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+--1 A Small Romance Resource Syntax
+--
+-- Aarne Ranta 2002
+--
+-- This resource grammar contains definitions needed to construct 
+-- indicative, interrogative, and imperative sentences in Romance languages.
+-- We try to share as much as possible. Even if the definitions of certain
+-- operations are different in $syntax.Fra.gf$ and $syntax.Ita.gf$, we can
+-- often give their type signatures in this file.
+--
+-- The following files are presupposed:
+
+interface SyntaxRomance = TypesRomance ** open Prelude, (CO=Coordination) in {
+
+--2 Common Nouns
+--
+-- Common nouns are defined as number-dependent strings with a gender.
+-- Complex common noun ($CommNounPhrase$)  have the same type as simple ones.
+-- (The distinction is made just because of uniformity with other languages.)
+
+oper
+  CommNoun : Type = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
+  CommNounPhrase = CommNoun ;
+  noun2CommNounPhrase : CommNounPhrase -> CommNoun = \x -> x ;
+
+  commonNounComp : CommNoun -> Str -> CommNoun = \numero, detelephone -> 
+    {s = \\n => numero.s ! n ++ detelephone ;
+     g = numero.g
+    } ;
+
+
+--2 Noun phrase
+--
+-- The worst case is pronouns, which have inflection in the possessive
+-- forms. Other noun phrases express all possessive forms with the genitive case.
+-- Proper names are the simples example.
+
+  ProperName : Type = {s : Str ; g : Gender} ;
+
+  NounPhrase : Type = Pronoun ; -- the worst case
+
+  nameNounPhrase : ProperName -> NounPhrase ;
+
+  mkProperName : Str -> Gender -> ProperName = \jean,m ->
+    {s = jean ; g = m} ;
+
+  mkNameNounPhrase : Str -> Gender -> NounPhrase = \jean,m ->
+    nameNounPhrase (mkProperName jean m) ;
+
+  normalNounPhrase : (CaseA => Str) -> Gender -> Number -> NounPhrase = \cs,g,n ->
+    {s = \\p => cs ! (pform2case p) ;
+     g = PGen g ;
+     n = n ;
+     p = P3 ;    -- third person
+     c = Clit0   -- not clitic
+    } ;
+
+  pronNounPhrase : Pronoun -> NounPhrase = \pro -> pro ;
+
+
+--2 Determiners
+--
+-- Determiners are inflected according to the gender of the nouns they determine.
+-- The determiner determines the number of the argument noun.
+
+  Determiner : Type = {s : Gender => Str ; n : Number} ;
+
+  detNounPhrase : Determiner -> CommNoun -> NounPhrase = \tout, homme -> 
+    normalNounPhrase
+      (\\c => prepCase c ++ tout.s ! homme.g ++ homme.s ! tout.n)
+      homme.g 
+      tout.n ;
+
+-- The following macros are sufficient to define most determiners,
+-- as shown by the examples that follow.
+
+  mkDeterminer : Number -> Str -> Str -> Determiner = \n,tous,toutes -> 
+    {s = genForms tous toutes ; n = n} ;
+
+  mkDeterminer1 : Number -> Str -> Determiner = \n,chaque -> 
+    mkDeterminer n chaque chaque ;
+
+
+-- Indefinite and definite noun phrases are treated separately,
+-- which strictly speaking is not necessary in Romance languages, since
+-- articles could be treated as determiners.
+
+  indefNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,mec -> 
+    normalNounPhrase 
+      (\\c => artIndef mec.g n c ++ mec.s ! n)
+      mec.g 
+      n ; 
+
+  defNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,mec -> 
+    normalNounPhrase 
+      (\\c => artDef mec.g n c ++ mec.s ! n)
+      mec.g
+      n ; 
+
+-- We often need indefinite noun phrases synacategorematically.
+
+  indefNoun : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> Str = \n,mec -> 
+    (indefNounPhrase n mec).s ! case2pform nominative ;
+
+-- Genitives of noun phrases can be used like determiners, to build noun phrases.
+-- The number argument makes the difference between "ma maison" - "mes maisons".
+-- The clitic type of the NP decides between "ma maison" and "la maison de Jean".
+
+  npGenDet : Number -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,jeanne,mec ->
+    let {str : CaseA => Str = case jeanne.c of {
+          Clit0 => npGenDe   n jeanne mec ;
+          _     => npGenPoss n jeanne mec
+          }
+        } in
+    normalNounPhrase str mec.g n ; 
+
+-- These auxiliary rules define the genitive with "de" and with the possessive.
+-- Here there is a difference between French and Italian: Italian has a definite
+-- article before possessives (with certain exceptions).
+
+  npGenDe : Number -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> CaseA => Str = 
+    \n,jeanne,mec ->
+    \\c => artDef mec.g n c ++ mec.s ! n ++ jeanne.s ! case2pform genitive ;
+
+  npGenPoss : Number -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> CaseA => Str ;
+
+--2 Adjectives
+--
+-- Adjectives have a parameter $p$ telling if postposition is 
+-- allowed (complex APs). There is no real need in Romance languages to distinguish
+-- between simple adjectives and adjectival phrases.
+
+  Adjective : Type = Adj ** {p : Bool} ;
+
+  adjPre = True ; adjPost = False ;
+  
+  AdjPhrase : Type = Adjective ;
+  
+  adj2adjPhrase : Adjective -> AdjPhrase = \x -> x ;
+
+  mkAdjective : Adj -> Bool -> Adjective = \adj,p -> adj ** {p = p} ;
+
+
+--3 Comparison adjectives
+--
+-- The type is defined in $types.Romance.gf$. Syntax adds to lexicon the position
+-- information.
+
+  AdjDegr = AdjComp  ** {p : Bool} ;
+
+  mkAdjDegr : AdjComp -> Bool -> AdjDegr = \adj,p ->
+    adj ** {p = p} ;
+
+  mkAdjDegrLong : Adj -> Bool -> AdjDegr = \adj,p ->
+    adjCompLong adj ** {p = p} ;
+
+
+-- Each of the comparison forms has a characteristic use:
+--
+-- Positive forms are used alone, as adjectival phrases ("bon").
+
+  positAdjPhrase : AdjDegr -> AdjPhrase = \bon -> 
+    {s = bon.s ! Pos ; 
+     p = bon.p
+    } ;
+
+-- Comparative forms are used with an object of comparison, as
+-- adjectival phrases ("meilleur que toi"). The comparing conjunction
+-- is of course language-dependent; Italian moreover has the free
+-- variants "che" and "di".
+
+  comparAdjPhrase : AdjDegr -> NounPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \bon, toi ->
+    {s = \\g,n => bon.s ! Comp ! g ! n ++ comparConj ++ 
+         toi.s ! stressed accusative ; 
+     p = False
+    } ;
+
+  comparConj : Str ;
+
+-- Superlative forms are used with a common noun, picking out the
+-- maximal representative of a domain 
+-- ("le meilleur mec", "le mec le plus intelligent").
+
+  superlNounPhrase : AdjDegr -> CommNoun -> NounPhrase = \bon, mec ->
+    normalNounPhrase 
+      (\\c => artDef mec.g Sg c ++ if_then_else Str bon.p 
+           (bon.s ! Sup ! mec.g ! Sg ++ mec.s ! Sg)
+           (mec.s ! Sg ++ artDef mec.g Sg nominative ++ bon.s ! Sup ! mec.g ! Sg)
+      )
+      mec.g 
+      Sg ; 
+
+
+--3 Prepositions and complements
+--
+-- Most prepositions are just strings. But "à" and "de" are treated as cases in
+-- French. In Italian, there are more prepositions treated in this way:
+-- "a", "di", "da", "in", "su", "con".
+-- An invariant is that, if the preposition is not empty ($[]$), then the case
+-- is $Acc$.
+
+  Preposition = Str ;
+
+  Complement =  {s2 : Preposition ; c : CaseA} ;
+
+  complement : Str -> Complement = \par ->
+    {s2 = par ; c = nominative} ;
+
+  complementDir : Complement = complement [] ;
+
+  complementCas : CaseA -> Complement = \c ->
+    {s2 = [] ; c = c} ;
+
+
+--3 Two-place adjectives
+--
+-- A two-place adjective is an adjective with a preposition used before
+-- the complement, and the complement case.
+
+  AdjCompl = AdjPhrase ** Complement ; 
+
+  mkAdjCompl : Adj -> Bool -> Complement -> AdjCompl = \adj,p,c ->
+    mkAdjective adj p ** c ;
+
+  complAdj : AdjCompl -> NounPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \relie,jean ->
+    {s = \\g,n => relie.s ! g ! n ++ relie.s2 ++ jean.s ! case2pform relie.c ; 
+     p = False
+    } ;
+
+
+--3 Modification of common nouns
+--
+-- The two main functions of adjective are in predication ("Jean est jeune")
+-- and in modification ("un jeune homme"). Predication will be defined
+-- later, in the chapter on verbs.
+--
+-- Modification must pay attention to pre- and post-noun
+-- adjectives: "jeune homme"; "homme intelligent".
+
+  modCommNounPhrase : AdjPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase = \bon,mec -> 
+    {s = \\n => if_then_else Str bon.p 
+           (bon.s ! mec.g ! n ++ mec.s ! n)
+           (mec.s ! n ++ bon.s ! mec.g ! n) ;
+     g = mec.g
+    } ;
+
+--2 Function expressions
+
+-- A function expression is a common noun together with the
+-- preposition prefixed to its argument ("mère de x").
+-- The type is analogous to two-place adjectives and transitive verbs.
+
+  Function : Type = CommNounPhrase ** Complement ;
+
+-- The application of a function gives, in the first place, a common noun:
+-- "mor/mödrar till Johan". From this, other rules of the resource grammar 
+-- give noun phrases, such as "la mère de Jean", "les mères de Jean",
+-- "les mères de Jean et de Marie", and "la mère de Jean et de Marie" (the
+-- latter two corresponding to distributive and collective functions,
+-- respectively). Semantics will eventually tell when each
+-- of the readings is meaningful.
+
+  appFunComm : Function -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase = \mere,jean -> 
+    noun2CommNounPhrase
+      {s = \\n => mere.s ! n ++ mere.s2 ++ jean.s ! case2pform mere.c ;
+       g = mere.g
+      } ;
+
+-- It is possible to use a function word as a common noun; the semantics is
+-- often existential or indexical.
+
+  funAsCommNounPhrase : Function -> CommNounPhrase = 
+    noun2CommNounPhrase ;
+
+-- The following is an aggregate corresponding to the original function application
+-- producing "ma mère" and "la mère de Jean". It does not appear in the
+-- resource grammar API any longer.
+
+  appFun : Bool -> Function -> NounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \coll, mere, jean ->
+    let {n = jean.n ; g = mere.g ; nf = if_then_else Number coll Sg n} in 
+    variants {
+      defNounPhrase nf (appFunComm mere jean) ;
+      npGenDet nf jean mere
+      } ;
+
+
+--2 Verbs
+--
+--3 Verb phrases
+--
+-- Unlike many other languages, verb phrases in Romance languages
+-- are not discontinuous.
+-- We use clitic parameters instead. 
+--
+-- (It is not quite sure, though, whether this
+-- will suffice in French for examples like "je n'*y* vais pas": one may want to
+-- add "y" to "ne vais pas" instead of "ne - pas" to "y vais".)
+--
+-- So far we restrict the syntax to present-tense verbs, even though
+-- morphology has complete conjugations.
+
+  VerbPhrase = {s : Gender => VF => Str} ;
+
+  Verb = VerbPres ;
+
+-- Predication is language-dependent in the negative case.
+
+  predVerb : Bool -> VerbPres -> VerbPhrase = \b,aller ->
+    if_then_else VerbPhrase b 
+      {s = \\_ => aller.s}
+      {s = \\_,v => negVerb (aller.s ! v)} ;
+
+  negVerb : Str -> Str ;
+
+-- Verb phrases can also be formed from adjectives ("est bon"),
+-- common nouns ("est un homme"), and noun phrases ("est Jean").
+-- We need a copula, which is of course language-dependent.
+
+  copula : Bool -> VF => Str ;
+
+-- The third rule is overgenerating: "est chaque homme" has to be ruled out
+-- on semantic grounds.
+
+  predAdjective : Bool -> AdjPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,bon ->
+    {s = \\g,v => copula b ! v ++ bon.s ! g ! nombreVerb v} ; 
+
+  predCommNoun : Bool -> CommNounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,homme ->
+    {s = \\g,v => copula b ! v ++ indefNoun (nombreVerb v) homme} ; 
+
+  predNounPhrase : Bool -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,jean ->
+    {s = \\g,v => copula b ! v ++ jean.s ! stressed nominative} ; 
+
+
+-- complement a verb with noun phrase and optional preposition
+
+  TransVerb : Type = VerbPres ** Complement ;
+
+  verbOfTransVerb       : TransVerb -> VerbPres   = \v -> {s = v.s} ;
+  complementOfTransVerb : TransVerb -> Complement = \v -> {s2 = v.s2 ; c = v.c} ;
+
+  isNounPhraseClit : NounPhrase -> Bool = \n -> case n.c of {
+     Clit0 => False ;
+     _  => True
+     } ;
+
+-- This function is language-dependent, because it uses the language-dependent
+-- type of case.
+
+  isTransVerbClit : TransVerb -> Bool ;
+
+
+--3 Transitive verbs
+--
+-- Transitive verbs are verbs with a preposition for the complement,
+-- in analogy with two-place adjectives and functions.
+-- One might prefer to use the term "2-place verb", since
+-- "transitive" traditionally means that the inherent preposition is empty.
+-- Such a verb is one with a *direct object* - which may still be accusative,
+-- dative, or genitive.
+--
+-- In complementation, we do need some dispatching of clitic types:
+-- "aime Jean" ; "n'aime pas Jean" ; "l'aime" ; "ne l'aime pas".
+-- More will be needed when we add ditransitive verbs.
+
+  complTransVerb : Bool -> TransVerb -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,aime,jean ->
+    {s = \\g,w =>  ---- BUG: v gives stack overflow
+       let {Jean = jean.s ! (case2pform aime.c) ; Aime = aime.s ! w} in 
+       if_then_else Str (andB (isNounPhraseClit jean) (isTransVerbClit aime))
+         (posNeg b (Jean ++ Aime) [])
+         (posNeg b Aime           Jean)
+    } ;
+
+  mkTransVerb : Verb -> Preposition -> CaseA -> TransVerb = \v,p,c -> 
+    v ** {s2 = p ; c = c} ;
+
+  mkTransVerbPrep : Verb -> Preposition -> TransVerb = \passer,par -> 
+    mkTransVerb passer par accusative ;
+
+  mkTransVerbCas : Verb -> CaseA -> TransVerb = \penser,a -> 
+    mkTransVerb penser [] a ;
+
+  mkTransVerbDir : Verb -> TransVerb = \aimer -> 
+    mkTransVerbCas aimer accusative ;
+
+-- The following macro builds the "ne - pas" or "non" negation. The second
+-- string argument is used for the complement of a verb phrase. In Italian,
+-- one string argument would actually be enough.
+
+  posNeg : Bool -> (verb, compl : Str) -> Str ;
+
+
+--2 Adverbials
+--
+-- Adverbials are not inflected (we ignore comparison, and treat
+-- compared adverbials as separate expressions; this could be done another way).
+--
+-- (We should also take into account clitic ones, like "y",
+-- as well as the position: "est toujours heureux" / "est heureux à Paris".) 
+
+  Adverb : Type = SS ;
+
+  adVerbPhrase : VerbPhrase -> Adverb -> VerbPhrase = \chante, bien ->
+    {s = \\g,v => chante.s ! g ! v ++ bien.s} ;
+
+-- Adverbials are typically generated by prefixing prepositions.
+-- The rule for creating locative noun phrases by the preposition "dans"
+-- in French and "in" in Italian. This is of course shaky, since other 
+-- prepositions may be preferred ("en", "à" ; "a", "su").
+
+  locativeNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> Adverb ;
+
+-- This is a source of the "homme avec un téléscope" ambiguity, and may produce
+-- strange things, like "les voitures toujours".
+-- Semantics will have to make finer distinctions among adverbials.
+-- French moreover says "les voitures d'hier" rather than "les voitures hier".
+
+  advCommNounPhrase : CommNounPhrase -> Adverb -> CommNounPhrase = \mec,aparis ->
+    {s = \\n => mec.s ! n ++ aparis.s ;
+     g = mec.g
+    } ;
+
+--2 Sentences
+--
+-- Sentences depend on a *mode parameter* selecting between 
+-- indicative and subjunctive forms.
+
+  Sentence : Type = SS1 Mode ;
+
+-- This is the traditional $S -> NP VP$ rule. It takes care of both
+-- mode and agreement.
+
+  predVerbPhrase : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Sentence = \jean,dort ->
+    {s = \\m => jean.s ! unstressed nominative ++ 
+                dort.s ! pgen2gen jean.g ! VFin m jean.n jean.p
+    } ;
+
+
+--3 Sentence-complement verbs
+--
+-- Sentence-complement verbs take sentences as complements.
+-- The mode of the complement depends on the verb, and can be different
+-- for positive and negative uses of the verb 
+-- ("je crois qu'elle vient" -"je ne crois pas qu'elle vienne"),
+
+  SentenceVerb : Type = VerbPres ** {mp, mn : Mode} ;
+
+  complSentVerb : Bool -> SentenceVerb -> Sentence -> VerbPhrase = 
+    \b,croire,jeanboit ->
+    let {m = if_then_else Mode b croire.mp croire.mn} in
+    {s = \\_,w => posNeg b (croire.s ! w) (embedConj ++ jeanboit.s ! m)} ; ----w
+
+  verbSent : Verb -> Mode -> Mode -> SentenceVerb = \v,mp,mn ->
+    v ** {mp = mp ; mn = mn} ;
+
+-- The embedding conjunction is language dependent.
+
+  embedConj : Str ;
+
+
+--2 Sentences missing noun phrases
+--
+-- This is one instance of Gazdar's *slash categories*, corresponding to his
+-- $S/NP$.
+-- We cannot have - nor would we want to have - a productive slash-category former.
+-- Perhaps a handful more will be needed.
+--
+-- Notice that the slash category has the same relation to sentences as
+-- transitive verbs have to verbs: it's like a *sentence taking a complement*.
+
+  SentenceSlashNounPhrase = Sentence ** Complement ;
+
+  slashTransVerb : Bool -> NounPhrase -> TransVerb -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase = 
+    \b,jean,aimer ->
+    predVerbPhrase jean (predVerb b (verbOfTransVerb aimer)) ** 
+    complementOfTransVerb aimer ;
+
+
+--2 Relative pronouns and relative clauses
+--
+-- Relative pronouns are inflected in
+-- gender, number, and case. They can also have an inherent case,
+-- but this case if 'variable' in the sense that it
+-- is sometimes just mediated from the correlate
+-- ("homme qui est bon"), sometimes inherent to the
+-- pronominal phrase itself ("homme dont la mère est bonne").
+
+oper
+
+  RelPron   : Type = {s : RelFormA => Str ; g : RelGen} ;
+  RelClause : Type = {s : Mode => Gender => Number => Str} ;
+
+  mkGenRel : RelGen -> Gender -> Gender = \rg,g -> case rg of {
+    RG gen => gen ;
+    _      => g
+    } ;
+
+-- Simple relative pronouns ("qui", "dont", "par laquelle")
+-- have no inherent gender.
+
+  identRelPron : RelPron ;
+
+  composRelPron : Gender -> Number -> CaseA -> Str ;
+
+-- Complex relative pronouns ("dont la mère") do have an inherent gender.
+
+  funRelPron : Function -> RelPron -> RelPron ;
+
+-- There are often variants, i.e. short and long forms
+-- ("que" - "lequel", "dont" -"duquel"), etc.
+
+  allRelForms : RelPron -> Gender -> Number -> CaseA -> Str ;
+
+-- Relative clauses can be formed from both verb phrases ("qui dort") and
+-- slash expressions ("que je vois", "dont je parle"). 
+
+  relVerbPhrase : RelPron -> VerbPhrase -> RelClause = \qui,dort ->
+    {s = \\m,g,n => allRelForms qui g n nominative ++ dort.s ! g ! VFin m n P3 
+    } ;
+
+  relSlash : RelPron -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase -> RelClause = \dont,jeparle ->
+    {s = \\m,g,n => jeparle.s2 ++ allRelForms dont g n jeparle.c ++ jeparle.s ! m
+    } ;
+
+-- A 'degenerate' relative clause is the one often used in mathematics, e.g.
+-- "nombre x tel que x soit pair".
+
+  relSuch : Sentence -> RelClause = \A ->
+    {s = \\m,g,n => suchPron g n ++ embedConj ++ A.s ! m
+    } ;
+
+  suchPron : Gender -> Number -> Str ;
+
+-- The main use of relative clauses is to modify common nouns.
+-- The result is a common noun, out of which noun phrases can be formed
+-- by determiners. A comma is used before the relative clause.
+--
+-- N.B. subjunctive relative clauses 
+-- ("je cherche un mec qui sache chanter") must have another structure
+-- (unless common noun phrases are given a mode parameter...).
+
+  modRelClause : CommNounPhrase -> RelClause -> CommNounPhrase = \mec,quidort ->
+    {s = \\n => mec.s ! n ++ quidort.s ! Ind ! mec.g ! n ;
+     g = mec.g
+    } ;
+
+--2 Interrogative pronouns
+--
+-- If relative pronouns are adjective-like, interrogative pronouns are
+-- noun-phrase-like. We use a simplified type, since we don't need the possessive
+-- forms.
+--
+-- N.B. "est-ce que", etc, will be added below 
+-- when pronouns are used in direct questions.
+
+  IntPron : Type = {s : CaseA => Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} ; 
+
+-- In analogy with relative pronouns, we have a rule for applying a function
+-- to a relative pronoun to create a new one. 
+
+  funIntPron : Function -> IntPron -> IntPron = \mere,qui -> 
+    {s = \\c => 
+           artDef mere.g qui.n c ++ mere.s ! qui.n ++ mere.s2 ++ qui.s ! mere.c ;
+     g = mere.g ;
+     n = qui.n
+    } ;
+
+-- There is a variety of simple interrogative pronouns:
+-- "quelle maison", "qui", "quoi". Their definitions are language-dependent.
+
+  nounIntPron : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> IntPron ;
+  intPronWho  : Number -> IntPron ;
+  intPronWhat : Number -> IntPron ;
+
+--2 Utterances
+
+-- By utterances we mean whole phrases, such as 
+-- 'can be used as moves in a language game': indicatives, questions, imperative,
+-- and one-word utterances. The rules are far from complete.
+--
+-- N.B. we have not included rules for texts, which we find we cannot say much
+-- about on this level. In semantically rich GF grammars, texts, dialogues, etc, 
+-- will of course play an important role as categories not reducible to utterances.
+-- An example is proof texts, whose semantics show a dependence between premises
+-- and conclusions. Another example is intersentential anaphora.
+
+  Utterance = SS ;
+  
+  indicUtt : Sentence -> Utterance = \x -> ss (x.s ! Ind ++ ".") ;
+  interrogUtt : Question -> Utterance = \x -> ss (x.s ! DirQ ++ "?") ;
+
+--2 Questions
+--
+-- Questions are either direct ("qui a pris la voiture") or indirect 
+-- ("ce qui a pris la voiture").
+
+param 
+  QuestForm = DirQ | IndirQ ;
+
+oper
+  Question = SS1 QuestForm ;
+
+
+--3 Yes-no questions 
+--
+-- Yes-no questions are used both independently ("Tu es fatigué?")
+-- and after interrogative adverbials ("Pourquoi tu es fatigué?").
+-- It is economical to handle with these two cases by the one
+-- rule, $questVerbPhrase'$. The only difference is if "si" appears
+-- in the indirect form.
+--
+-- N.B. the inversion variant ("Es-tu fatigué?") is missing, mainly because our
+-- verb morphology does not support the intervening "t" ("Marche-t-il?").
+-- The leading "est-ce que" is recognized as a variant, and requires
+-- direct word order.
+
+  questVerbPhrase : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Question ;
+
+--3 Wh-questions
+--
+-- Wh-questions are of two kinds: ones that are like $NP - VP$ sentences,
+-- others that are line $S/NP - NP$ sentences.
+--
+-- N.B. inversion variants and "est-ce que" are treated as above.
+
+  intVerbPhrase : IntPron -> VerbPhrase -> Question ;
+
+  intSlash : IntPron -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase -> Question ;
+
+
+--3 Interrogative adverbials
+--
+-- These adverbials will be defined in the lexicon: they include
+-- "quand", "où", "comment", "pourquoi", etc, which are all invariant one-word
+-- expressions. In addition, they can be formed by adding prepositions
+-- to interrogative pronouns, in the same way as adverbials are formed
+-- from noun phrases. 
+--
+-- N.B. inversion variants and "est-ce que" are treated as above.
+
+  IntAdverb = SS ;
+
+  questAdverbial : IntAdverb -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Question ;
+
+
+--2 Imperatives
+--
+-- We only consider second-person imperatives. 
+-- 
+-- N.B. following the API, we don't distinguish between 
+-- singular and plural "vous", nor between masculine and feminine.
+-- when forming utterances.
+--
+-- TODO: clitics, Italian negated imperative.
+
+  Imperative = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
+
+  imperVerbPhrase : VerbPhrase -> Imperative = \dormir -> 
+    {s = \\g,n => dormir.s ! g ! vImper n P2
+    } ;
+
+  imperUtterance : Number -> Imperative -> Utterance = \n,I ->
+    ss (I.s ! Masc ! n ++ "!") ;
+
+
+
+--2 Coordination
+--
+-- Coordination is to some extent orthogonal to the rest of syntax, and
+-- has been treated in a generic way in the module $CO$ in the file
+-- $coordination.gf$. The overall structure is independent of category,
+-- but there can be differences in parameter dependencies.
+--
+--3 Conjunctions
+--
+-- Coordinated phrases are built by using conjunctions, which are either
+-- simple ("et", "ou") or distributed ("et - et", "pu - ou").
+
+  Conjunction = CO.Conjunction ** {n : Number} ;
+  ConjunctionDistr = CO.ConjunctionDistr ** {n : Number} ;
+
+--3 Coordinating sentences
+--
+-- We need a category of lists of sentences. It is a discontinuous
+-- category, the parts corresponding to 'init' and 'last' segments
+-- (rather than 'head' and 'tail', because we have to keep track of the slot between
+-- the last two elements of the list). A list has at least two elements.
+--
+-- N.B. we don't have repetion of "que" in subordinate coordinated sentences.
+
+  ListSentence : Type = {s1,s2 : Mode => Str} ; 
+
+  twoSentence : (_,_ : Sentence) -> ListSentence = 
+    CO.twoTable Mode ;
+
+  consSentence : ListSentence -> Sentence -> ListSentence = 
+    CO.consTable Mode CO.comma ;
+
+-- To coordinate a list of sentences by a simple conjunction, we place
+-- it between the last two elements; commas are put in the other slots,
+-- e.g. "Pierre fume, Jean boit et les autres regardsnt".
+
+  conjunctSentence : Conjunction -> ListSentence -> Sentence = 
+    CO.conjunctTable Mode ;
+
+-- To coordinate a list of sentences by a distributed conjunction, we place
+-- the first part in front of the first element, the second
+-- part between the last two elements, and commas in the other slots.
+-- For sentences this is really not used.
+
+  conjunctDistrSentence : ConjunctionDistr -> ListSentence -> Sentence = 
+    CO.conjunctDistrTable Mode ;
+
+--3 Coordinating adjective phrases
+--
+-- The structure is the same as for sentences. The result is a prefix adjective
+-- if and only if all elements are prefix.
+
+  ListAdjPhrase : Type = 
+    {s1,s2 : Gender => Number => Str ; p : Bool} ;
+
+  twoAdjPhrase : (_,_ : AdjPhrase) -> ListAdjPhrase = \x,y ->
+    CO.twoTable2 Gender Number x y ** {p = andB x.p y.p} ;
+
+  consAdjPhrase : ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase -> ListAdjPhrase =  \xs,x ->
+    CO.consTable2 Gender Number CO.comma xs x ** {p = andB xs.p x.p} ;
+
+  conjunctAdjPhrase : Conjunction -> ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \c,xs ->
+    CO.conjunctTable2 Gender Number c xs ** {p = xs.p} ;
+
+  conjunctDistrAdjPhrase : ConjunctionDistr -> ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \c,xs ->
+    CO.conjunctDistrTable2 Gender Number c xs ** {p = xs.p} ;
+
+
+--3 Coordinating noun phrases
+--
+-- The structure is the same as for sentences. The result is either always plural
+-- or plural if any of the components is, depending on the conjunction.
+-- The gender is masculine if any of the components is. A coordinated noun phrase
+-- cannot be clitic.
+
+  ListNounPhrase : Type = 
+    {s1,s2 : CaseA => Str ; g : PronGen ; n : Number ; p : Person} ;
+
+  twoNounPhrase : (_,_ : NounPhrase) -> ListNounPhrase = \x,y ->
+    {s1 = \\c => x.s ! stressed c ; s2 = \\c => y.s ! stressed c} ** 
+    {n = conjNumber x.n y.n ; g = conjGender x.g y.g ; p = conjPers x.p y.p} ;
+
+  consNounPhrase : ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase -> ListNounPhrase =  \xs,x ->
+    {s1 = \\c => xs.s1 ! c ++ CO.comma ++ xs.s2 ! c ; 
+     s2 = \\c => x.s ! stressed c} ** 
+    {n = conjNumber xs.n x.n ; g = conjGender xs.g x.g ; p =conjPers xs.p x.p} ;
+
+  conjunctNounPhrase : Conjunction -> ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \co,xs ->
+    {s = \\c => xs.s1 ! pform2case c ++ co.s ++ xs.s2 ! pform2case c} ** 
+    {n = conjNumber co.n xs.n ; g = xs.g ; p = xs.p ; c = Clit0 } ;
+
+  conjunctDistrNounPhrase : ConjunctionDistr -> ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = 
+    \co,xs ->
+    {s = \\c => co.s1++ xs.s1 ! pform2case c ++ co.s2 ++ xs.s2 ! pform2case c} ** 
+    {n = conjNumber co.n xs.n ; g = xs.g ; p = xs.p ; c = Clit0} ;
+
+-- We have to define a calculus of numbers of genders. For numbers,
+-- it is like the conjunction with $Pl$ corresponding to $False$. For genders,
+-- $Masc$ corresponds to $False$.
+
+  conjNumber : Number -> Number -> Number = \m,n -> case <m,n> of {
+    <Sg,Sg> => Sg ;
+    _ => Pl 
+    } ;
+
+  conjGen : Gender -> Gender -> Gender = \m,n -> case <m,n> of {
+    <Fem,Fem> => Fem ;
+    _ => Masc 
+    } ;
+
+  conjGender : PronGen -> PronGen -> PronGen = \m,n -> case <m,n> of {
+    <PGen Fem, PGen Fem> => PGen Fem ;
+    _ => PNoGen
+    } ;
+
+-- For persons, we go in the descending order:
+-- "moi et toi sommes forts", "lui ou toi es fort".
+-- This is not always quite clear.
+
+  conjPers : Person -> Person -> Person = \p,q -> case <p,q> of {
+    <P3,P3> => P3 ;
+    <P1,_>  => P1 ;
+    <_,P1>  => P1 ;
+    _       => P2
+    } ;
+
+
+
+--2 Subjunction
+--
+-- Subjunctions ("si", "quand", etc) 
+-- are a different way to combine sentences than conjunctions.
+-- The main clause can be a sentences, an imperatives, or a question,
+-- but the subjoined clause must be a sentence.
+
+  Subjunction = SS ;
+
+  subjunctSentence : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Sentence -> Sentence = \si,A,B ->
+    {s = \\m => subjunctVariants si A (B.s ! m)
+     } ;
+
+  subjunctImperative : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Imperative -> Imperative = 
+    \si,A,B -> 
+    {s = \\g,n => subjunctVariants si A (B.s ! g ! n)
+    } ;
+
+  subjunctQuestion : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Question -> Question = \si,A,B ->
+    {s = \\q => subjunctVariants si A (B.s ! q)
+    } ;
+
+-- There are uniformly two variant word orders, e.g. 
+-- "si tu fume je m'en vais"
+-- and "je m'en vais si tu fume".
+
+  subjunctVariants : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Str -> Str = \si,A,B ->
+    let {As = A.s ! Ind} in 
+    variants {
+      si.s ++ As ++ B ; 
+      B ++ si.s ++ As
+      } ;
+
+--2 One-word utterances
+-- 
+-- An utterance can consist of one phrase of almost any category, 
+-- the limiting case being one-word utterances. These
+-- utterances are often (but not always) in what can be called the
+-- default form of a category, e.g. the nominative.
+-- This list is far from exhaustive.
+
+  useNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> Utterance = \jean ->
+    postfixSS "." (defaultNounPhrase jean) ;
+  useCommonNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> Utterance = \n,mec -> 
+    useNounPhrase (indefNounPhrase n mec) ;
+
+
+-- one-form variants
+
+  defaultNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> SS = \jean -> 
+    ss (jean.s ! stressed nominative) ;
+
+  defaultQuestion : Question -> SS = \quiesttu ->
+    ss (quiesttu.s ! DirQ) ;
+
+  defaultSentence : Sentence -> SS = \x -> ss (x.s ! Ind) ;
+
+----- moved from Types
+
+  artDef : Gender -> Number -> CaseA -> Str ;
+  artIndef : Gender -> Number -> CaseA -> Str ;
+  genForms : Str -> Str -> Gender => Str ;
+
+----- moved from Res
+
+  pronJe, pronTu, pronIl, pronElle, pronNous, pronVous, pronIls, pronElles : 
+    Pronoun ;
+  chaqueDet, tousDet, quelDet, plupartDet : Determiner ;
+
+  commentAdv, quandAdv, ouAdv, pourquoiAdv : Adverb ;
+
+  etConj, ouConj : Conjunction ;
+  etetConj, ououConj : ConjunctionDistr ;
+  siSubj, quandSubj : Subjunction ;
+
+  ouiPhr, noPhr : Utterance ;
+    
+}