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+--1 A Small Russian Resource Syntax          

+--

+-- Aarne Ranta, Janna Khegai 2003

+--

+-- This resource grammar contains definitions needed to construct 

+-- indicative, interrogative, and imperative sentences in Russian.

+--

+-- The following files are presupposed:

+resource Syntax = Morpho ** open Prelude, (CO = Coordination) in {

+flags  coding=utf8 ;

+  

+--2 Common Nouns

+--

+--

+--3 Common noun phrases

+--

+-- Complex common nouns ($Comm'NounPhrase$)  have in principle

+-- the same parameters as simple ones.

+

+oper

+  CommNounPhrase: Type = {s : Number => Case => Str; g : Gender; anim : Animacy}  ;

+

+  noun2CommNounPhrase : CommNoun -> CommNounPhrase = \sb ->

+    {s = \\n,c => sb.s ! SF n c ; 

+     g = sb.g ; 

+     anim = sb.anim

+    } ;

+

+  commNounPhrase2CommNoun : CommNounPhrase -> CommNoun = \sb ->

+    {s = \\sf => sb.s ! (numSF sf) ! (caseSF sf) ; 

+     g = sb.g ; 

+     anim = sb.anim

+    } ;

+

+  n2n = noun2CommNounPhrase;

+  n2n2 = commNounPhrase2CommNoun ;

+

+--2 Noun Phrases

+--

+

+oper

+

+  NounPhrase : Type = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; 

+   p : Person ; g: Gender ; anim : Animacy ;  pron: Bool} ;

+

+  -- A function specific for Russian for setting the gender for 

+  -- personal pronouns in first and second person, singular :

+  setNPGender : Gender -> NounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \gen, pronI -> 

+    { s = pronI.s ; g = gen ; anim = pronI.anim ;

+      n = pronI.n ; nComp = pronI.nComp ; p = pronI.p ; pron = pronI.pron } ;  

+

+

+  mkNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,chelovek -> 

+    {s = \\cas => chelovek.s ! n ! (extCase cas) ;

+     n = n ; g = chelovek.g ; p = P3 ; pron =False ;

+     anim = chelovek.anim 

+    } ;

+  pron2NounPhrase : Pronoun -> Animacy -> NounPhrase = \ona, anim -> 

+    {s = ona.s ; n = ona.n ; g = pgen2gen ona.g ; 

+     pron = ona.pron; p = ona.p ; anim = anim } ;

+

+  nameNounPhrase : ProperName -> NounPhrase = 

+    \masha -> {s = \\c => masha.s ! (extCase c) ; 

+      p = P3; g = masha.g ; anim = masha.anim ; 

+      n = Sg; nComp = Sg; pron = False} ;

+

+

+--2 Determiners

+--

+-- Determiners (only determinative pronouns in Russian) are inflected 

+-- according to the gender of nouns they determine.

+-- The determined noun has the case parameter specific for the determiner:

+

+  Determiner : Type = Adjective ** { n: Number; c : Case } ;

+

+  anyPlDet = kakojNibudDet ** {n = Pl;  c= Nom} ; 

+

+  detNounPhrase : Determiner -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \kazhduj, okhotnik -> 

+    {s = \\c => case kazhduj.c of {

+       Nom => 

+        kazhduj.s ! AF (extCase c) okhotnik.anim (gNum okhotnik.g kazhduj.n) ++ 

+         okhotnik.s ! kazhduj.n ! (extCase c) ; 

+       _ => 

+        kazhduj.s ! AF (extCase c) okhotnik.anim (gNum okhotnik.g kazhduj.n) ++ 

+         okhotnik.s ! kazhduj.n ! kazhduj.c };

+     n = kazhduj.n ; 

+     p = P3 ;

+     pron = False;

+     g = okhotnik.g ;

+     anim = okhotnik.anim 

+    } ;

+

+  indefNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,mashina -> 

+    {s = \\c =>  mashina.s ! n !  (extCase c) ;

+     n = n ; p = P3 ; g = mashina.g ; anim = mashina.anim ; 

+     pron = False

+    } ;

+

+  defNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,mashina -> 

+    { s = \\c => mashina.s ! n ! (extCase c) ; 

+     n = n ; p = P3 ; g = mashina.g ;anim = mashina.anim ;  pron = False } ;

+

+-- Genitives of noun phrases can be used like determiners, 

+-- to build noun phrases.

+-- The number argument makes the difference between "мой дом" - "мои дома".

+--

+-- The variation like in "the car of John / John's car" in English is

+-- not equally natural for proper names and pronouns and the rest of nouns.

+-- Compare "дверца машины" and "машины дверца", while 

+-- "Ванина мама" and "мама Вани" or "моя мама" and "мама моя".

+-- Here we have to make a choice of a universal form, which will be

+-- "моя мама" - "Вани мама" - "машины дверца", which sounds

+-- the best for pronouns, a little worse for proper names and 

+-- the worst for the rest of nouns. The reason is the fact that 

+-- possession/genetive is more a human category and pronouns are 

+-- used very often, so we try to suit this case in the first place.

+

+  npGenDet : Number -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = 

+    \n,masha,mashina -> 

+      {s = \\c => case masha.pron of 

+           { True =>  masha.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No (Poss (gNum mashina.g n))) ++ 

+                   mashina.s ! n ! (extCase c)  ;

+             False => masha.s ! (mkPronForm Gen No (Poss (gNum mashina.g n))) ++ 

+                   mashina.s ! n ! (extCase c)  

+           } ;

+       n = n ; p = P3 ;  g = mashina.g ; anim = mashina.anim ; pron = False

+      } ;

+

+--2 Adjectives

+--3 Simple adjectives

+--

+-- A special type of adjectives just having positive forms 

+-- (for semantic reasons)  is useful, e.g. "русский".

+ 

+oper 

+

+  extAdjective : AdjDegr -> Adjective = \adj ->

+    { s = \\af => adj.s ! Pos ! af } ;

+

+  -- Coercions between the compound gen-num type and gender and number:

+

+  gNum : Gender -> Number -> GenNum = \g,n -> 

+    case n of {Sg => case g of 

+                 { Fem => ASg Fem ;

+                   Masc => ASg Masc ;

+                   Neut => ASg Neut 

+                   -- _  => variants {ASg Masc ; ASg Fem}

+                   } ; Pl => APl} ;

+

+

+

+--3 Adjective phrases

+-- 

+-- An adjective phrase may contain a complement, e.g. "моложе Риты".

+-- Then it is used as postfix in modification, e.g. "человек, моложе Риты".

+

+  IsPostfixAdj = Bool ;

+

+  AdjPhrase : Type = Adjective ** {p : IsPostfixAdj} ;

+

+-- Simple adjectives are not postfix:

+

+  adj2adjPhrase : Adjective -> AdjPhrase = \novuj -> novuj ** {p = False} ;

+

+--3 Comparison adjectives

+--

+-- Each of the comparison forms has a characteristic use:

+--

+-- Positive forms are used alone, as adjectival phrases ("большой").

+

+  positAdjPhrase : AdjDegr -> AdjPhrase = \bolshoj -> 

+    adj2adjPhrase (extAdjective bolshoj) ;

+

+-- Comparative forms are used with an object of comparison, as

+-- adjectival phrases ("больше тебя").

+

+  comparAdjPhrase : AdjDegr -> NounPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \bolshoj, tu ->

+    {s = \\af => bolshoj.s ! Comp ! af ++ tu.s ! (mkPronForm Gen Yes NonPoss) ; 

+     p = True

+    } ;

+

+-- Superlative forms are used with a modified noun, picking out the

+-- maximal representative of a domain ("самый большой дом").

+

+  superlNounPhrase : AdjDegr -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \bolshoj, dom ->

+    {s = \\pf => bolshoj.s ! Super ! AF (extCase pf) dom.anim (gNum dom.g Sg) ++ 

+         dom.s  ! Sg ! (extCase pf) ; 

+     n = Sg ;

+     p = P3 ;

+     pron = False;

+     anim = dom.anim ;

+     g = dom.g

+    } ;

+

+

+--3 Two-place adjectives

+--

+-- A two-place adjective is an adjective with a preposition used before

+-- the complement. (Rem. $Complement =  {s2 : Preposition ; c : Case} $).

+

+  

+  AdjCompl = Adjective ** Complement ;

+

+  complAdj : AdjCompl -> NounPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \vlublen,tu ->

+    {s = \\af => vlublen.s ! af ++ vlublen.s2 ++ 

+          tu.s ! (mkPronForm vlublen.c No NonPoss) ;

+     p = True

+    } ;

+

+--3 Complements

+--

+

+  Complement =  {s2 : Preposition ; c : Case} ;

+

+  complement : Str -> Complement = \cherez ->

+    {s2 = cherez ; c = Nom} ;

+

+  complementDir : Complement = complement [] ;

+

+  complementCas : Case -> Complement = \c ->

+    {s2 = [] ; c = c} ;

+

+--2 Individual-valued functions

+

+-- An individual-valued function is a common noun together with the

+-- preposition prefixed to its argument ("ключ от дома").

+-- The situation is analogous to two-place adjectives and transitive verbs.

+--

+-- We allow the genitive construction to be used as a variant of

+-- all function applications. It would definitely be too restrictive only

+-- to allow it when the required case is genitive. We don't know if there

+-- are counterexamples to the liberal choice we've made.

+

+  Function = CommNounPhrase ** Complement ;

+

+

+-- The application of a function gives, in the first place, a common noun:

+-- "ключ от дома". From this, other rules of the resource grammar 

+-- give noun phrases, such as "ключи от дома", "ключи от дома

+-- и от машины", and "ключ от дома и машины" (the

+-- latter two corresponding to distributive and collective functions,

+-- respectively). Semantics will eventually tell when each

+-- of the readings is meaningful.

+

+  appFunComm : Function -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase = \mama,ivan -> 

+     {s = \\n, cas => 

+         mama.s ! n ! cas ++ mama.s2 ++ 

+         ivan.s ! (mkPronForm mama.c No (Poss (gNum mama.g n)));

+       g = mama.g ;

+       anim = mama.anim

+      } ;

+

+-- It is possible to use a function word as a common noun; the semantics is

+-- often existential or indexical.

+

+  funAsCommNounPhrase : Function -> CommNounPhrase = \x -> x ;

+

+  mkFun : CommNoun -> Preposition -> Case -> Function = \f,p,c ->

+    (n2n f) ** {s2 = p ; c = c} ;

+

+-- The following is an aggregate corresponding to the original function application

+-- producing "детство Ивана" and "Иваново детство". It does not appear in the

+-- resource abstract syntax any longer.

+-- Both versions return "детсво Ивана" although "Иваново детство"

+-- must also be included 

+-- Such possesive form is only possible with proper names in Russian :

+

+  appFun : Bool -> Function -> NounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \coll,detstvo, ivan -> 

+    let {n = ivan.n ; nf = if_then_else Number coll Sg n} in 

+    variants {

+      defNounPhrase nf (appFunComm detstvo ivan) ; -- detstvoIvana

+      npGenDet nf ivan detstvo

+      } ;

+

+

+-- The commonest cases are functions with Genitive.

+

+  funGen : CommNoun -> Function = \urovenCen -> 

+    mkFun urovenCen [] Gen ;

+

+--3 Modification of common nouns

+--

+-- The two main functions of adjective are in predication ("Иван - молод")

+-- and in modification ("молодой человек"). Predication will be defined

+-- later, in the chapter on verbs.

+

+  modCommNounPhrase : AdjPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase = 

+    \khoroshij,novayaMashina ->

+    {s = \\n, c => 

+         khoroshij.s ! AF c novayaMashina.anim (gNum novayaMashina.g n) ++ 

+         novayaMashina.s ! n ! c ;

+         g = novayaMashina.g ; 

+         anim = novayaMashina.anim

+     } ;                          

+

+--2 Verbs

+

+--3 Transitive verbs

+--

+-- Transitive verbs are verbs with a preposition for the complement,

+-- in analogy with two-place adjectives and functions.

+-- One might prefer to use the term "2-place verb", since

+-- "transitive" traditionally means that the inherent preposition is empty

+-- and the case is accusative. 

+-- Such a verb is one with a *direct object*.

+-- Note: Direct verb phrases where the Genitive case is also possible 

+-- ("купить хлеба", "не читать газет") are overlooked in mkDirectVerb

+-- and can be expressed via more a general rule mkTransVerb.

+

+  TransVerb : Type = Verb ** {s2 : Preposition ; c: Case } ; 

+

+  complementOfTransVerb : TransVerb -> Complement = \v -> {s2 = v.s2 ; c = v.c} ;

+  verbOfTransVerb       : TransVerb -> Verb   = \v -> 

+    {s = v.s; t = v.t; a = v.a ; v = v.v } ;

+

+  mkTransVerb : Verb -> Preposition  -> Case -> TransVerb = \v,p,cas -> 

+    v ** {s2 = p ; c = cas } ;

+

+  mkDirectVerb : Verb -> TransVerb = \v -> 

+    mkTransVerb v nullPrep Acc;

+

+  nullPrep : Preposition = [] ;

+

+-- The rule for using transitive verbs is the complementization rule:

+

+  complTransVerb : Bool -> TransVerb -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,se,tu ->

+    {s = se.s ; a = se.a ; t = se.t ; v = se.v ; s2 = negation b ;

+     s3 = \\_,_ => se.s2 ++ tu.s ! (mkPronForm se.c No NonPoss) ; 

+     negBefore = True } ;

+

+--3 Verb phrases

+--

+-- Verb phrases are discontinuous: the parts of a verb phrase are

+-- (s) an inflected verb, (s2) verb adverbials (such as negation), and

+-- (s3) complement. This discontinuity is needed in sentence formation

+-- to account for word order variations.

+

+  VerbPhrase : Type = Verb ** {s2 : Str ; s3 : Gender => Number => Str ;

+    negBefore: Bool} ;

+

+-- A simple verb can be made into a verb phrase with an empty complement.

+-- There are two versions, depending on if we want to negate the verb.

+

+  predVerb : Bool -> Verb -> VerbPhrase = \b,vidit -> 

+    vidit ** {

+     s2 = negation b ; 

+     s3 = \\_,_ => [] ;

+     negBefore = True

+     } ;

+

+  negation : Bool -> Str = \b -> if_then_else Str b [] "не" ; 

+

+-- Sometimes we want to extract the verb part of a verb phrase.

+

+  verbOfPhrase : VerbPhrase -> Verb = \v -> 

+    {s = v.s; t = v.t ; a = v.a ; v =v.v} ;

+

+

+-- Verb phrases can also be formed from adjectives ("- молод"),

+-- common nouns ("- человек"), and noun phrases ("- самый молодой").

+-- The third rule is overgenerating: "- каждый человек" has to be ruled out

+-- on semantic grounds.

+-- Note: in some case we can even omit a dash "-"  :

+-- "Я думаю, что это хорошая машина".

+

+  predAdjective : Bool -> Adjective -> VerbPhrase = \b,zloj ->

+    { s= \\_ => "-" ;        

+      t = Present ; 

+      a = Imperfective ;

+      v = Act ;

+      s2 = negation b ; 

+      s3 = \\g,n => case n of {

+          Sg => zloj.s ! AF Nom Animate (ASg g) ;

+          Pl => zloj.s ! AF Nom Animate APl  

+          } ;

+     negBefore = False

+    } ;

+

+  predCommNoun : Bool -> CommNounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,chelovek ->

+   {  s= \\_ => "-" ;        

+      t = Present ; 

+      a = Imperfective ;

+      v = Act ;

+      s2 = negation b ;

+      s3 = \\_,n => (indefNounPhrase n chelovek ).s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss) ;

+      negBefore = False

+     } ;

+

+  predNounPhrase : Bool -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,masha ->

+    { s= \\_ => "-" ;        

+      t = Present ; 

+      a = Imperfective ;

+      v = Act ;

+      s2 = negation b ;

+      s3 = \\_,_ => masha.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss) ;

+      negBefore = False

+    } ;

+

+  -- A function specific for Russian :

+  predNeedShortAdjective: Bool -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> Sentence = 

+     \ b, Jag, Dig -> { s =

+    let {

+      mne  = Jag.s ! (mkPronForm Dat No NonPoss) ; 

+      nuzhen  = need.s ! AF Nom Inanimate (gNum Dig.g Sg)  ;

+      doctor = Dig.s ! Sg ! Nom ;

+      ne = negation b

+    } in

+       mne ++ ne ++ nuzhen ++ doctor 

+    } ;

+

+--2 Adverbials

+--

+  adVerbPhrase : VerbPhrase -> Adverb -> VerbPhrase = \poet, khorosho ->

+    {s = \\vf => khorosho.s ++ poet.s ! vf ; s2 = poet.s2; s3 = poet.s3;

+     a = poet.a; v = poet.v; t = poet.t ; negBefore = poet.negBefore } ;

+                   

+-- Adverbials are typically generated by prefixing prepositions.

+-- The rule for creating locative noun phrases by the preposition "в"

+-- is a little shaky: "в России" but "на острове".

+

+  locativeNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> Adverb = \ivan ->

+    {s = "в" ++ ivan.s ! (mkPronForm Prepos Yes NonPoss) } ;

+

+-- This is a source of the "man with a telescope" ambiguity, and may produce

+-- strange things, like "машины всегда".

+-- Semantics will have to make finer distinctions among adverbials.

+

+  advCommNounPhrase : CommNounPhrase -> Adverb -> CommNounPhrase = \chelovek,uTelevizora ->

+    {s = \\n,c => chelovek.s ! n ! c ++ uTelevizora.s ;

+     g = chelovek.g ;

+     anim = chelovek.anim 

+    } ;

+

+

+--2 Sentences

+--

+-- We do not introduce the word order parameter for sentences in Russian

+-- although there exist several word orders, but they are too specific

+-- to capture on the level we work here. 

+

+oper

+   Sentence : Type = { s : Str } ;

+

+-- This is the traditional $S -> NP VP$ rule. 

+

+    predVerbPhrase : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Sentence = 

+    \Ya, tebyaNeVizhu -> { s =

+       let 

+       { ya = Ya.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss);

+         ne = tebyaNeVizhu.s2;

+         vizhu = tebyaNeVizhu.s ! VFin (gNum Ya.g Ya.n) Ya.p;

+         tebya = tebyaNeVizhu.s3 ! Ya.g ! Ya.n 

+       }

+       in

+       if_then_else Str tebyaNeVizhu.negBefore  

+        (ya ++ ne ++ vizhu ++ tebya)

+        (ya ++ vizhu ++ ne ++ tebya)

+       

+    } ;

+

+  -- A function specific for Russian: 

+  U_predTransVerb : Bool -> TransVerb -> NounPhrase -> NounPhrase -> Sentence = 

+    \b,Ser,Jag,Dig -> { s =

+    let {

+      menya  =  Jag.s ! (mkPronForm Gen Yes NonPoss) ; 

+      bolit  = Ser.s ! VFin (gNum Dig.g Dig.n) Dig.p ;

+      golova = Dig.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss) ;

+      ne = negation b

+    } in

+       "у" ++ menya ++ ne ++ bolit  ++ golova 

+    } ;

+

+

+-- This is a macro for simultaneous predication and complementation.

+

+  predTransVerb : Bool -> TransVerb -> NounPhrase -> NounPhrase -> Sentence = 

+    \b,vizhu,ya,tu -> predVerbPhrase ya (complTransVerb b vizhu tu) ;

+ 

+--3 Sentence-complement verbs

+--

+-- Sentence-complement verbs take sentences as complements.

+

+  SentenceVerb : Type = Verb ;

+

+-- To generate "сказал, что Иван гуляет" / "не сказал, что Иван гуляет":

+

+  complSentVerb : Bool -> SentenceVerb -> Sentence -> VerbPhrase = 

+    \b,vidit,tuUlubaeshsya ->

+    {s = vidit.s ; s2 = negation b ; s3 = \\_,_ => [", что"] ++ 

+     tuUlubaeshsya.s ;

+     t = vidit.t ; v = vidit.v ; a = vidit.a ; negBefore = True } ;

+

+

+--2 Sentences missing noun phrases

+--

+-- This is one instance of Gazdar's *slash categories*, corresponding to his

+-- $S/NP$.

+-- We cannot have - nor would we want to have - a productive slash-category former.

+-- Perhaps a handful more will be needed.

+--

+-- Notice that the slash category has the same relation to sentences as

+-- transitive verbs have to verbs: it's like a *sentence taking a complement*.

+

+  SentenceSlashNounPhrase = Sentence ** Complement ;

+

+  slashTransVerb : Bool -> NounPhrase -> TransVerb -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase = 

+    \b,ivan,lubit ->

+    predVerbPhrase ivan (predVerb b (verbOfTransVerb lubit)) ** 

+    complementOfTransVerb lubit ;

+

+

+--2 Coordination

+--

+-- Coordination is to some extent orthogonal to the rest of syntax, and

+-- has been treated in a generic way in the module $CO$ in the file

+-- $coordination.gf$. The overall structure is independent of category,

+-- but there can be differences in parameter dependencies.

+--

+--3 Conjunctions

+--

+-- Coordinated phrases are built by using conjunctions, which are either

+-- simple ("и", "или") or distributed ("как - так", "либо - либо").

+--

+-- The conjunction has an inherent number, which is used when conjoining

+-- noun phrases: "Иван и Маша поют" vs. "Иван или Маша поет"; in the

+-- case of "или", the result is however plural if any of the disjuncts is.

+

+  Conjunction = CO.Conjunction ** {n : Number} ;

+  ConjunctionDistr = CO.ConjunctionDistr ** {n : Number} ;

+

+--2 Relative pronouns and relative clauses

+--

+

+oper

+  identRelPron : RelPron = { s  = \\gn, c, anim => 

+     kotorujDet.s ! (AF c anim gn )} ;

+

+  funRelPron : Function -> RelPron -> RelPron = \mama, kotoruj -> 

+    {s = \\gn,c, anim => let {nu = numGNum gn} in

+           mama.s ! nu ! c ++  

+           mama.s2 ++ kotoruj.s !  gn ! mama.c ! anim

+    } ;

+

+-- Relative clauses can be formed from both verb phrases ("видит Машу") and

+-- slash expressions ("я вижу"). 

+

+  RelClause : Type = RelPron ;

+

+  relVerbPhrase : RelPron -> VerbPhrase -> RelClause = \kotoruj, gulyaet ->

+    { s = \\gn, c, anim =>  let { nu = numGNum gn } in

+      kotoruj.s ! gn ! c ! anim ++ gulyaet.s2 ++ gulyaet.s ! VFin gn P3 ++ 

+       gulyaet.s3 ! genGNum gn ! nu

+    } ;

+

+  relSlash : RelPron -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase -> RelClause = 

+   \kotoruj, yaVizhu ->

+    {s = \\gn, _ , anim => yaVizhu.s2 ++ kotoruj.s ! gn ! yaVizhu.c ! anim 

+         ++ yaVizhu.s 

+    } ;

+

+-- A 'degenerate' relative clause is the one often used in mathematics, e.g.

+-- "число x, такое что x - четное".

+

+  relSuch : Sentence -> RelClause = \A ->

+    {s = \\gn,c, anim => takoj.s ! AF c anim gn ++ "что" ++ A.s } ;

+

+-- The main use of relative clauses is to modify common nouns.

+-- The result is a common noun, out of which noun phrases can be formed

+-- by determiners. A comma is used before the relative clause.

+

+  modRelClause : CommNounPhrase -> RelClause -> CommNounPhrase = 

+    \chelovek,kotorujSmeetsya ->

+    { s = \\n,c => chelovek.s ! n ! c ++ "," ++ 

+           kotorujSmeetsya.s ! gNum chelovek.g n ! Nom ! chelovek.anim;

+      g = chelovek.g ;

+      anim = chelovek.anim

+    } ;

+

+

+--2 Interrogative pronouns

+--

+-- If relative pronouns are adjective-like, interrogative pronouns are

+-- noun-phrase-like. Actually we can use the very same type!

+

+  IntPron : Type = NounPhrase ; 

+

+-- In analogy with relative pronouns, we have a rule for applying a function

+-- to a relative pronoun to create a new one. We can reuse the rule applying

+-- functions to noun phrases!

+

+  funIntPron : Function -> IntPron -> IntPron = 

+    appFun False ; 

+

+-- There is a variety of simple interrogative pronouns:

+-- "какая машина", "кто", "что".

+

+  nounIntPron : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> IntPron = \n, x ->

+    detNounPhrase (kakojDet ** {n = n;  c= Nom}) x ;

+

+  intPronKto : Number -> IntPron = \num -> 

+  { s = table {

+    PF Nom _ _ => "кто"  ; 

+    PF Gen _ _ => "кого" ;

+    PF Dat _  _ => "кому" ; 

+    PF Acc _ _ => "кого" ; 

+    PF Inst _ _ => "кем" ;

+    PF Prepos _ _ => ["о ком"] 

+    } ;

+    g = Masc ;

+    anim = Animate ;

+    n = num ;

+    p = P3  ;

+    pron = False

+  } ;

+ 

+

+

+  intPronChto : Number -> IntPron = \num -> 

+  { s = table {

+    PF Nom _ _ => "что"  ; 

+    PF Gen _ _ => "чего" ;

+    PF Dat _ _ => "чему" ; 

+    PF Acc _ _ => "что" ; 

+    PF Inst _ _ => "чем" ;

+    PF Prepos _ _=> ["о чем"] 

+    } ;

+    g = Neut ;

+    anim = Inanimate ;

+    n = num ;

+    p = P3  ;

+    pron = False

+  } ;

+

+

+--2 Utterances

+

+-- By utterances we mean whole phrases, such as 

+-- 'can be used as moves in a language game': indicatives, questions, imperative,

+-- and one-word utterances. The rules are far from complete.

+--

+-- N.B. we have not included rules for texts, which we find we cannot say much

+-- about on this level. In semantically rich GF grammars, texts, dialogues, etc, 

+-- will of course play an important role as categories not reducible to utterances.

+-- An example is proof texts, whose semantics show a dependence between premises

+-- and conclusions. Another example is intersentential anaphora.

+

+  Utterance = SS ;

+

+  indicUtt : Sentence -> Utterance = \x -> postfixSS "." (defaultSentence x) ;

+  interrogUtt : Question -> Utterance = \x -> postfixSS "?" (defaultQuestion x) ;

+

+--2 Questions

+--

+-- Questions are either direct ("Ты счастлив?") 

+-- or indirect ("Потом он спросил счастлив ли ты").

+

+param 

+  QuestForm = DirQ | IndirQ ;

+

+oper

+  Question = SS1 QuestForm ;

+

+--3 Yes-no questions 

+--

+-- Yes-no questions are used both independently ("Ты взял мяч?")

+-- and after interrogative adverbials ("Почему ты взял мяч?").

+

+-- Note: The particle "ли" can also be used in direct questions:

+-- Видел ли ты что-нибудь подобное?

+-- but we are not considering this case.

+

+  questVerbPhrase : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Question = 

+  \tu,spish -> 

+    let { vu = tu.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss); 

+         spish = spish.s ! VFin (gNum tu.g tu.n) tu.p 

+              ++ spish.s2 ++ spish.s3 ! tu.g ! tu.n } in

+     { s = table {

+       DirQ   =>  vu ++ spish  ;

+       IndirQ => spish ++ "ли" ++ vu 

+      }

+    } ;

+

+--3 Wh-questions

+--

+-- Wh-questions are of two kinds: ones that are like $NP - VP$ sentences,

+-- others that are like $S/NP - NP$ sentences.

+

+  intVerbPhrase : IntPron -> VerbPhrase -> Question = \kto,spit ->

+    {s = table { _  => (predVerbPhrase kto spit).s }

+    } ;

+

+  intSlash : IntPron -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase -> Question = \Kto, yaGovoru ->

+    let {  kom = Kto.s ! (mkPronForm yaGovoru.c No NonPoss) ; o = yaGovoru.s2 } in

+    {s = table {  _ => o ++ kom ++ yaGovoru.s  } 

+    } ;

+

+--3 Interrogative adverbials

+--

+-- These adverbials will be defined in the lexicon: they include

+-- "когда", "где", "как", "почему", etc, which are all invariant one-word

+-- expressions. In addition, they can be formed by adding prepositions

+-- to interrogative pronouns, in the same way as adverbials are formed

+-- from noun phrases. N.B. we rely on record subtyping when ignoring the

+-- position component.

+

+  IntAdverb = SS ;

+

+-- A question adverbial can be applied to anything, and whether this makes

+-- sense is a semantic question.

+

+  questAdverbial : IntAdverb -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Question = 

+    \kak, tu, pozhivaesh ->

+    {s = \\q => kak.s ++ tu.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss) ++ 

+       pozhivaesh.s2 ++ pozhivaesh.s ! VFin (gNum tu.g tu.n) tu.p ++ 

+       pozhivaesh.s3 ! tu.g ! tu.n } ; 

+ 

+--2 Imperatives

+--

+-- We only consider second-person imperatives. 

+

+  Imperative: Type = { s: Gender => Number => Str } ;

+

+  imperVerbPhrase : VerbPhrase -> Imperative = \budGotov -> 

+    {s = \\g, n => budGotov.s ! VImper n P2 ++ budGotov.s2 ++ budGotov.s3 ! g ! n} ;  

+

+  imperUtterance : Gender -> Number -> Imperative -> Utterance = \g,n,I ->

+    ss (I.s ! g ! n ++ "!") ;

+

+--3 Coordinating sentences

+--

+-- We need a category of lists of sentences. It is a discontinuous

+-- category, the parts corresponding to 'init' and 'last' segments

+-- (rather than 'head' and 'tail', because we have to keep track of the slot between

+-- the last two elements of the list). A list has at least two elements.

+

+  ListSentence : Type = SD2 ;

+

+  twoSentence : (_,_ : Sentence) -> ListSentence = CO.twoSS ;

+

+  consSentence : ListSentence -> Sentence -> ListSentence =

+    CO.consSS CO.comma ;

+

+-- To coordinate a list of sentences by a simple conjunction, we place

+-- it between the last two elements; commas are put in the other slots,

+-- e.g. "ты куришь, вы пьете и я ем".

+

+  conjunctSentence : Conjunction -> ListSentence -> Sentence = \c,xs ->

+    ss (CO.conjunctX c xs) ;

+

+-- To coordinate a list of sentences by a distributed conjunction, we place

+-- the first part (e.g. "как") in front of the first element, the second

+-- part ("так и") between the last two elements, and commas in the other slots.

+-- For sentences this is really not used.

+

+  conjunctDistrSentence : ConjunctionDistr -> ListSentence -> Sentence = 

+    \c,xs ->

+    ss (CO.conjunctDistrX c xs) ;

+

+--3 Coordinating adjective phrases

+--

+-- The structure is the same as for sentences. The result is a prefix adjective

+-- if and only if all elements are prefix.

+

+  ListAdjPhrase : Type = 

+    {s1,s2 : AdjForm => Str ; p : Bool} ;

+

+  twoAdjPhrase : (_,_ : AdjPhrase) -> ListAdjPhrase = \x,y ->

+    CO.twoTable AdjForm x y ** {p = andB x.p y.p} ;

+

+  consAdjPhrase : ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase -> ListAdjPhrase =  \xs,x ->

+    CO.consTable AdjForm CO.comma xs x ** {p = andB xs.p x.p} ;

+

+  conjunctAdjPhrase : Conjunction -> ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \c,xs ->

+    CO.conjunctTable AdjForm c xs ** {p = xs.p} ;

+

+  conjunctDistrAdjPhrase : ConjunctionDistr -> ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \c,xs ->

+    CO.conjunctDistrTable AdjForm c xs ** {p = xs.p} ;

+

+

+--3 Coordinating noun phrases

+--

+-- The structure is the same as for sentences. The result is either always plural

+-- or plural if any of the components is, depending on the conjunction.

+

+  ListNounPhrase : Type = { s1,s2 : PronForm => Str ; g: Gender ; 

+                   anim : Animacy ; n : Number ; p : Person ;  pron : Bool } ;

+

+  twoNounPhrase : (_,_ : NounPhrase) -> ListNounPhrase = \x,y ->

+    CO.twoTable PronForm x y ** {n = conjNumber x.n y.n ; 

+       g = conjGender x.g y.g ; p = conjPerson x.p y.p ;

+       pron = conjPron x.pron y.pron ; anim = conjAnim x.anim y.anim } ;

+

+  consNounPhrase : ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase -> ListNounPhrase =  \xs,x ->

+    CO.consTable PronForm CO.comma xs x ** 

+       {n = conjNumber xs.n x.n ; g = conjGender x.g xs.g ;

+          anim = conjAnim x.anim xs.anim ;

+          p = conjPerson xs.p x.p; pron = conjPron xs.pron x.pron} ;

+

+  conjunctNounPhrase : Conjunction -> ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \c,xs ->

+    CO.conjunctTable PronForm c xs ** {n = conjNumber c.n xs.n ;

+      anim = xs.anim ;

+       p = xs.p; g = xs.g ; pron = xs.pron} ;

+

+  conjunctDistrNounPhrase : ConjunctionDistr -> ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = 

+    \c,xs ->

+    CO.conjunctDistrTable PronForm c xs ** {n = conjNumber c.n xs.n ; 

+      p = xs.p ; pron = xs.pron ; anim = xs.anim ; 

+       g = xs.g } ;

+

+-- We have to define a calculus of numbers of persons. For numbers,

+-- it is like the conjunction with $Pl$ corresponding to $False$.

+

+  conjNumber : Number -> Number -> Number = \m,n -> case <m,n> of {

+    <Sg,Sg> => Sg ;

+    _ => Pl 

+    } ;

+

+-- For persons, we let the latter argument win ("либо ты, либо я пойду"

+-- but "либо я, либо ты пойдешь"). This is not quite clear.

+

+  conjPerson : Person -> Person -> Person = \_,p -> 

+    p ;

+

+-- For pron, we let the latter argument win - "Маша или моя мама" (Nominative case)

+-- but - "моей или Машина мама" (Genetive case) both corresponds to 

+-- "Masha's or my mother"), which is actually not exactly correct, since

+-- different cases should be used - "Машина или моя мама".

+

+  conjPron : Bool -> Bool -> Bool = \_,p -> 

+    p ;

+

+-- For gender in a similar manner as for person:

+-- Needed for adjective predicates like:

+-- "Маша или Оля - красивая", "Антон или Олег - красивый",

+-- "Маша или Олег - красивый".

+-- The later is not totally correct, but there is no correct way to say that.

+

+  conjGender : Gender -> Gender -> Gender = \_,m -> m ; 

+

+  conjAnim : Animacy -> Animacy -> Animacy = \_,m -> m ; 

+

+--2 Subjunction

+--

+-- Subjunctions ("когда", "если", etc) 

+-- are a different way to combine sentences than conjunctions.

+-- The main clause can be a sentence, an imperative, or a question,

+-- but the subjoined clause must be a sentence.

+--

+-- There are uniformly two variant word orders, e.g. 

+-- "если ты закуришь, я рассержусь"

+-- and "я рассержусь, если ты закуришь".

+

+  Subjunction = SS ;

+

+  subjunctSentence : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Sentence -> Sentence = 

+    \if, A, B -> 

+    ss (subjunctVariants if A.s B.s) ;

+

+  subjunctImperative : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Imperative -> Imperative = 

+    \if, A, B -> 

+    {s = \\g,n => subjunctVariants if A.s (B.s ! g ! n)} ;

+

+  subjunctQuestion : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Question -> Question = 

+    \if, A, B ->

+    {s = \\q => subjunctVariants if A.s (B.s ! q)} ;

+

+  subjunctVariants : Subjunction -> Str -> Str -> Str = \if,A,B ->

+    variants {if.s ++ A ++ "," ++ B ; B ++ "," ++ if.s ++ A} ;

+

+--2 One-word utterances

+-- 

+-- An utterance can consist of one phrase of almost any category, 

+-- the limiting case being one-word utterances. These

+-- utterances are often (but not always) in what can be called the

+-- default form of a category, e.g. the nominative.

+-- This list is far from exhaustive.

+

+  useNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> Utterance = \masha ->

+    postfixSS "." (defaultNounPhrase masha) ;

+

+  useCommonNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> Utterance = \n,mashina -> 

+    useNounPhrase (indefNounPhrase n mashina) ;

+

+  useRegularName : Gender -> SS -> NounPhrase = \g, masha -> 

+    nameNounPhrase (case g of { Masc => mkProperNameMasc masha.s Animate;

+        _ => mkProperNameFem masha.s Animate }) ;

+

+-- Here are some default forms.

+

+  defaultNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> SS = \masha -> 

+    ss (masha.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss) ;

+

+  defaultQuestion : Question -> SS = \ktoTu ->

+    ss (ktoTu.s ! DirQ) ;

+

+  defaultSentence : Sentence -> Utterance = \x -> 

+    x ;

+};