diff options
| author | aarne <aarne@chalmers.se> | 2009-06-22 15:39:08 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | aarne <aarne@chalmers.se> | 2009-06-22 15:39:08 +0000 |
| commit | e89fdae2fa1626348d8025824a7469252fa85e42 (patch) | |
| tree | c7d46bbd0494043b4bd6f917a25a7687517d0547 /next-lib/src/english/ParadigmsEng.gf | |
| parent | 3049b59b35b25381a7c6787444165c200d66e08b (diff) | |
next-lib renamed to lib, lib to old-lib
Diffstat (limited to 'next-lib/src/english/ParadigmsEng.gf')
| -rw-r--r-- | next-lib/src/english/ParadigmsEng.gf | 700 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 700 deletions
diff --git a/next-lib/src/english/ParadigmsEng.gf b/next-lib/src/english/ParadigmsEng.gf deleted file mode 100644 index 97d597965..000000000 --- a/next-lib/src/english/ParadigmsEng.gf +++ /dev/null @@ -1,700 +0,0 @@ ---# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude:../common - ---1 English Lexical Paradigms --- --- Aarne Ranta 2003--2005 --- --- This is an API for the user of the resource grammar --- for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming --- expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs. --- --- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are --- accessed through the resource syntax API, $Structural.gf$. --- --- The main difference with $MorphoEng.gf$ is that the types --- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover --- had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather --- than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms. --- --- The structure of functions for each word class $C$ is the following: --- first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all --- regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function $mkC$, which serves as an --- escape to construct the most irregular words of type $C$. --- However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a --- separate module [``IrregEng`` ../../english/IrregEng.gf], --- which covers irregular verbss. - -resource ParadigmsEng = open - (Predef=Predef), - Prelude, - MorphoEng, - ResEng, - CatEng - in { ---2 Parameters --- --- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. - -oper - Gender : Type ; - - human : Gender ; - nonhuman : Gender ; - masculine : Gender ; - feminine : Gender ; - --- To abstract over number names, we define the following. - - Number : Type ; - - singular : Number ; - plural : Number ; - --- To abstract over case names, we define the following. - - Case : Type ; - - nominative : Case ; - genitive : Case ; - --- Prepositions are used in many-argument functions for rection. --- The resource category $Prep$ is used. - - - ---2 Nouns - --- Nouns are constructed by the function $mkN$, which takes a varying --- number of arguments. - - mkN : overload { - --- The regular function captures the variants for nouns ending with --- "s","sh","x","z" or "y": "kiss - kisses", "flash - flashes"; --- "fly - flies" (but "toy - toys"), - - mkN : (flash : Str) -> N ; - --- In practice the worst case is to give singular and plural nominative. - - mkN : (man,men : Str) -> N ; - --- The theoretical worst case: give all four forms. - - mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ; - --- Change gender from the default $nonhuman$. - - mkN : Gender -> N -> N ; - ---3 Compound nouns --- --- A compound noun is an uninflected string attached to an inflected noun, --- such as "baby boom", "chief executive officer". - - mkN : Str -> N -> N - } ; - - ---3 Relational nouns - - mkN2 : overload { - mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ; -- access to - mkN2 : N -> Str -> N2 ; -- access to - mkN2 : Str -> Str -> N2 ; -- access to - mkN2 : N -> N2 ; -- wife of - mkN2 : Str -> N2 -- daughter of - } ; - --- Use the function $mkPrep$ or see the section on prepositions below to --- form other prepositions. --- --- Three-place relational nouns ("the connection from x to y") need two prepositions. - - mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ; - - - ---3 Proper names and noun phrases --- --- Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed from strings. - - mkPN : overload { - - mkPN : Str -> PN ; - --- Sometimes a common noun can be reused as a proper name, e.g. "Bank" - - mkPN : N -> PN - } ; - ---3 Determiners and quantifiers - - mkQuant : overload { - mkQuant : (this, these : Str) -> Quant ; - mkQuant : (no_sg, no_pl, none_sg, non_pl : Str) -> Quant ; - } ; - - mkOrd : Str -> Ord ; - ---2 Adjectives - - mkA : overload { - --- For regular adjectives, the adverbial and comparison forms are derived. This holds --- even for cases with the variations "happy - happily - happier - happiest", --- "free - freely - freer - freest", and "rude - rudest". - - mkA : (happy : Str) -> A ; - --- However, the duplication of the final consonant cannot be predicted, --- but a separate case is used to give the comparative - - mkA : (fat,fatter : Str) -> A ; - --- As many as four forms may be needed. - - mkA : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> A - } ; - --- Regular comparison is formed by "more - most" for words with two vowels separated --- and terminated by some other letters. To force this or the opposite, --- the following can be used: - - compoundA : A -> A ; -- -/more/most ditto - simpleA : A -> A ; -- young,younger,youngest - - ---3 Two-place adjectives - - mkA2 : overload { - mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ; -- absent from - mkA2 : A -> Str -> A2 ; -- absent from - mkA2 : Str -> Prep -> A2 ; -- absent from - mkA2 : Str -> Str -> A2 -- absent from - - } ; - - ---2 Adverbs - --- Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position --- after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. "always"). - - mkAdv : Str -> Adv ; - mkAdV : Str -> AdV ; - --- Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed. - - mkAdA : Str -> AdA ; - --- Adverbs modifying numerals - - mkAdN : Str -> AdN ; - ---2 Prepositions --- --- A preposition as used for rection in the lexicon, as well as to --- build $PP$s in the resource API, just requires a string. - - mkPrep : Str -> Prep ; - noPrep : Prep ; - --- (These two functions are synonyms.) - ---2 Conjunctions --- - - mkConj : overload { - mkConj : Str -> Conj ; -- and (plural agreement) - mkConj : Str -> Number -> Conj ; -- or (agrement number given as argument) - mkConj : Str -> Str -> Conj ; -- both ... and (plural) - mkConj : Str -> Str -> Number -> Conj ; -- either ... or (agrement number given as argument) - } ; - ---2 Verbs --- - --- Verbs are constructed by the function $mkV$, which takes a varying --- number of arguments. - - mkV : overload { - --- The regular verb function recognizes the special cases where the last --- character is "y" ("cry-cries" but "buy-buys") or a sibilant --- ("kiss-"kisses", "jazz-jazzes", "rush-rushes", "munch - munches", --- "fix - fixes"). - - mkV : (cry : Str) -> V ; - --- Give the present and past forms for regular verbs where --- the last letter is duplicated in some forms, --- e.g. "rip - ripped - ripping". - - mkV : (stop, stopped : Str) -> V ; - --- There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module $IrregularEng$. --- In practice, it is enough to give three forms, --- e.g. "drink - drank - drunk". - - mkV : (drink, drank, drunk : Str) -> V ; - --- Irregular verbs with duplicated consonant in the present participle. - - mkV : (run, ran, run, running : Str) -> V ; - --- Except for "be", the worst case needs five forms: the infinitive and --- the third person singular present, the past indicative, and the --- past and present participles. - - mkV : (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V ; - --- Adds a prefix to an exisiting verb. This is most useful to create --- prefix-variants of irregular verbs from $IrregEng$, e.g. "undertake". - - mkV : Str -> V -> V ; - }; - --- Verbs with a particle. --- The particle, such as in "switch on", is given as a string. - - partV : V -> Str -> V ; - --- Reflexive verbs. --- By default, verbs are not reflexive; this function makes them that. - - reflV : V -> V ; - ---3 Two-place verbs --- --- Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. --- (transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the $V$. - - mkV2 : overload { - mkV2 : Str -> V2 ; -- kill - mkV2 : V -> V2 ; -- hit - mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ; -- believe in - mkV2 : V -> Str -> V2 ; -- believe in - mkV2 : Str -> Prep -> V2 ; -- believe in - mkV2 : Str -> Str -> V2 -- believe in - }; - ---3 Three-place verbs --- --- Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which --- the first one or both can be absent. - - mkV3 : overload { - mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- speak, with, about - mkV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- give,_,to - mkV3 : V -> Str -> V3 ; -- give,_,to - mkV3 : Str -> Str -> V3 ; -- give,_,to - mkV3 : V -> V3 ; -- give,_,_ - mkV3 : Str -> V3 ; -- give,_,_ - }; - ---3 Other complement patterns --- --- Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, --- questions, verb phrases, and adjectives. - - mkV0 : V -> V0 ; - mkVS : V -> VS ; - mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ; - mkVV : V -> VV ; - mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ; - mkVA : V -> VA ; - mkV2A : V -> Prep -> V2A ; - mkVQ : V -> VQ ; - mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ; - - mkAS : A -> AS ; - mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ; - mkAV : A -> AV ; - mkA2V : A -> Prep -> A2V ; - --- Notice: Categories $V0, AS, A2S, AV, A2V$ are just $A$. --- $V0$ is just $V$; the second argument is treated as adverb. - - V0 : Type ; - AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ; - ---2 Other categories - -mkSubj : Str -> Subj = \s -> lin Subj {s = s} ; - ---. ---2 Definitions of paradigms --- --- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are --- hidden from the document. - - Gender = ResEng.Gender ; - Number = ResEng.Number ; - Case = ResEng.Case ; - human = Masc ; - nonhuman = Neutr ; - masculine = Masc ; - feminine = Fem ; - singular = Sg ; - plural = Pl ; - nominative = Nom ; - genitive = Gen ; - - Preposition : Type = Str ; -- obsolete - - regN = \ray -> - let rays = add_s ray - in - mk2N ray rays ; - - - add_s : Str -> Str = \w -> case w of { - _ + ("io" | "oo") => w + "s" ; -- radio, bamboo - _ + ("s" | "z" | "x" | "sh" | "ch" | "o") => w + "es" ; -- bus, hero - _ + ("a" | "o" | "u" | "e") + "y" => w + "s" ; -- boy - x + "y" => x + "ies" ; -- fly - _ => w + "s" -- car - } ; - - duplFinal : Str -> Str = \w -> case w of { - _ + ("a" | "e" | "o") + ("a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u") + ? => w ; -- waited, needed - _ + ("a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u") + - c@("b"|"d"|"g"|"m"|"n"|"p"|"r"|"t") => w + c ; -- omitted, manned - _ => w - } ; - - mk2N = \man,men -> - let mens = case last men of { - "s" => men + "'" ; - _ => men + "'s" - } - in - mk4N man men (man + "'s") mens ; - - mk4N = \man,men,man's,men's -> - lin N (mkNoun man man's men men's ** {g = Neutr}) ; - - genderN g man = lin N {s = man.s ; g = g} ; - - compoundN s n = lin N {s = \\x,y => s ++ n.s ! x ! y ; g=n.g} ; - - mkPN = overload { - mkPN : Str -> PN = regPN ; - mkPN : N -> PN = nounPN - } ; - - mkN2 = overload { - mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 = prepN2 ; - mkN2 : N -> Str -> N2 = \n,s -> prepN2 n (mkPrep s); - mkN2 : Str -> Str -> N2 = \n,s -> prepN2 (regN n) (mkPrep s); - mkN2 : N -> N2 = \n -> prepN2 n (mkPrep "of") ; - mkN2 : Str -> N2 = \s -> prepN2 (regN s) (mkPrep "of") - } ; - - prepN2 = \n,p -> lin N2 (n ** {c2 = p.s}) ; - regN2 n = prepN2 (regN n) (mkPrep "of") ; - - mkN3 = \n,p,q -> lin N3 (n ** {c2 = p.s ; c3 = q.s}) ; - ---3 Relational common noun phrases --- --- In some cases, you may want to make a complex $CN$ into a --- relational noun (e.g. "the old town hall of"). - - cnN2 : CN -> Prep -> N2 ; - cnN3 : CN -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ; - --- This is obsolete. - cnN2 = \n,p -> lin N2 (n ** {c2 = p.s}) ; - cnN3 = \n,p,q -> lin N3 (n ** {c2 = p.s ; c3 = q.s}) ; - - regPN n = regGenPN n human ; - regGenPN n g = lin PN {s = table {Gen => n + "'s" ; _ => n} ; g = g} ; - nounPN n = lin PN {s = n.s ! singular ; g = n.g} ; - - mkQuant = overload { - mkQuant : (this, these : Str) -> Quant = \sg,pl -> mkQuantifier sg pl sg pl; - mkQuant : (no_sg, no_pl, none_sg, non_pl : Str) -> Quant = mkQuantifier; - } ; - - mkQuantifier : Str -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Quant = - \sg,pl,sg',pl' -> lin Quant { - s = \\_ => table { Sg => sg ; Pl => pl } ; - sp = \\_ => table { Sg => regGenitiveS sg' ; Pl => regGenitiveS pl'} - } ; - - mkOrd : Str -> Ord = \x -> lin Ord { s = regGenitiveS x}; - - mk2A a b = lin A (mkAdjective a a a b) ; - regA a = case a of { - _ + ("a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u" | "y") + ? + _ + - ("a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u" | "y") + ? + _ => - lin A (compoundADeg (regADeg a)) ; - _ => lin A (regADeg a) - } ; - - prepA2 a p = lin A2 (a ** {c2 = p.s}) ; - - ADeg = A ; ---- - - mkADeg a b c d = lin A (mkAdjective a b c d) ; - - regADeg happy = - let - happ = init happy ; - y = last happy ; - happie = case y of { - "y" => happ + "ie" ; - "e" => happy ; - _ => duplFinal happy + "e" - } ; - happily : Str = case happy of { - _ + "y" => happ + "ily" ; - _ + "ll" => happy + "y" ; - _ => happy + "ly" - } ; - in mkADeg happy (happie + "r") (happie + "st") happily ; - - duplADeg fat = - mkADeg fat - (fat + last fat + "er") (fat + last fat + "est") (fat + "ly") ; - - compoundADeg a = - let ad = (a.s ! AAdj Posit Nom) - in mkADeg ad ("more" ++ ad) ("most" ++ ad) (a.s ! AAdv) ; - - adegA a = a ; - - mkAdv x = lin Adv (ss x) ; - mkAdV x = lin AdV (ss x) ; - mkAdA x = lin AdA (ss x) ; - mkAdN x = lin AdN (ss x) ; - - mkPrep p = lin Prep (ss p) ; - noPrep = mkPrep [] ; - - mk5V a b c d e = lin V (mkVerb a b c d e ** {s1 = []}) ; - - regV cry = - let - cries = (regN cry).s ! Pl ! Nom ; -- ! - cried : Str = case cries of { - _ + "es" => init cries + "d" ; - _ => duplFinal cry + "ed" - } ; - crying : Str = case cry of { - _ + "ee" => cry + "ing" ; - d + "ie" => d + "ying" ; - us + "e" => us + "ing" ; - _ => duplFinal cry + "ing" - } - in mk5V cry cries cried cried crying ; - - reg2V fit fitted = - let fitt = Predef.tk 2 fitted ; - in mk5V fit (fit + "s") (fitt + "ed") (fitt + "ed") (fitt + "ing") ; - - regDuplV fit = - case last fit of { - ("a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u" | "y") => - Predef.error (["final duplication makes no sense for"] ++ fit) ; - t => - let fitt = fit + t in - mk5V fit (fit + "s") (fitt + "ed") (fitt + "ed") (fitt + "ing") - } ; - - irregV x y z = let reg = (regV x).s in - mk5V x (reg ! VPres) y z (reg ! VPresPart) ** {s1 = []} ; - - irreg4V x y z w = let reg = (regV x).s in - mk5V x (reg ! VPres) y z w ** {s1 = []} ; - - irregDuplV fit y z = - let - fitting = (regDuplV fit).s ! VPresPart - in - mk5V fit (fit + "s") y z fitting ; - - partV v p = lin V {s = \\f => v.s ! f ++ p ; isRefl = v.isRefl} ; - reflV v = lin V {s = v.s ; part = v.part ; isRefl = True} ; - - prepV2 v p = lin V2 {s = v.s ; s1 = v.s1 ; c2 = p.s ; isRefl = v.isRefl} ; - dirV2 v = prepV2 v noPrep ; - - prepPrepV3 v p q = - lin V3 {s = v.s ; s1 = v.s1 ; c2 = p.s ; c3 = q.s ; isRefl = v.isRefl} ; - dirV3 v p = prepPrepV3 v noPrep p ; - dirdirV3 v = dirV3 v noPrep ; - - mkVS v = lin VS v ; - mkVV v = lin VV { - s = table {VVF vf => v.s ! vf ; _ => v.s ! VInf} ; - --- variants {}} ; not used - isAux = False - } ; - mkVQ v = v ; - - V0 : Type = V ; --- V2S, V2V, V2Q : Type = V2 ; - AS, A2S, AV : Type = A ; - A2V : Type = A2 ; - - mkV0 v = v ; - mkV2S v p = prepV2 v p ; - mkV2V v p t = lin V2V (prepV2 v p ** {isAux = False}) ; - mkVA v = v ; - mkV2A v p = prepV2 v p ; - mkV2Q v p = prepV2 v p ; - - mkAS v = v ; - mkA2S v p = prepA2 v p ; - mkAV v = v ; - mkA2V v p = prepA2 v p ; - - --- pre-overload API and overload definitions - - mk4N : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ; - regN : Str -> N ; - mk2N : (man,men : Str) -> N ; - genderN : Gender -> N -> N ; - compoundN : Str -> N -> N ; - - mkN = overload { - mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N = mk4N ; - mkN : Str -> N = regN ; - mkN : (man,men : Str) -> N = mk2N ; - mkN : Gender -> N -> N = genderN ; - mkN : Str -> N -> N = compoundN - } ; - --- Relational nouns ("daughter of x") need a preposition. - - prepN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ; - --- The most common preposition is "of", and the following is a --- shortcut for regular relational nouns with "of". - - regN2 : Str -> N2 ; - - mk2A : (free,freely : Str) -> A ; - regA : Str -> A ; - - mkA = overload { - mkA : Str -> A = regA ; - mkA : (fat,fatter : Str) -> A = \fat,fatter -> - mkAdjective fat fatter (init fatter + "st") (fat + "ly") ; - mkA : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> A = \a,b,c,d -> - mkAdjective a b c d - } ; - - compoundA = compoundADeg ; - simpleA a = - let ad = (a.s ! AAdj Posit Nom) - in regADeg ad ; - - prepA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ; - - mkA2 = overload { - mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 = prepA2 ; - mkA2 : A -> Str -> A2 = \a,p -> prepA2 a (mkPrep p) ; - mkA2 : Str -> Prep -> A2 = \a,p -> prepA2 (regA a) p; - mkA2 : Str -> Str -> A2 = \a,p -> prepA2 (regA a) (mkPrep p); - } ; - - mk5V : (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V ; - regV : (cry : Str) -> V ; - reg2V : (stop, stopped : Str) -> V; - irregV : (drink, drank, drunk : Str) -> V ; - irreg4V : (run, ran, run, running : Str) -> V ; - - -- Use reg2V instead - regDuplV : Str -> V ; - -- Use irreg4V instead - irregDuplV : (get, got, gotten : Str) -> V ; - - mkV = overload { - mkV : (cry : Str) -> V = regV ; - mkV : (stop, stopped : Str) -> V = reg2V ; - mkV : (drink, drank, drunk : Str) -> V = irregV ; - mkV : (run, ran, run, running : Str) -> V = irreg4V ; - mkV : (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V = mk5V ; - mkV : Str -> V -> V = prefixV - }; - - prepV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ; - dirV2 : V -> V2 ; - prefixV : Str -> V -> V = \p,v -> v ** { s = p + v.s } ; - - mkV2 = overload { - mkV2 : V -> V2 = dirV2 ; - mkV2 : Str -> V2 = \s -> dirV2 (regV s) ; - mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 = prepV2 ; - mkV2 : V -> Str -> V2 = \v,p -> prepV2 v (mkPrep p) ; - mkV2 : Str -> Prep -> V2 = \v,p -> prepV2 (regV v) p ; - mkV2 : Str -> Str -> V2 = \v,p -> prepV2 (regV v) (mkPrep p) - }; - - prepPrepV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; - dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; - dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; - - mkV3 = overload { - mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 = prepPrepV3 ; - mkV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 = dirV3 ; - mkV3 : V -> Str -> V3 = \v,s -> dirV3 v (mkPrep s); - mkV3 : Str -> Str -> V3 = \v,s -> dirV3 (regV v) (mkPrep s); - mkV3 : V -> V3 = dirdirV3 ; - mkV3 : Str -> V3 = \v -> dirdirV3 (regV v) ; - } ; - - mkConj = overload { - mkConj : Str -> Conj = \y -> mk2Conj [] y plural ; - mkConj : Str -> Number -> Conj = \y,n -> mk2Conj [] y n ; - mkConj : Str -> Str -> Conj = \x,y -> mk2Conj x y plural ; - mkConj : Str -> Str -> Number -> Conj = mk2Conj ; - } ; - - mk2Conj : Str -> Str -> Number -> Conj = \x,y,n -> - lin Conj (sd2 x y ** {n = n}) ; - ----- obsolete - --- Comparison adjectives may two more forms. - - ADeg : Type ; - - mkADeg : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> ADeg ; - --- The regular pattern recognizes two common variations: --- "-e" ("rude" - "ruder" - "rudest") and --- "-y" ("happy - happier - happiest - happily") - - regADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- long, longer, longest - --- However, the duplication of the final consonant is nor predicted, --- but a separate pattern is used: - - duplADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- fat, fatter, fattest - --- If comparison is formed by "more", "most", as in general for --- long adjective, the following pattern is used: - - compoundADeg : A -> ADeg ; -- -/more/most ridiculous - --- From a given $ADeg$, it is possible to get back to $A$. - - adegA : ADeg -> A ; - - - regPN : Str -> PN ; - regGenPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- John, John's - --- Sometimes you can reuse a common noun as a proper name, e.g. "Bank". - - nounPN : N -> PN ; - - - -} ; |
