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authoraarne <aarne@chalmers.se>2009-06-22 15:39:08 +0000
committeraarne <aarne@chalmers.se>2009-06-22 15:39:08 +0000
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treec7d46bbd0494043b4bd6f917a25a7687517d0547 /next-lib/src/danish/ParadigmsDan.gf
parent3049b59b35b25381a7c6787444165c200d66e08b (diff)
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---# -path=.:../scandinavian:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
-
---1 Danish Lexical Paradigms
---
--- Aarne Ranta 2005 - 2006
---
--- This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
--- for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
--- expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
---
--- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
--- accessed through the resource syntax API, $Structural.gf$.
---
--- The main difference with $MorphoDan.gf$ is that the types
--- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
--- had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
--- than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
---
--- The structure of functions for each word class $C$ is the following:
--- first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
--- regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function $mkC$, which serves as an
--- escape to construct the most irregular words of type $C$.
--- However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
--- separate module [``IrregDan`` ../../danish/IrregDan.gf],
--- which haves a list of irregular verbs.
-
-resource ParadigmsDan =
- open
- (Predef=Predef),
- Prelude,
- CommonScand,
- ResDan,
- MorphoDan,
- CatDan in {
-
---2 Parameters
---
--- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
-
-oper
- Gender : Type ;
-
- utrum : Gender ;
- neutrum : Gender ;
-
--- To abstract over number names, we define the following.
-
- Number : Type ;
-
- singular : Number ;
- plural : Number ;
-
--- To abstract over case names, we define the following.
-
- Case : Type ;
-
- nominative : Case ;
- genitive : Case ;
-
--- Prepositions used in many-argument functions are just strings.
-
- mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
- noPrep : Prep ; -- empty string
-
---2 Nouns
-
- mkN : overload {
-
--- The regular function takes the singular indefinite form
--- and computes the other forms and the gender by a heuristic.
--- The heuristic is that all nouns are $utrum$ with the
--- plural ending "er" or "r".
-
- mkN : (bil : Str) -> N ;
-
--- Giving gender manually makes the heuristic more reliable.
-
- mkN : (hus : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- This function takes the singular indefinite and definite forms; the
--- gender is computed from the definite form.
-
- mkN : (bil,bilen : Str) -> N ;
-
--- This function takes the singular indefinite and definite and the plural
--- indefinite
-
- mkN : (bil,bilen,biler : Str) -> N ;
-
--- Worst case: give all four forms. The gender is computed from the
--- last letter of the second form (if "n", then $utrum$, otherwise $neutrum$).
-
- mkN : (dreng,drengen,drenge,drengene : Str) -> N ;
- } ;
-
-
-
-
---3 Compound nouns
---
--- All the functions above work quite as well to form compound nouns,
--- such as "fodbold".
-
-
---3 Relational nouns
---
--- Relational nouns ("datter til x") need a preposition.
-
- mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
-
--- The most common preposition is "af", and the following is a
--- shortcut for regular relational nouns with "af".
-
- regN2 : Str -> Gender -> N2 ;
-
--- Use the function $mkPrep$ or see the section on prepositions below to
--- form other prepositions.
---
--- Three-place relational nouns ("forbindelse fra x til y")
--- need two prepositions.
-
- mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
-
-
---3 Relational common noun phrases
---
--- In some cases, you may want to make a complex $CN$ into a
--- relational noun (e.g. "tidligere kone til"). However, $N2$ and
--- $N3$ are purely lexical categories. But you can use the $AdvCN$
--- and $PrepNP$ constructions to build phrases like this.
-
---
---3 Proper names and noun phrases
---
--- Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
-
- mkPN : overload {
- mkPN : Str -> PN ; -- utrum
- mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ;
- mkPN : N -> PN ;
- } ;
-
-
---2 Adjectives
-
--- The regular pattern works for many adjectives, e.g. those ending
--- with "ig". Two, five, or at worst five forms are sometimes needed.
-
- mkA : overload {
- mkA : (fin : Str) -> A ;
- mkA : (fin,fint : Str) -> A ;
- mkA : (galen,galet,galne : Str) -> A ;
- mkA : (stor,stort,store,storre,storst : Str) -> A ;
-
--- If comparison is formed by "mer", "mest", as in general for
--- long adjective, the following pattern is used:
-
- mkA : A -> A ; -- -/mer/mest norsk
- } ;
-
---3 Two-place adjectives
---
--- Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
-
- mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
-
-
-
---2 Adverbs
-
--- Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
--- after the verb. Some can be close to the verb like the negation
--- "ikke" (e.g. "altid").
-
- mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
- mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
-
--- Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
-
- mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
-
-
---2 Verbs
---
-
- mkV : overload {
-
--- The 'regular verb' function is the first conjugation.
-
- mkV : (snakke : Str) -> V ;
-
--- The almost regular verb function needs the infinitive and the preteritum.
-
- mkV : (leve,levde : Str) -> V ;
-
--- There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module $IrregDan$.
--- In practice, it is enough to give three forms, as in school books.
-
- mkV : (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -> V ;
-
--- The worst case needs six forms.
-
- mkV : (spise,spiser,spises,spiste,spist,spis : Str) -> V ;
-
-
---3 Verbs with a particle.
---
--- The particle, such as in "lukke op", is given as a string.
-
- mkV : V -> Str -> V ;
- } ;
-
-
-
---3 Verbs with 'være' as auxiliary
---
--- By default, the auxiliary is "have". This function changes it to "være".
-
- vaereV : V -> V ;
-
-
-
-
---3 Deponent verbs
---
--- Some words are used in passive forms only, e.g. "undres", some as
--- reflexive e.g. "forestille sig".
-
- depV : V -> V ;
- reflV : V -> V ;
-
-
---3 Two-place verbs
---
--- Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
--- (transitive verbs). Notice that, if a particle is needed, it comes from the $V$.
-
- mkV2 : overload {
- mkV2 : Str -> V2 ;
- mkV2 : V -> V2 ;
- mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
- } ;
-
-
---3 Three-place verbs
---
--- Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
--- the first one or both can be absent.
-
- mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- snakke, med, om
- dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- give,_,til
- dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- give,_,_
-
---3 Other complement patterns
---
--- Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
--- questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
-
- mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
- mkVS : V -> VS ;
- mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
- mkVV : V -> VV ;
- mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
- mkVA : V -> VA ;
- mkV2A : V -> Prep -> V2A ;
- mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
- mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
-
- mkAS : A -> AS ;
- mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
- mkAV : A -> AV ;
- mkA2V : A -> Prep -> A2V ;
-
--- Notice: categories $AS, A2S, AV, A2V$ are just $A$,
--- and the second argument is given as an adverb..
--- $V0$ is just $V$.
-
- V0 : Type ;
- AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
-
---.
-
---2 Definitions of the paradigms
---
--- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
--- hidden from the document.
-
-
- Gender = MorphoDan.Gender ;
- Number = MorphoDan.Number ;
- Case = MorphoDan.Case ;
- utrum = Utr ;
- neutrum = Neutr ;
- singular = Sg ;
- plural = Pl ;
- nominative = Nom ;
- genitive = Gen ;
-
- Preposition : Type = Str ; -- obsolete
-
- mkPreposition : Str -> Prep ; -- obsolete
- mkPreposition = mkPrep ;
-
- mkPrep p = {s = p ; lock_Prep = <>} ;
- noPrep = mkPrep [] ;
-
- mk4N x y z u = mkSubstantive x y z u ** {g = extNGen y ; lock_N = <>} ;
-
- regN x = regGenN x Utr ;
-
- regGenN x g = case last x of {
- "e" => case g of {
- Utr => mk4N x (x + "n") (x + "r") (x + "rne") ;
- Neutr => mk4N x (x + "t") (x + "r") (init x + "ene")
- } ;
- _ => case g of {
- Utr => mk4N x (x + "en") (x + "er") (x + "erne") ;
- Neutr => mk4N x (x + "et") (x + "") (x + "ene")
- }
- } ;
-
-
- mk2N x y = case last y of {
- "n" => mk3N x y (init y + "r") ;
- _ => mk3N x y x
- } ;
-
- mk3N x y z = let u = ifTok Str x z "ene" "ne" in mk4N x y z (z + u) ;
-
- mkN2 = \n,p -> n ** {lock_N2 = <> ; c2 = mkComplement p.s} ;
- regN2 n g = mkN2 (regGenN n g) (mkPreposition "av") ;
- mkN3 = \n,p,q -> n ** {lock_N3 = <> ; c2 = mkComplement p.s ; c3 = mkComplement q.s} ;
-
- mk2PN n g = {s = \\c => mkCase c n ; g = g} ** {lock_PN = <>} ;
- regPN n = mk2PN n utrum ;
- nounPN n = {s = n.s ! singular ! Indef ; g = n.g ; lock_PN = <>} ;
-
--- To form a noun phrase that can also be plural and have an irregular
--- genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
-
- makeNP : Str -> Str -> Number -> Gender -> NP ;
- makeNP x y n g =
- {s = table {NPPoss _ => x ; _ => y} ; a = agrP3 g n ;
- lock_NP = <>} ;
-
- mk3A = mk3ADeg ;
- mk2A a b = mk3A a b (a + "e") ;
- regA a = (regADeg a) ** {lock_A = <>} ;
-
- mkA2 a p = a ** {c2 = mkComplement p.s ; lock_A2 = <>} ;
-
- mkADeg a b c d e = mkAdject a b c d e ** {isComp = False ; lock_A = <>} ;
-
- regADeg a = case Predef.dp 2 a of {
- "sk" => aRask a ;
- _ => case last a of {
- "t" => aAbstrakt a ;
- _ => aRod a
- }} ** {isComp = False ; lock_A = <>} ;
-
- irregADeg a b c = mkAdject a (a + "t") (a + "e") b c **
- {isComp = False ; lock_A = <>} ;
- mk3ADeg a b c = mkAdject a b c (c + "re") (c + "st") **
- {isComp = False ; lock_A = <>} ;
- mk2ADeg a b = mkAdject a b (a + "e") (a + "ere") (a + "est") **
- {isComp = False ; lock_A = <>} ;
-
- compoundA adj = {s = adj.s ; isComp = True ; lock_A = <>} ;
-
- mkAdv x = ss x ** {lock_Adv = <>} ;
- mkAdV x = ss x ** {lock_AdV = <>} ;
- mkAdA x = ss x ** {lock_AdA = <>} ;
-
- mk6V a b c d e f = mkVerb6 a b c d e f **
- {part = [] ; vtype = VAct ; lock_V = <> ; isVaere = False} ;
-
- regV a = case last a of {
- "e" => vHusk (init a) ;
- _ => vBo a
- } ** {part = [] ; vtype = VAct ; isVaere = False ; lock_V = <>} ;
-
- mk2V a b = regVerb a b **
- {part = [] ; vtype = VAct ; isVaere = False ; lock_V = <>} ;
-
- irregV =
- \drikke,drakk,drukket ->
- let
- drikk = case last drikke of {
- "e" => init drikke ;
- _ => drikke
- } ;
- drikker = case last (init drikke) of {
- "r" => init drikke ;
- _ => drikke + "r"
- }
- in
- mk6V drikke drikker (drikke + "s") drakk drukket (mkImper drikk) ;
-
- vaereV v = {
- s = v.s ;
- part = [] ;
- vtype = v.vtype ;
- isVaere = True ;
- lock_V = <>
- } ;
-
- partV v p = {
- s = v.s ;
- part = p ;
- vtype = v.vtype ;
- isVaere = v.isVaere ;
- lock_V = <>
- } ;
-
- depV v = {
- s = v.s ; part = v.part ; vtype = VPass ; isVaere = False ; lock_V = <>
- } ;
- reflV v = {
- s = v.s ; part = v.part ; vtype = VRefl ; isVaere = False ; lock_V = <>
- } ;
-
- mk2V2 v p = v ** {c2 = mkComplement p.s ; lock_V2 = <>} ;
- dirV2 v = mk2V2 v (mkPrep []) ;
-
- mkV3 v p q = v ** {c2 = mkComplement p.s ; c3 = mkComplement q.s ; lock_V3 = <>} ;
- dirV3 v p = mkV3 v noPrep p ;
- dirdirV3 v = dirV3 v noPrep ;
-
- mkV0 v = v ** {lock_V0 = <>} ;
- mkVS v = v ** {lock_VS = <>} ;
- mkV2S v p = mk2V2 v p ** {lock_V2S = <>} ;
- mkVV v = v ** {c2 = mkComplement "at" ; lock_VV = <>} ;
- mkV2V v p t = mk2V2 v p ** {c3 = mkComplement "at" ; lock_V2V = <>} ;
- mkVA v = v ** {lock_VA = <>} ;
- mkV2A v p = mk2V2 v p ** {lock_V2A = <>} ;
- mkVQ v = v ** {lock_VQ = <>} ;
- mkV2Q v p = mk2V2 v p ** {lock_V2Q = <>} ;
-
- mkAS v = v ** {lock_A = <>} ;
- mkA2S v p = mkA2 v p ** {lock_A = <>} ;
- mkAV v = v ** {lock_A = <>} ;
- mkA2V v p = mkA2 v p ** {lock_A = <>} ;
-
- V0 : Type = V ;
- AS, A2S, AV : Type = A ;
- A2V : Type = A2 ;
-
----------------
-
- mkN = overload {
- mkN : Str -> N = regN ;
- mkN : Str -> Gender -> N = regGenN ;
- mkN : (bil,bilen : Str) -> N = mk2N ;
- mkN : (bil,bilen,biler : Str) -> N = mk3N ;
- mkN : (dreng,drengen,drenge,drengene : Str) -> N = mk4N ;
- } ;
-
-
- regN : Str -> N ;
- regGenN : Str -> Gender -> N ;
- mk2N : (bil,bilen : Str) -> N ;
- mk3N : (bil,bilen,biler : Str) -> N ;
- mk4N : (dreng,drengen,drenge,drengene : Str) -> N ;
-
- mkPN = overload {
- mkPN : Str -> PN = regPN ; -- masculine
- mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN = mk2PN ;
- mkPN : N -> PN = nounPN ;
- } ;
-
- regPN : Str -> PN ; -- utrum
- mk2PN : Str -> Gender -> PN ;
- nounPN : N -> PN ;
-
- mkA = overload {
- mkA : (fin : Str) -> A = regADeg ;
- mkA : (fin,fint : Str) -> A = mk2ADeg ;
- mkA : (galen,galet,galne : Str) -> A = mk3ADeg ;
- mkA : (stor,stort,store,storre,storst : Str) -> A = mkADeg ;
- mkA : A -> A = compoundA ; -- -/mer/mest norsk
- } ;
-
- mk3A : (galen,galet,galne : Str) -> A ;
- regA : Str -> A ;
- mk2A : (stor,stort : Str) -> A ;
- mkADeg : (stor,stort,store,storre,storst : Str) -> A ;
- regADeg : Str -> A ;
- irregADeg : (tung,tyngre,tyngst : Str) -> A ;
- mk3ADeg : (galen,galet,galne : Str) -> A ;
- mk2ADeg : (bred,bredt : Str) -> A ;
- compoundA : A -> A ; -- -/mer/mest norsk
-
- mkV = overload {
- mkV : (snakke : Str) -> V = regV ;
- mkV : (leve,levde : Str) -> V = mk2V ;
- mkV : (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -> V = irregV ;
- mkV : (spise,spiser,spises,spiste,spist,spis : Str) -> V = mk6V ;
- mkV : V -> Str -> V = partV ;
- } ;
-
-
- regV : (snakke : Str) -> V ;
- mk2V : (leve,levde : Str) -> V ;
- irregV : (drikke, drakk, drukket : Str) -> V ;
- mk6V : (spise,spiser,spises,spiste,spist,spis : Str) -> V ;
- partV : V -> Str -> V ;
-
- mkV2 = overload {
- mkV2 : Str -> V2 = \s -> dirV2 (regV s) ;
- mkV2 : V -> V2 = dirV2 ;
- mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 = mk2V2 ;
- } ;
-
- mk2V2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
- dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
-
-} ;