (transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION - -- ?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of CurrencyMeasure being - -- exhanged in the FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION. - fun transactionAmount : El FinancialTransaction -> El CurrencyMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- (traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 - -- crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that crosses and - -- penetrates are subrelations of traverses. - fun traverses : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ; - - -- A binary predicate ?REL is trichotomizing on a set or class only if, - -- for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 of the set or class, - -- at least one of the following holds: - -- (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2), - -- (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or - -- (equal ?INST1 ?INST2) - fun trichotomizingOn : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def trichotomizingOn c p = forall c (\INST1 -> forall c (\INST2 -> or (or (p (var c c ? INST1) (var c c ? INST2)) - (p (var c c ? INST2) (var c c ? INST1))) - (equal (var c Entity ? INST1) (var c Entity ? INST2)))) ; - - -- The BinaryPredicate that relates a Sentence - -- to its TruthValue. - fun truth : El Sentence -> El TruthValue -> Formula ; - - -- The class of names that uniquely identify - -- an instance of Entity. Some examples of uniqueIdentifiers are the keys - -- of tables in database applications and - -- the ISBN (International Standard Book Number). - fun uniqueIdentifier : El SymbolicString -> El Entity -> Formula ; - - -- (uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by - -- ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified Process. This Predicate, - -- as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the CaseRoles - -- agent and instrument. - fun uses : El Object -> El Agent -> Formula ; - - -- Some Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete - -- stages or versions. (version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 - -- is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this Predicate relates subclasses of - -- Artifact and not instances. - fun version : Desc Artifact -> Desc Artifact -> Formula ; - - -- (wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, - -- i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is - -- no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent. - fun wants : El CognitiveAgent -> El Physical -> Formula ; - - -- (wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING) means that ?AGENT is wearing - -- the item of Clothing ?CLOTHING. - fun wears : El Animal -> El Clothing -> Formula ; - - -- (weight ?O ?MM) means that on planet earth - -- the SelfConnectedObject ?O has the weight ?MM. - fun weight : El SelfConnectedObject -> El MassMeasure -> Formula ; - - -- binary predicate that is used to state the measure - -- of an Object from side to side at its widest span. - fun width : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ; - - -- (wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of ?MAN. - fun wife : El Woman -> El Man -> Formula ; - - - -- relations - fun SingleValuedRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> Formula) -> Formula; - def SingleValuedRelation c f = - forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x)) (f (var c c ? y))) - (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y)))); - - fun AntisymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def AntisymmetricRelation c f = - forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) - (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))) - (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y)))) ; - - fun IntentionalRelation : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f = - -- assume binary predicate, since it is mostly used for that - forall c1 (\x -> forall c2 (\y -> inScopeOfInterest (var c1 CognitiveAgent ? x) (var c2 Entity ? y))); - - - fun ReflexiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def ReflexiveRelation c f = - forall c (\x -> f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? x)); - - fun SymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def SymmetricRelation c f = - forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> impl (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) - (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x)))); - - fun EquivalenceRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def EquivalenceRelation c f = - and (and (ReflexiveRelation c f) - (SymmetricRelation c f)) - (TransitiveRelation c f); - - fun TransitiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def TransitiveRelation c f = - forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c (\z -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) - (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))) - (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z))))); - - fun IrreflexiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def IrreflexiveRelation c f = - forall c (\x -> not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? x))) ; - - fun AsymmetricRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def AsymmetricRelation c f = - and (AntisymmetricRelation c f) (IrreflexiveRelation c f); - - fun PropositionalAttitude : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def PropositionalAttitude c f = - AsymmetricRelation c f; - - fun ObjectAttitude : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def ObjectAttitude c1 c2 f = - IntentionalRelation c1 c2 f ; - - fun IntransitiveRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def IntransitiveRelation c f = - forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c (\z -> impl (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) - (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))) - (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z)))))) ; - - fun PartialOrderingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def PartialOrderingRelation c f = - and (and (TransitiveRelation c f) - (AntisymmetricRelation c f)) - (ReflexiveRelation c f) ; - - fun TrichotomizingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def TrichotomizingRelation c f = - forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> or (or (and (and (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) - (not (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y)))) - (not (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x)))) - (and (and (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) - (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y))) - (not (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x))))) - (and (and (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x)) - (not (equal (var c Entity ? x) (var c Entity ? y)))) - (not (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)))))); - - fun TotalOrderingRelation : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def TotalOrderingRelation c f = - and (PartialOrderingRelation c f) (TrichotomizingRelation c f) ; - - fun OneToOneFunction : (c1, c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> Ind c2) -> Formula ; - def OneToOneFunction c1 c2 f = forall c1(\x -> - forall c1 (\y -> impl (not (equal (var c1 Entity ? x) (var c1 Entity ? y))) - (not (equal (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? x))) - (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? y))))))); - - fun SequenceFunction : (c : Class) -> (El Integer -> Ind c) -> Formula ; - def SequenceFunction c f = - OneToOneFunction Integer c f ; - - fun AssociativeFunction : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> Formula ; - def AssociativeFunction c f = - forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c (\z -> equal (el c Entity ? (f (var c c ? x) (el c c ? (f (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z))))) - (el c Entity ? (f (el c c ? (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) (var c c ? z)))))); - - fun CommutativeFunction : (c1,c2 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c1 -> Ind c2) -> Formula ; - def CommutativeFunction c1 c2 f = - forall c1 (\x -> forall c1 (\y -> equal (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? x) (var c1 c1 ? y))) - (el c2 Entity ? (f (var c1 c1 ? y) (var c1 c1 ? y))))); - - fun identityElement : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> El c -> Formula ; - def identityElement c f elem = - forall c (\x -> equal (el c Entity ? (f (var c c ? x) elem)) (var c Entity ? x)); - - fun distributes : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> (El c -> El c -> Ind c) -> Formula ; - def distributes c f g = - forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> forall c (\z -> equal (el c Entity ? (g (el c c ? (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y))) (var c c ? z))) - (el c Entity ? (f (el c c ? (g (var c c ? x) (var c c ? z))) (el c c ? (g (var c c ? y) (var c c ? z)))))))); - - fun inverse : (c : Class) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> (El c -> El c -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def inverse c f g = - forall c (\x -> forall c (\y -> equiv (f (var c c ? x) (var c c ? y)) - (g (var c c ? y) (var c c ? x)))); - - fun subRelation2El : (c1,c2,c3,c4 : Class) -> (El c1 -> El c2 -> Formula) -> (El c3 -> El c4 -> Formula) -> Formula ; - def subRelation2El c1 c2 c3 c4 f g = - forall c1 (\x -> forall c2 (\y -> impl (f (var c1 c1 ? x) (var c2 c2 ? y)) - (g (var c1 c3 ? x) (var c2 c4 ? y)))); - - - --others - fun toInt : Int -> Ind Integer ; - fun toRealNum : Float -> Ind RealNumber ; - -} -- cgit v1.2.3