examples/discourse on Finnish discourse particles and their translations

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+On the syntax of clitic particles in Finnish
+
+-- AR 29/12/2010
+
+The clitic particles come in two groups:
+
+  Pas ::= pas | pa | han | kos | ko | kohan | pahan -- free variation
+  Kin ::= kin/kaan                                  -- depending on polarity
+
+(vowel harmony ignored). A Finnish sentence can have at most one of each. A Pas clitic is
+always attached to the first word ("Aripas juo maitoa") or phrase such as NP 
+("minun poikanipas juo maitoa"). A Kin clitic can be attached to almost any word; if the
+same as Pas, Kin must come first ("Arikinhan juo maitoa"). Some combinations are clumsy
+but presumably OK ("Arikinpas"). If the verb is first, it doesn't seem to allow Kin
+(*"juokin Ari maitoa"). 
+
+The following is a list of combinatory possibilities. Adverbs (represented by "nyt")
+can be added ad libitum - at most two of them then become carriers of clitics
+("nythän Ari juo maitoa täälläkin").
+
+
+-- declaratives and questions
+
+(Notice that, in the presence of "ei", Kin is "kaan", otherwise "kin".)
+
+ari    Pas? ei? (juo Kin maitoa nyt | juo maitoa Kin nyt | juo maitoa nyt Kin?)
+maitoa Pas? ei? (ari Kin juo    nyt | ari juo    Kin nyt | ari juo    nyt Kin?)
+nyt    Pas? ei? (ari Kin juo maitoa | ari juo Kin maitoa | ari juo    maitoa Kin?)
+
+ari    Kin  Pas? ei? juo maitoa nyt 
+maitoa Kin  Pas? ari ei? juo nyt
+nyt    Kin  Pas? ari ei? juo maitoa
+
+juo    Pas? (ari Kin maitoa nyt | ari maitoa Kin nyt | ari maitoa nyt Kin?)
+ei     Pas? (ari Kin juo maitoa nyt | ari juo Kin maitoa nyt | ari juo maitoa Kin nyt |
+             ari juo maitoa nyt Kin?)
+
+-- imperatives
+
+The question clitic is (for obvious semantic reasons) omitted from the Pas category:
+
+  Pas- ::= pa | pas | han | pahan 
+
+juo    Pas-? (ari Kin maitoa nyt | ari maitoa Kin nyt | ari maitoa nyt Kin?)
+älä    Pas-? (ari Kin juo maitoa nyt | ari juo Kin maitoa nyt | ari juo maitoa Kin nyt 
+              | ari juo maitoa nyt Kin?)
+
+
+-- negation word
+
+Strangely enough, Kin seems to be getting accepted in plural (= two-syllabic) negations:
+
+  *enkään, *etkään, *eikään, ?emmekään, ?ettekään, ?eivätkään (quite some Google hits)
+
+