Working on with new resource API.

3 files changed, 200 insertions, 82 deletions

diff --git a/grammars/resource/nabstract/Combinations.gf b/grammars/resource/nabstract/Combinations.gf
index 1679bbd0e..98c555c8e 100644
--- a/grammars/resource/nabstract/Combinations.gf
+++ b/grammars/resource/nabstract/Combinations.gf
@@ -3,10 +3,23 @@
 -- Aarne Ranta 2002 -- 2003
 --
 -- Although concrete syntax differs a lot between different languages,
--- many structures can be found that are common, on a certain level
--- of abstraction. What we will present in the following is an abstract 
--- syntax that has been successfully defined for English, Finnish, French, German, 
--- Italian, Russian, and Swedish. It has been applied to define language
+-- many structures can be treated as common, on the level
+-- of abstraction that GF provides. 
+-- What we will present in the following is a linguistically oriented abstract 
+-- syntax that has been successfully defined for the following languages:
+--
+--* $Eng$lish
+--* $Fin$nish
+--* $Fre$nch
+--* $Ger$man
+--* $Ita$lian
+--* $Rus$sian
+--* $Swe$dish
+--
+-- The three-letter prefixes are used in file names all over the resource
+-- grammar library; we refer to them commonly as $X$ below.
+--!
+-- The grammar has been applied to define language
 -- fragments on technical or near-to-technical domains: database queries,
 -- video recorder dialogue systems, software specifications, and a 
 -- health-related phrase book. Each new application helped to identify some
@@ -16,48 +29,64 @@
 -- To use the resource in applications, you need the following 
 -- $cat$ and $fun$ rules in $oper$ form, completed by taking the
 -- $lincat$ and $lin$ judgements of a particular language. This is done
--- by using the $reuse$ module with the desired concrete syntax of
--- $ResAbs$ as argument.
-
+-- by using, instead of this module, the $reuse$ module which has the name
+-- $ResourceX$
 
+abstract Combinations = PredefAbs ** {
+--!
 --2 Categories
 --
 -- The categories of this resource grammar are mostly 'standard' categories
 -- of linguistics. Their is no claim that they correspond to semantic categories
 -- definable in type theory: to define such correspondences is the business
--- of applications grammars.
+-- of applications grammars. In general, the correspondence between linguistic
+-- and semantic categories is many-to-many.
 --
 -- Categories that may look special are $Adj2$, $Fun$, and $TV$. They are all
 -- instances of endowing another category with a complement, which can be either
--- a direct object (whose case may vary) or a prepositional phrase. This, together
--- with the category $Adv$, removes the need of a category of 
--- 'prepositional phrases', which is too language-dependent to make sense
--- on this level of abstraction.
+-- a direct object (whose case may vary) or a prepositional phrase. Prepositional
+-- phrases that are not complements belong to the category
+-- $AdV$ of adverbials.
 --
+-- In each group below, some categories are *lexical* in the sense of only
+-- containing atomic elements. These elements are not necessarily expressed by
+-- one word in all languages; the essential thing is that they have no
+-- constituents. Thus they have no productions in this part of the 
+-- resource grammar. The $ParadigmsX$ grammars provide ways of defining
+-- lexical elements.
+--
+-- Lexical categories are listed before other categories
+-- in each group and divided by an empty line.
 
-abstract Combinations = PredefAbs ** {
-
+--!
 --3 Nouns and noun phrases
 --
 
 cat
   N ;      -- simple common noun,    e.g. "car"
-  CN ;     -- common noun phrase,    e.g. "red car", "car that John owns"
-  NP ;     -- noun phrase,           e.g. "John", "all cars", "you"
   PN ;     -- proper name,           e.g. "John", "New York"
-  Det ;    -- determiner,            e.g. "every", "all"
   Fun ;    -- function word,         e.g. "mother (of)"
   Fun2 ;   -- two-place function,    e.g. "flight (from) (to)"
+
+  CN ;     -- common noun phrase,    e.g. "red car", "car that John owns"
+  NP ;     -- noun phrase,           e.g. "John", "all cars", "you"
+  Det ;    -- determiner,            e.g. "every", "all"
   Num ;    -- numeral,               e.g. "three", "879"            
 
+--!
 --3 Adjectives and adjectival phrases
 --
 
   Adj1 ;   -- one-place adjective,   e.g. "even"
   Adj2 ;   -- two-place adjective,   e.g. "divisible (by)"
   AdjDeg ; -- degree adjective,      e.g. "big/bigger/biggest"
+
   AP ;     -- adjective phrase,      e.g. "divisible by two", "bigger than John"
 
+-- The difference between $Adj1$ and $AdjDeg$ is that the former has no
+-- comparison forms. 
+
+--!
 --3 Verbs and verb phrases
 --
 
@@ -65,33 +94,42 @@ cat
   TV ;     -- two-place verb,        e.g. "love", "wait (for)", "switch on"
   V3 ;     -- three-place verb,      e.g. "give", "prefer (stg) (to stg)"
   VS ;     -- sentence-compl. verb,  e.g. "say", "prove"
----  VV ;     -- verb-compl. verb,      e.g. "can", "want"
-  VP ;     -- verb phrase,           e.g. "switch the light on"
+  VV ;     -- verb-compl. verb,      e.g. "can", "want"
+
+  VG ;     -- verbal group,          e.g. "switch the light on"
+  VP ;     -- verb phrase,           e.g. "switch the light on", "don't run"
 
+--!
 --3 Adverbials
 --
+-- This group has no lexical categories.
 
   AdV ;    -- adverbial              e.g. "now", "in the house"
   AdA ;    -- ad-adjective           e.g. "very"
   AdS ;    -- sentence adverbial     e.g. "therefore", "otherwise"
   Prep ;   -- pre/postposition, case e.g. "after", Adessive
 
+--!
 --3 Sentences and relative clauses
 --
+-- This group has no lexical categories.
 
   S ;      -- sentence,              e.g. "John walks"
   Slash ;  -- sentence without NP,   e.g. "John waits for (...)"
   RP ;     -- relative pronoun,      e.g. "which", "the mother of whom"
   RC ;     -- relative clause,       e.g. "who walks", "that I wait for"
 
+--!
 --3 Questions and imperatives
 --
+-- This group has no lexical categories.
 
   IP ;     -- interrogative pronoun, e.g. "who", "whose mother", "which yellow car"
   IAdv ;   -- interrogative adverb., e.g. "when", "why" 
   Qu ;     -- question,              e.g. "who walks"
   Imp ;    -- imperative,            e.g. "walk!"
 
+--!
 --3 Coordination and subordination
 --
 
@@ -103,13 +141,15 @@ cat
   ListAP ; -- list of adjectival phrases
   ListNP ; -- list of noun phrases
 
+--!
 --3 Complete utterances
 --
+-- This group has no lexical categories.
 
   Phr ;    -- full phrase,           e.g. "John walks.","Who walks?", "Wait for me!"
   Text ;   -- sequence of phrases    e.g. "One is odd. Therefore, two is even."
 
-
+--!
 --2 Rules
 --
 -- This set of rules is minimal, in the sense of defining the simplest combinations
@@ -118,64 +158,78 @@ cat
 -- access it through an intermediate library that defines more rules as 
 -- 'macros' for combinations of the ones below.
 
+--!
 --3 Nouns and noun phrases
 --
 
 fun 
-  UseN : N -> CN ;                         -- "car"
-  ModAdj : AP -> CN -> CN ;                -- "red car"
-  DetNP : Det -> CN -> NP ;                -- "every car"
-  MassNP : CN -> NP ;                      -- "wine"
-  IndefOneNP : CN -> NP ;                  -- "a car", "cars"
+  UseN        : N -> CN ;                  -- "car"
+  UsePN       : PN -> NP ;                 -- "John"
+  UseFun      : Fun -> CN ;                -- "successor"
+  UseInt      : Int -> Num ;               -- "32"  --- assumes i > 1
+
+  ModAdj      : AP -> CN -> CN ;           -- "red car"
+  DetNP       : Det -> CN -> NP ;          -- "every car"
+  MassNP      : CN -> NP ;                 -- "wine"
+  IndefOneNP  : CN -> NP ;                 -- "a car", "cars"
   IndefManyNP : Num -> CN -> NP ;          -- "houses", "86 houses"
-  DefOneNP : CN -> NP ;                    -- "the car"
-  DefManyNP : Num -> CN -> NP ;            -- "the cars", "the 86 cars"
-  ModGenOne : NP -> CN -> NP ;             -- "John's car"
-  ModGenMany : Num -> NP -> CN -> NP ;     -- "John's cars", "John's 86 cars"
-  UsePN : PN -> NP ;                       -- "John"
-  UseFun : Fun -> CN ;                     -- "successor"
-  AppFun : Fun -> NP -> CN ;               -- "successor of zero"
-  AppFun2 : Fun2 -> NP -> Fun ;            -- "flight from Paris"
-  CNthatS : CN -> S -> CN ;                -- "idea that the Earth is flat"
-  UseInt : Int -> Num ;                    -- "32"  --- assumes i > 1
-  NoNum : Num ;                            -- no numeral modifier
-
+  DefOneNP    : CN -> NP ;                 -- "the car"
+  DefManyNP   : Num -> CN -> NP ;          -- "the cars", "the 86 cars"
+  ModGenOne   : NP -> CN -> NP ;           -- "John's car"
+  ModGenMany  : Num -> NP -> CN -> NP ;    -- "John's cars", "John's 86 cars"
+  AppFun      : Fun -> NP -> CN ;          -- "successor of zero"
+  AppFun2     : Fun2 -> NP -> Fun ;        -- "flight from Paris"
+  CNthatS     : CN -> S -> CN ;            -- "idea that the Earth is flat"
+  NoNum       : Num ;                      -- no numeral modifier
+
+--!
 --3 Adjectives and adjectival phrases
 --
 
-  AdjP1 : Adj1 -> AP ;                     -- "red"
-  ComplAdj : Adj2 -> NP -> AP ;            -- "divisible by two"
-  PositAdjP : AdjDeg -> AP ;               -- "old"
-  ComparAdjP : AdjDeg -> NP -> AP ;        -- "older than John"
-  SuperlNP : AdjDeg -> CN -> NP ;          -- "the oldest man"
+  AdjP1       : Adj1 -> AP ;               -- "red"
+  PositAdjP   : AdjDeg -> AP ;             -- "old"
+
+  ComplAdj    : Adj2 -> NP -> AP ;         -- "divisible by two"
+  ComparAdjP  : AdjDeg -> NP -> AP ;       -- "older than John"
+  SuperlNP    : AdjDeg -> CN -> NP ;       -- "the oldest man"
 
+--!
 --3 Verbs and verb phrases
 --
-
-  PosV, NegV : V -> VP ;                   -- "walk", "doesn't walk"
-  PosA, NegA : AP -> VP ;                  -- "is old", "isn't old"
-  PosCN, NegCN : CN -> VP ;                -- "is a man", "isn't a man"
-  PosTV, NegTV : TV -> NP -> VP ;          -- "sees John", "doesn't see John"
-  PosPassV, NegPassV : V -> VP ;           -- "is seen", "is not seen"
-  PosNP, NegNP : NP -> VP ;                -- "is John", "is not John"
-  PosAdV, NegAdV : AdV -> VP ;             -- "is everywhere", "is not in France"
-  PosVS, NegVS : VS -> S -> VP ;           -- "says that I run", "doesn't say..."
----  PosVV, NegVV : VV -> VP -> VP ;       -- "can run", "can't run", "tries to run"
-  PosV3, NegV3 : V3 -> NP -> NP -> VP ;    -- "prefers wine to beer"
-  VTrans : TV -> V ;                       -- "loves"
-
+-- The principal way of forming sentences ($S$) is by combining a noun phrase
+-- with a verb phrase (the $PredVP$ rule below). In addition to this, verb
+-- phrases have uses in relative clauses and questions. Verb phrases already
+-- have (or have not) a negation, but they are formed from verbal groups
+-- ($VG$), which have both positive and negative forms.
+
+  PredV       : V  -> VG ;             -- "walk", "doesn't walk"
+  PredPassV   : V  -> VG ;             -- "is seen", "is not seen"
+  PredTV      : TV -> NP -> VG ;       -- "sees John", "doesn't see John"
+  PredVS      : VS -> S -> VG ;        -- "says that I run", "doesn't say..."
+  PredVV      : VV -> VG -> VG ;       -- "can run", "can't run", "tries to run"
+  PredV3      : V3 -> NP -> NP -> VG ; -- "prefers wine to beer"
+
+  PredNP      : NP -> VG ;             -- "is John", "is not John"
+  PredAdV     : AdV -> VG ;            -- "is everywhere", "is not in France"
+  PredAP      : AP -> VG ;             -- "is old", "isn't old"
+  PredCN      : CN -> VG ;             -- "is a man", "isn't a man"
+  VTrans      : TV -> V ;              -- "loves"
+
+  PosVG,NegVG : VG -> VP ;             -- 
+
+--!
 --3 Adverbials
 --
 -- Here is how complex adverbials can be formed and used.
 
-  AdjAdv : AP -> AdV ;                     -- "freely", "more consciously than you"
-  PrepNP : Prep -> NP -> AdV ;             -- "in London", "after the war"
-
-  AdvVP : VP -> AdV -> VP ;                -- "always walks", "walks in the park" 
-  AdvCN : CN -> AdV -> CN ;                -- "house in London", "house today"
-  AdvAP : AdA -> AP -> AP ;                -- "very good"
+  AdjAdv : AP -> AdV ;                 -- "freely", "more consciously than you"
+  PrepNP : Prep -> NP -> AdV ;         -- "in London", "after the war"
 
+  AdvVP  : VP -> AdV -> VP ;           -- "always walks", "walks in the park" 
+  AdvCN  : CN -> AdV -> CN ;           -- "house in London", "house today"
+  AdvAP  : AdA -> AP -> AP ;           -- "very good"
 
+--!
 --3 Sentences and relative clauses
 --
 
@@ -187,11 +241,12 @@ fun
 
   IdRP : RP ;                              -- "which"
   FunRP : Fun -> RP -> RP ;                -- "the successor of which"
-  RelVP : RP -> VP -> RC ;                 -- "who walks"
+  RelVP : RP -> VP -> RC ;                 -- "who walks", "who doesn't walk"
   RelSlash : RP -> Slash -> RC ;           -- "that I wait for"/"for which I wait" 
   ModRC : CN -> RC -> CN ;                 -- "man who walks"
   RelSuch : S -> RC ;                      -- "such that it is even"
 
+--!
 --3 Questions and imperatives
 --
 
@@ -200,7 +255,7 @@ fun
   FunIP : Fun -> IP -> IP ;                -- "the mother of whom"
   NounIPOne, NounIPMany : CN -> IP ;       -- "which car", "which cars"
 
-  QuestVP : NP -> VP -> Qu ;               -- "does John walk"
+  QuestVP : NP -> VP -> Qu;                -- "does John walk"; "doesn't John walk"
   IntVP : IP -> VP -> Qu ;                 -- "who walks"
   IntSlash : IP -> Slash -> Qu ;           -- "whom does John see"
   QuestAdv : IAdv -> NP -> VP -> Qu ;      -- "why do you walk"
@@ -215,6 +270,7 @@ fun
 
   AdvS : AdS -> S -> Phr ;                 -- "Therefore, 2 is prime."
 
+--!
 --3 Coordination
 --
 -- We consider "n"-ary coordination, with "n" > 1. To this end, we have introduced
@@ -243,6 +299,7 @@ fun
   TwoNP  : NP -> NP -> ListNP ;
   ConsNP : ListNP -> NP -> ListNP ;
 
+--!
 --3 Subordination
 --
 -- Subjunctions are different from conjunctions, but form
@@ -253,6 +310,7 @@ fun
   SubjQu    : Subj -> S -> Qu -> Qu ;      -- "if you are new, who are you?"
   SubjVP    : VP -> Subj -> S -> VP ;      -- "(a man who) sings when he runs"
 
+--!
 --2 One-word utterances
 --
 -- These are, more generally, *one-phrase utterances*. The list below
@@ -263,6 +321,7 @@ fun
   PhrIP : IAdv -> Phr ;                    -- "Who?"
   PhrIAdv : IAdv -> Phr ;                  -- "Why?"
 
+--!
 --2 Text formation
 --
 -- A text is a sequence of phrases. It is defined like a non-empty list.
diff --git a/grammars/resource/nabstract/Structural.gf b/grammars/resource/nabstract/Structural.gf
index 5ac998f96..e651afb5e 100644
--- a/grammars/resource/nabstract/Structural.gf
+++ b/grammars/resource/nabstract/Structural.gf
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
---2 Examples of structural words
+--1 GF Resource Grammar API for Structural Words
 -- 
+-- AR 21/11/2003
+--
 -- Here we have some words belonging to closed classes and appearing
 -- in all languages we have considered.
 -- Sometimes they are not really meaningful, e.g. $TheyNP$ in French
@@ -8,35 +10,67 @@
 abstract Structural = Combinations ** {
 
 fun
+
+--!
+--2 Determiners and noun phrases
+--
+-- Many plural determiners can take a numeral modifier. So can the plural
+-- pronouns "we" and "you".
+
   EveryDet, WhichDet, AllDet,                 -- every, sg which, sg all
   SomeDet, AnyDet, NoDet,                     -- sg some, any, no
   MostDet, MostsDet, ManyDet, MuchDet : Det ; -- sg most, pl most, many, much
   ThisDet, ThatDet : Det ;                    -- this, that
 
--- Many plural determiners can take a numeral modifier.
-
   AllsDet, WhichsDet,                         -- pl all, which (86)
   SomesDet, AnysDet, NosDet,                  -- pl some, any, no
   TheseDet, ThoseDet : Num -> Det ;           -- these, those (86)
+
   ThisNP, ThatNP : NP ;                       -- this, that
   TheseNP, ThoseNP : Num -> NP ;              -- these, those (86)
   INP, ThouNP, HeNP, SheNP, ItNP : NP ;       -- personal pronouns in singular
   WeNP, YeNP : Num -> NP ;                    -- these pronouns can take numeral 
-  TheyNP : NP ;                               -- personal pronouns in plural
-  YouNP : NP ;                                -- the polite you
+  TheyNP : NP ; YouNP : NP ;                  -- they, the polite you
+
   EverybodyNP, SomebodyNP, NobodyNP,          -- everybody, somebody, nobody
   EverythingNP, SomethingNP, NothingNP : NP ; -- everything, something, nothing
----  CanVV, CanKnowVV, MustVV : VV ;             -- can (pouvoir/savoir), must
----  WantVV : VV ;                               -- want (to do)
+
+--!
+--2 Auxiliary verbs
+--
+-- Depending on language, all, some, or none of there verbs belong to
+-- a separate class of *auxiliary* verbs. The list is incomplete.
+
+  CanVV, CanKnowVV, MustVV : VV ;             -- can (pouvoir/savoir), must
+  WantVV : VV ;                               -- want (to do)
+
+--!
+--2 Adverbials
+--
+
   WhenIAdv,WhereIAdv,WhyIAdv,HowIAdv : IAdv ; -- when, where, why, how
-  EverywhereNP, SomewhereNP, NowhereNP : AdV ;-- everywhere, somewhere, nowhere  
-  AndConj, OrConj : Conj ;                    -- and, or
-  BothAnd, EitherOr, NeitherNor : ConjD ;     -- both-and, either-or, neither-nor
-  IfSubj, WhenSubj, AlthoughSubj : Subj ;     -- if, when, although
-  PhrYes, PhrNo : Phr ;                       -- yes, no
+  EverywhereNP, SomewhereNP,NowhereNP : AdV ; -- everywhere, somewhere, nowhere  
   VeryAdv, TooAdv : AdA ;                     -- very, too
   AlmostAdv, QuiteAdv : AdA ;                 -- almost, quite
   OtherwiseAdv, ThereforeAdv : AdS ;          -- therefore, otherwise            
+
+--!
+--2 Conjunctions and subjunctions
+--
+
+  AndConj, OrConj : Conj ;                    -- and, or
+  BothAnd, EitherOr, NeitherNor : ConjD ;     -- both-and, either-or, neither-nor
+  IfSubj, WhenSubj, AlthoughSubj : Subj ;     -- if, when, although
+
+--!
+--2 Prepositions
+--
+-- We have carefully chosen a set of semantic relations expressible
+-- by prepositions in some languages, by cases or postpositions in
+-- others. Complement uses of prepositions are not included, and
+-- should be treated by the use of many-place verbs, adjectives, and
+-- functions.
+
   InPrep, OnPrep, ToPrep, FromPrep,           -- spatial relations
   ThroughPrep, AbovePrep, UnderPrep,
   InFrontPrep, BehindPrep, BetweenPrep : Prep ;
@@ -44,4 +78,13 @@ fun
   WithPrep, WithoutPrep, ByMeansPrep : Prep ; -- some other relations
   PartPrep : Prep ;                           -- partitive "of" ("bottle of wine")
   AgentPrep : Prep ;                          -- agent "by" in passive constructions
+
+
+--!
+--2 Affirmation and negation
+--
+-- The negative-positive (French "si", German "doch") is missing.
+
+  PhrYes, PhrNo : Phr ;                       -- yes, no
+
 }
diff --git a/grammars/resource/nabstract/additions.txt b/grammars/resource/nabstract/additions.txt
index cbb5646ce..6d0f7fb8b 100644
--- a/grammars/resource/nabstract/additions.txt
+++ b/grammars/resource/nabstract/additions.txt
@@ -1,26 +1,42 @@
--- added 19/11/2003
+-- added 19/11/2003 -- 21/11
 
 -- Combinations.gf
 cat
   Prep ;     -- pre/postposition and/or case  e.g. 
   Num ;      -- numeral,                      e.g. "three", "879"            
----  VV ;       -- verb-compl. verb,             e.g. "can", "want"
+  VV ;       -- verb-compl. verb,             e.g. "can", "want"
+  VG ;       -- verbal group
 
 fun 
   ThereIsCN : CN -> S ;             -- "there is a bar", "there are bars"
   ThereAreCN : Num -> CN -> S ;     -- "there are 86 bars"
   PrepNP : Prep -> NP -> AdV ;      -- "in London", "after the war" (replace LocNP)
   MassNP : CN -> NP ;               -- "wine"
----  PosVV, NegVV : VV -> VP -> VP ;   -- "can run", "can't run", "tries to run"
-  PosAdV, NegAdV : AdV -> VP ;      -- "is everywhere", "is not in France"
+  PredAdV : AdV -> VP ;             -- "is everywhere", "is not in France"
   AdjAdv : AP -> AdV ;              -- "freely", "more consciously than you"
-  IsThereCN, AreThereCN : CN -> Qu ;-- "is there a bar", "are there bars"
+  IsThereCN,AreThereCN : CN -> Qu ; -- "is there a bar", "are there bars"
+  PosVG,NegVG : VG -> VP ;          -- 
+
+
+  -- merged PosX and NegX to PredX, for the following
+  PredV       : V  -> VG ;             -- "walk", "doesn't walk"
+  PredPassV   : V  -> VG ;             -- "is seen", "is not seen"
+  PredTV      : TV -> NP -> VG ;       -- "sees John", "doesn't see John"
+  PredVS      : VS -> S -> VG ;        -- "says that I run", "doesn't say..."
+  PredVV      : VV -> VG -> VG ;       -- "can run", "can't run", "tries to run"
+  PredV3      : V3 -> NP -> NP -> VG ; -- "prefers wine to beer"
+
+  PredNP      : NP -> VG ;             -- "is John", "is not John"
+  PredAdV     : AdV -> VG ;            -- "is everywhere", "is not in France"
+  PredAP      : AP -> VG ;             -- "is old", "isn't old"
+  PredCN      : CN -> VG ;             -- "is a man", "isn't a man"
+  VTrans      : TV -> V ;              -- "loves"
 
 
   -- changed type signatures: added Num
   IndefManyNP : Num -> CN -> NP ;          -- "houses", "86 houses"
-  DefManyNP : Num -> CN -> NP ;            -- "the cars", "the 86 cars"
-  ModGenMany : Num -> NP -> CN -> NP ;     -- "John's cars", "John's 86 cars"
+  DefManyNP   : Num -> CN -> NP ;          -- "the cars", "the 86 cars"
+  ModGenMany  : Num -> NP -> CN -> NP ;    -- "John's cars", "John's 86 cars"
  
   UseInt : Int -> Num ;             -- "32"  --- assumes i > 1
   NoNum : Num ;                     -- no numeral modifier