From f7f0112256b738a7c640c37d5bcbfc8a33bdb307 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: krasimir Date: Wed, 17 Feb 2010 11:07:24 +0000 Subject: added examples/SUMO --- examples/SUMO/elements.gf | 931 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 931 insertions(+) create mode 100644 examples/SUMO/elements.gf (limited to 'examples/SUMO/elements.gf') diff --git a/examples/SUMO/elements.gf b/examples/SUMO/elements.gf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5a4d70510 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/SUMO/elements.gf @@ -0,0 +1,931 @@ +abstract elements = open Merge in { + + + + +-- Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to +-- group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac_227, has a +-- half_life of 217 years. Ac_228 (half_life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in +-- nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and +-- having very short half_lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a +-- source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899. +fun Actinium : Class ; +fun Actinium_Class : SubClass Actinium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery_white lustrous metallic element of group +-- 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin +-- transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many +-- alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up +-- 8.1 percent of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. +-- Oersted. +fun Aluminum : Class ; +fun Aluminum_Class : SubClass Aluminum ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, +-- belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am_243 is the most stable +-- isotope, with a half_life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T. +-- Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding +-- {uranium}_238 with alpha particles. +fun Americium : Class ; +fun Americium_Class : SubClass Americium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. +-- The stable form of antimony is a blue_white metal. Yellow and black +-- antimony are unstable non_metals. Used in flame_proofing, paints, +-- ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. +-- First reported by Tholden in 1450. +fun Antimony : Class ; +fun Antimony_Class : SubClass Antimony ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93 percent of the +-- air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord +-- Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894. +fun Argon : Class ; +fun Argon_Class : SubClass Argon ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Metalloid element of group 15. There are three +-- allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated +-- oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been +-- the first to isolate the element in 1250. +fun Arsenic : Class ; +fun Arsenic_Class : SubClass Arsenic ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally +-- from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At_210, the +-- most stable, has a half_life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear +-- bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the +-- University of California. +fun Astatine : Class ; +fun Astatine_Class : SubClass Astatine ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery_white reactive element, belonging to group +-- 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely +-- poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by +-- Humphry Davy. +fun Barium : Class ; +fun Barium_Class : SubClass Barium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. +-- Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk_247, +-- has a half_life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg +-- and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium_241 with alpha +-- particles. +fun Berkelium : Class ; +fun Berkelium_Class : SubClass Berkelium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic +-- table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows +-- high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and +-- A.A. Bussy in 1828. +fun Beryllium : Class ; +fun Beryllium_Class : SubClass Beryllium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs +-- to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal +-- conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead_free bismuth +-- compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air +-- and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that +-- it was different from lead. +fun Bismuth : Class ; +fun Bismuth_Class : SubClass Bismuth ElementalSubstance ; + +-- An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There +-- are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron +-- is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad +-- conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. +-- Boron_10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was +-- discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay_Lussac and L.J. +-- Thenard. +fun Boron : Class ; +fun Boron_Class : SubClass Boron ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room +-- temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. +-- Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and +-- throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard. +fun Bromine : Class ; +fun Bromine_Class : SubClass Bromine ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the +-- periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically +-- similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered +-- in 1817 by F. Stromeyer. +fun Cadmium : Class ; +fun Cadmium_Class : SubClass Cadmium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery_white metallic element belonging to +-- group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid +-- at room temperature. Cs_133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. +-- Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold +-- water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the +-- strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline +-- and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses +-- include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some +-- organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by +-- Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically. +-- Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum. +-- The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium +-- should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even +-- more toxic. +fun Caesium : Class ; +fun Caesium_Class : SubClass Caesium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of +-- the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, +-- zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms. +fun Calcium : Class ; +fun Calcium_Class : SubClass Calcium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. +-- Belongs to actinoid series. Cf_251 has a half life of about 700 years. +-- Nine isotopes are known. Cf_252 is an intense {neutron} source, which +-- makes it an intense {neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron} +-- activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. +-- First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950. +fun Californium : Class ; +fun Californium_Class : SubClass Californium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic +-- table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and +-- fullerite. Carbon_14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon +-- occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon +-- has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, +-- and a wide variety of other elements. +fun Carbon : Class ; +fun Carbon_Class : SubClass Carbon ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery metallic element, belongs to the +-- lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive +-- isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare_earth alloys. The +-- oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H. +-- Klaproth in 1803. +fun Cerium : Class ; +fun Cerium_Class : SubClass Cerium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Halogen element. Poisonous greenish_yellow gas. +-- Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly +-- with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by +-- Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in +-- 1810. +fun Chlorine : Class ; +fun Chlorine_Class : SubClass Chlorine ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Hard silvery transition element. Used in +-- decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin. +fun Chromium : Class ; +fun Chromium_Class : SubClass Chromium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Light grey transition element. Some meteorites +-- contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. +-- Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt_60, an artificially +-- produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer +-- and cancer_treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737. +fun Cobalt : Class ; +fun Cobalt_Class : SubClass Cobalt ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Red_brown transition element. Known by the Romans +-- as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, +-- ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist +-- conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside. +fun Copper : Class ; +fun Copper_Class : SubClass Copper ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs +-- to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm_247 has a half_life of +-- 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in +-- 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding +-- americium_241 with {neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie. +fun Curium : Class ; +fun Curium_Class : SubClass Curium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Metallic with a bright silvery_white lustre. +-- Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at +-- room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving +-- hydrogen. It is found in from rare_earth minerals. There are seven +-- natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy_154 being the +-- most stable with a half_life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a +-- neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It +-- was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its +-- name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain. +fun Dysprosium : Class ; +fun Dysprosium_Class : SubClass Dysprosium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Appearance is unknown, however it is most +-- probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic +-- transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es_254 has the longest +-- half_life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by +-- Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb +-- explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es_232 were +-- separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient +-- amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard. +fun Einsteinium : Class ; +fun Einsteinium_Class : SubClass Einsteinium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the +-- lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial +-- isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It +-- is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. +-- Mosander in 1843. +fun Erbium : Class ; +fun Erbium_Class : SubClass Erbium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the +-- lanthanoids. Eu_151 and Eu_153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of +-- which are {neutron} absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William +-- Crookes. +fun Europium : Class ; +fun Europium_Class : SubClass Europium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs +-- to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm_257 with a +-- half_life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates +-- in the debris of the first hydrogen_bomb explosion in 1952. +fun Fermium : Class ; +fun Fermium_Class : SubClass Fermium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging +-- to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most +-- chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, +-- causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was +-- identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886. +fun Fluorine : Class ; +fun Fluorine_Class : SubClass Fluorine ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the +-- periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes +-- are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr_223. Its existence was +-- confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey. +fun Francium : Class ; +fun Francium_Class : SubClass Francium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the +-- lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to +-- eleven artificial isotopes. Gd_155 and Gd_157 and the best neutron +-- absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. +-- Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880. +fun Gadolinium : Class ; +fun Gadolinium_Class : SubClass Gadolinium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 +-- of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga_69 and Ga_71. +-- Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half_lives. +-- Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals +-- by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de +-- Boisbaudran in 1875. +fun Gallium : Class ; +fun Gallium_Class : SubClass Gallium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to +-- group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic +-- compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 +-- by Winkler. +fun Germanium : Class ; +fun Germanium_Class : SubClass Germanium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and +-- ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five +-- radioisotopes of gold, Au_195 being the most stable with a half_life of +-- 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, +-- electronics. Au_198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical +-- conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold +-- comes from the Anglo_Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the +-- Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, +-- however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some. +fun Gold : Class ; +fun Gold_Class : SubClass Gold ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. +-- Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a +-- neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally +-- established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923. +fun Hafnium : Class ; +fun Hafnium_Class : SubClass Hafnium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element. +-- Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all +-- elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no +-- known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer. +fun Helium : Class ; +fun Helium_Class : SubClass Helium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Relatively soft and malleable silvery_white +-- metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It +-- oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the +-- lanthanoids. A rare_earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and +-- gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural +-- isotope, Ho_165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being +-- Ho_163 with a half_life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal +-- alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per +-- Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium +-- comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium +-- compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to +-- indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is +-- a fire hazard. +fun Holmium : Class ; +fun Holmium_Class : SubClass Holmium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element. +-- Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and +-- in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. +-- Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776. +fun Hydrogen : Class ; +fun Hydrogen_Class : SubClass Hydrogen ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the +-- periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In_115, which has a +-- half_life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in +-- 1863 by Reich and Richter. +fun Indium : Class ; +fun Indium_Class : SubClass Indium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group +-- 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace +-- element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I_127 exists, in +-- addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive +-- of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. +-- Discovered in 1812 by Courtois. +fun Iodine : Class ; +fun Iodine_Class : SubClass Iodine ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition +-- element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly +-- colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by +-- any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes +-- of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir_192 with a +-- half_life of 73.83 days. Ir_192 decays into {platinum}, while the other +-- radioisotopes decay into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature +-- apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. +-- Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from +-- the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally +-- non_toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should +-- be considered highly toxic. +fun Iridium : Class ; +fun Iridium_Class : SubClass Iridium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition +-- element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the +-- earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in +-- hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces +-- hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements. +fun Iron : Class ; +fun Iron_Class : SubClass Iron ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble +-- gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001 percent by volume. It can be extracted +-- from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but +-- used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, +-- and five radioactive isotopes. Kr_85, the most stable radioactive +-- isotope, has a half_life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission +-- reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with +-- {fluorine}. +fun Krypton : Class ; +fun Krypton_Class : SubClass Krypton ElementalSubstance ; + +-- (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) +-- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and +-- oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare_earth +-- minerals. Twenty_five natural isotopes exist. La_139 which is stable, +-- and La_138 which has a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other +-- twenty_three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids +-- chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should +-- be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander. +fun Lanthanum : Class ; +fun Lanthanum_Class : SubClass Lanthanum ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Appearance unknown, however it is most likely +-- silvery_white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare_earth +-- metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr_262 +-- with a half_life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half_life of lawrencium, +-- and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by +-- Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding +-- californium with boron ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature, +-- the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the +-- cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would +-- pose a radiation hazard. +fun Lawrencium : Class ; +fun Lawrencium_Class : SubClass Lawrencium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to +-- group 14. Used in building construction, lead_place accumulators, bullets +-- and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and +-- fusible alloys. +fun Lead : Class ; +fun Lead_Class : SubClass Lead ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of +-- the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine. +fun Lithium : Class ; +fun Lithium_Class : SubClass Lithium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery_white rare_earth metal which is +-- relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare_earth +-- metal. Its found with almost all rare_earth metals, but is very difficult +-- to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. +-- Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are +-- two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable +-- being Lu_174 with a half_life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium +-- from {ytterbium} was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was +-- discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The +-- name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris. +fun Lutetium : Class ; +fun Lutetium_Class : SubClass Lutetium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of +-- the periodic table (alkaline_earth metals). It is essential for living +-- organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very +-- reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and +-- burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen +-- and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828. +fun Magnesium : Class ; +fun Magnesium_Class : SubClass Magnesium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Grey brittle metallic transition element. +-- Rather electropositive, combines with some non_metals when heated. +-- Discovered in 1774 by Scheele. +fun Manganese : Class ; +fun Manganese_Class : SubClass Manganese ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Half_life of approximately 5ms. The creation +-- of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used +-- to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy +-- Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor +-- of Lise Meitner the Austrian physicist. +fun Meitnerium : Class ; +fun Meitnerium_Class : SubClass Meitnerium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. +-- Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md_256 has a +-- half_life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert +-- Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name {unnilunium} has been +-- proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri +-- Mendeleev. +fun Mendelevium : Class ; +fun Mendelevium_Class : SubClass Mendelevium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to +-- the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific +-- apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace +-- hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury +-- compounds. +fun Mercury : Class ; +fun Mercury_Class : SubClass Mercury ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery_white, hard metallic transition +-- element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids. +-- It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and +-- four radioisotopes, Mo_93 being the most stable with a half_life of 3500 +-- years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high_strength steels, it has +-- nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered +-- in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in +-- 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos +-- which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known +-- forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly +-- toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects. +fun Molybdenum : Class ; +fun Molybdenum_Class : SubClass Molybdenum ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to +-- the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd_144 being the only +-- radioactive one with a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial +-- radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to +-- color class a shade of violet_purple and make it dichroic. One of the +-- more reactive rare_earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some +-- rare_earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's +-- glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets +-- (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885 +-- by separating didymium into its elemental components {praseodymium} and +-- neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words 'neos didymos' which means +-- 'new twin'. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence +-- would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye +-- irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard. +fun Neodymium : Class ; +fun Neodymium_Class : SubClass Neodymium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the +-- periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and +-- comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a +-- distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. +-- It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir +-- William Ramsey and M.W. Travers. +fun Neon : Class ; +fun Neon_Class : SubClass Neon ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, +-- belongs to the actinoids. Np_237, the most stable isotope, has a +-- half_life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The +-- other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through +-- 241. Np_236 has a half_life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M. +-- McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940. +fun Neptunium : Class ; +fun Neptunium_Class : SubClass Neptunium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition +-- element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751. +fun Nickel : Class ; +fun Nickel_Class : SubClass Nickel ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft, ductile grey_blue metallic transition +-- element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase +-- strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees +-- celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by +-- Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally. +fun Niobium : Class ; +fun Niobium_Class : SubClass Niobium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to +-- group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78 percent of the atmosphere +-- and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial +-- purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. +-- Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in +-- electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford. +fun Nitrogen : Class ; +fun Nitrogen_Class : SubClass Nitrogen ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs +-- to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being +-- No_254 with a half_life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty +-- by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been +-- proposed as an alternative name. +fun Nobelium : Class ; +fun Nobelium_Class : SubClass Nobelium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Hard blue_white metallic transition element. Found +-- with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium. +fun Osmium : Class ; +fun Osmium_Class : SubClass Osmium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging +-- to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element +-- present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8 percent of the +-- Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid +-- air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, +-- and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found +-- as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in +-- 1774. +fun Oxygen : Class ; +fun Oxygen_Class : SubClass Oxygen ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft white ductile transition element. Found +-- with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal +-- temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 +-- by W.H. Wollaston. +fun Palladium : Class ; +fun Palladium_Class : SubClass Palladium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Non_metallic element belonging to group 15 of +-- the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element +-- for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669. +fun Phosphorus : Class ; +fun Phosphorus_Class : SubClass Phosphorus ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Attractive greyish_white metal. When pure, it is +-- malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric +-- and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. +-- {Hydrogen} and {oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum. +-- There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable +-- being Pt_193 with a half_life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, +-- laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti_pollution +-- devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. +-- Platinum_{cobalt} alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the +-- definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de +-- Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word +-- platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health +-- concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be +-- considered highly toxic. +fun Platinum : Class ; +fun Platinum_Class : SubClass Platinum ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic +-- element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu_244 is the most stable isotope with +-- a half_life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu_239 is +-- the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is +-- hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is +-- monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by +-- Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in +-- 1940. +fun Plutonium : Class ; +fun Plutonium_Class : SubClass Plutonium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to +-- group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of +-- all elements. Po_209 has a half_life of 103 years. Possible uses in +-- heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of +-- pitchblende. +fun Polonium : Class ; +fun Polonium_Class : SubClass Polonium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group +-- 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and +-- a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its +-- behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807. +fun Potassium : Class ; +fun Potassium_Class : SubClass Potassium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the +-- lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr_141 which is not radioactive. +-- Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in +-- rare_earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach. +fun Praseodymium : Class ; +fun Praseodymium_Class : SubClass Praseodymium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the +-- lanthanoids. Pm_147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a +-- half_life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but +-- all have very short half_lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. +-- Pm_147 is of interest as a beta_decay source, however Pm_146 and Pm_148 +-- have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. +-- Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in +-- 1947. +fun Promethium : Class ; +fun Promethium_Class : SubClass Promethium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the +-- actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa_231 has a half_life of 2.43*10^4 +-- years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical +-- applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto +-- Hahn. +fun Protactinium : Class ; +fun Protactinium_Class : SubClass Protactinium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs +-- to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra_226 has a +-- half_life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from +-- pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie. +fun Radium : Class ; +fun Radium_Class : SubClass Radium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to +-- the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn_222 +-- with a half_life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of +-- {Radium}_226. Radon itself decays into {polonium}. Used in radiotherapy. +-- As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been +-- synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray. +fun Radon : Class ; +fun Radon_Class : SubClass Radon ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery_white metallic transition element. +-- Obtained as a by_product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium_molybdenum +-- alloys are superconducting. +fun Rhenium : Class ; +fun Rhenium_Class : SubClass Rhenium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery white metallic transition element. Found +-- with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, +-- dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston. +fun Rhodium : Class ; +fun Rhodium_Class : SubClass Rhodium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 +-- of the periodic table. Rb_97, the naturally occurring isotope, is +-- radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other +-- elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered +-- spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff. +fun Rubidium : Class ; +fun Rubidium_Class : SubClass Rubidium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Hard white metallic transition element. Found +-- with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in +-- fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and +-- oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus. +fun Ruthenium : Class ; +fun Ruthenium_Class : SubClass Ruthenium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the +-- lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm_147 is the only radioisotope, and +-- has a half_life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed +-- in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. +-- Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. +-- The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces +-- permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by +-- any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in +-- 1879. +fun Samarium : Class ; +fun Samarium_Class : SubClass Samarium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to +-- group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are +-- radioactive and have short half_lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, +-- isolated by Nilson in 1879. +fun Scandium : Class ; +fun Scandium_Class : SubClass Scandium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the +-- periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles +-- sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius. +fun Selenium : Class ; +fun Selenium_Class : SubClass Selenium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the +-- periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's +-- crust, making up 25.7 percent of it by weight. Chemically less reactive +-- than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in +-- 1823 by Berzelius. +fun Silicon : Class ; +fun Silicon_Class : SubClass Silicon ElementalSubstance ; + +-- White lustrous soft metallic transition element. +-- Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery, +-- tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically. +fun Silver : Class ; +fun Silver_Class : SubClass Silver ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 +-- of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing +-- in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. +-- It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807. +fun Sodium : Class ; +fun Sodium_Class : SubClass Sodium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to +-- group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr_90 is +-- present in radioactive fallout and has a half_life of 28 years. +-- Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry +-- Davy. +fun Strontium : Class ; +fun Strontium_Class : SubClass Strontium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 +-- of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, +-- needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many +-- proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion. +fun Sulphur : Class ; +fun Sulphur_Class : SubClass Sulphur ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Heavy blue_grey metallic transition element. +-- Ta_181 is a stable isotope, and Ta_180 is a radioactive isotope, with a +-- half_life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. +-- Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and +-- isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius. +fun Tantalum : Class ; +fun Tantalum_Class : SubClass Tantalum ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive metallic transition element. Can +-- be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made +-- by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them +-- Tc_97. Tc_99 is the most stable isotope with a half_life of 2.6*10^6 +-- years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used +-- in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and +-- manganese. +fun Technetium : Class ; +fun Technetium_Class : SubClass Technetium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight +-- natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and +-- to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}. +-- Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller. +fun Tellurium : Class ; +fun Tellurium_Class : SubClass Tellurium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery metallic element belonging to the +-- lanthanoids. Tb_159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen +-- artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843. +fun Terbium : Class ; +fun Terbium_Class : SubClass Terbium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery_white +-- and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn +-- bluish_grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut +-- with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, +-- Tl_204 being the most stable with a half_life of 3.78 years. Thallium +-- sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity +-- changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared +-- detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name +-- comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and +-- its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer. +fun Thallium : Class ; +fun Thallium_Class : SubClass Thallium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to +-- actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US. +-- Thorium_232 has a half_life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear +-- fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium_232 captures slow {neutron}s and +-- breeds uranium_233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829. +fun Thorium : Class ; +fun Thorium_Class : SubClass Thorium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the +-- lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm_169, and seventeen artificial +-- isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered +-- in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve. +fun Thulium : Class ; +fun Thulium_Class : SubClass Thulium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group +-- 14 of the periodic table. Twenty_six isotopes are known, five of which +-- are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine +-- and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. +fun Tin : Class ; +fun Tin_Class : SubClass Tin ElementalSubstance ; + +-- White metallic transition element. Occurs in +-- numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion_resistant alloys. +-- Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by +-- Gregor in 1789. +fun Titanium : Class ; +fun Titanium_Class : SubClass Titanium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- White or grey metallic transition element, +-- formerly called {wolfram}. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be +-- oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de +-- Elhuyer in 1783. +fun Tungsten : Class ; +fun Tungsten_Class : SubClass Tungsten ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Half_life of approximately 10ms. Reported in +-- 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany. +fun Unnildecium : Class ; +fun Unnildecium_Class : SubClass Unnildecium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Half_life of 0.9 +/_ 0.2 s. Discovered by the +-- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974. +-- Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and +-- Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974. +fun Unnilhexium : Class ; +fun Unnilhexium_Class : SubClass Unnilhexium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive transition metal. +fun Unniloctium : Class ; +fun Unniloctium_Class : SubClass Unniloctium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive transactinide element. Half_life +-- of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven +-- isotopes have been discovered. +fun Unnilpentium : Class ; +fun Unnilpentium_Class : SubClass Unnilpentium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive transactinide element. Expected +-- to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf_260 +-- was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) +-- in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq_257 and Unq_258 in +-- 1964. +fun Unnilquadium : Class ; +fun Unnilquadium_Class : SubClass Unnilquadium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Radioactive transition metal. Half_life of +-- approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear +-- Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists +-- at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt. +fun Unnilseptium : Class ; +fun Unnilseptium_Class : SubClass Unnilseptium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- White radioactive metallic element belonging to +-- the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U_238, U_235 and U_234. +-- Uranium_235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons. +-- Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789. +fun Uranium : Class ; +fun Uranium_Class : SubClass Uranium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good +-- resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It +-- oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes +-- of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V_49 having the longest half_life at 337 +-- days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding +-- titanium to steel, and vanadium_gallium tape is used to produce a +-- superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of +-- Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, +-- Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was +-- isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from +-- {Vanadis}, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery_white metallic +-- transition element. Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and +-- chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and +-- vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung +-- cancer if inhaled. +fun Vanadium : Class ; +fun Vanadium_Class : SubClass Vanadium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on +-- the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven +-- radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble_gas +-- compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found +-- since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898. +fun Xenon : Class ; +fun Xenon_Class : SubClass Xenon ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. +-- Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in +-- certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878. +fun Ytterbium : Class ; +fun Ytterbium_Class : SubClass Ytterbium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Silvery_grey metallic element of group 3 on the +-- periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y_89, +-- there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the +-- lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in +-- 1828 by Friedrich Wohler. +fun Yttrium : Class ; +fun Yttrium_Class : SubClass Yttrium ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Blue_white metallic element. Occurs in multiple +-- compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes +-- have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and +-- other non_metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen. +fun Zinc : Class ; +fun Zinc_Class : SubClass Zinc ElementalSubstance ; + +-- Grey_white metallic transition element. Five +-- natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear +-- reactors for a {neutron} absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, +-- isolated in 1824 by Berzelius. +fun Zirconium : Class ; +fun Zirconium_Class : SubClass Zirconium ElementalSubstance ; +} \ No newline at end of file -- cgit v1.2.3