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authoraarne <aarne@chalmers.se>2009-06-22 15:39:08 +0000
committeraarne <aarne@chalmers.se>2009-06-22 15:39:08 +0000
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treec7d46bbd0494043b4bd6f917a25a7687517d0547 /next-lib/src/french/ParadigmsFre.gf
parent3049b59b35b25381a7c6787444165c200d66e08b (diff)
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---# -path=.:../romance:../common:../abstract:../../prelude
-
---1 French Lexical Paradigms
---
--- Aarne Ranta 2001 - 2006
---
--- This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
--- for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
--- expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
---
--- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
--- accessed through the resource syntax API, $Structural.gf$.
---
--- The main difference with $MorphoFre.gf$ is that the types
--- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
--- had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
--- than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
---
--- The structure of functions for each word class $C$ is the following:
--- first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
--- regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function $mkC$, which serves as an
--- escape to construct the most irregular words of type $C$.
--- However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
--- separate module [``IrregFre`` ../../french/IrregFre.gf],
--- which covers all irregularly inflected verbs.
-
-resource ParadigmsFre =
- open
- (Predef=Predef),
- Prelude,
- MorphoFre,
- CatFre in {
-
- flags optimize=all ;
-
---2 Parameters
---
--- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
-
-oper
- Gender : Type ;
-
- masculine : Gender ;
- feminine : Gender ;
-
--- To abstract over number names, we define the following.
-
- Number : Type ;
-
- singular : Number ;
- plural : Number ;
-
--- Prepositions used in many-argument functions are either strings
--- (including the 'accusative' empty string) or strings that
--- amalgamate with the following word (the 'genitive' "de" and the
--- 'dative' "à").
-
- accusative : Prep ;
- genitive : Prep ;
- dative : Prep ;
-
- mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
-
-
---2 Nouns
-
- mkN : overload {
-
--- The regular function uses heuristics to compute the
--- plural and the gender from the singular. The plural
--- heuristic currently
--- covers the cases "pas-pas", "prix-prix", "nez-nez",
--- "bijou-bijoux", "cheveu-cheveux", "plateau-plateaux", "cheval-chevaux".
--- The gender heuristic is less reliable: it treats as feminine all
--- nouns ending with "e" and "ion", all others as masculine.
-
- mkN : (cheval : Str) -> N ;
-
--- Adding gender information widens the scope of the regular pattern.
-
- mkN : (foie : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
--- In the worst case, both singular and plural forms and the gender are needed.
-
- mkN : (oeil,yeux : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
-
---3 Compound nouns
---
--- Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but
--- the second part is not inflected. e.g. "numéro de téléphone".
--- They could be formed in syntax, but we give a shortcut here since
--- they are frequent in lexica.
-
- mkN : N -> Str -> N
- } ;
-
-
-
-
---3 Relational nouns
---
--- Relational nouns ("fille de x") need a case and a preposition.
-
- mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
-
--- The most common cases are the genitive "de" and the dative "à",
--- with the empty preposition.
-
- deN2 : N -> N2 ;
- aN2 : N -> N2 ;
-
--- Three-place relational nouns ("la connection de x à y") need two prepositions.
-
- mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
-
-
---3 Relational common noun phrases
---
--- In some cases, you may want to make a complex $CN$ into a
--- relational noun (e.g. "la vieille église de"). However, $N2$ and
--- $N3$ are purely lexical categories. But you can use the $AdvCN$
--- and $PrepNP$ constructions to build phrases like this.
-
---
---3 Proper names and noun phrases
---
--- Proper names need a string and a gender. If no gender is given, the
--- feminine is used for strings ending with "e", the masculine for other strings.
-
- mkPN : overload {
- mkPN : Str -> PN ;
- mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN
- } ;
-
-
-
---2 Adjectives
-
- mkA : overload {
-
--- For regular adjectives, all forms are derived from the
--- masculine singular. The heuristic takes into account certain
--- deviant endings: "banal-banale-banaux", "chinois-chinoise-chinois",
--- "heureux-heureuse-heureux", "italien-italienne", "jeune-jeune",
--- "amer-amère", "carré- - -carrément", "joli- - -joliment".
-
- mkA : (cher : Str) -> A ;
-
--- Often just the feminine singular is deviant.
-
- mkA : (sec,seche : Str) -> A ;
-
--- This is the worst-case paradigm for the positive forms.
-
- mkA : (banal,banale,banaux,banalement : Str) -> A ;
-
--- If comparison forms are irregular (i.e. not formed by "plus", e.g.
--- "bon-meilleur"), the positive and comparative can be given as separate
--- adjectives.
-
- mkA : A -> A -> A
- } ;
-
--- The functions create by default postfix adjectives. To switch
--- them to prefix ones (i.e. ones placed before the noun in
--- modification, as in "petite maison"), the following function is
--- provided.
-
- prefixA : A -> A ;
-
-
---3 Two-place adjectives
---
--- Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
-
- mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
-
-
---2 Adverbs
-
--- Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
--- after the verb.
-
- mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
-
--- Some appear next to the verb (e.g. "toujours").
-
- mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
-
--- Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
-
- mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
-
-
---2 Verbs
---
--- Irregular verbs are given in the module $IrregFre$.
--- If a verb should be missing in that list, the module
--- $BeschFre$ gives all the patterns of the "Bescherelle" book.
---
--- Regular verbs are ones with the infinitive "er" or "ir", the
--- latter with plural present indicative forms as "finissons".
--- The regular verb function in the first conjugation recognizes
--- these endings, as well as the variations among
--- "aimer, céder, placer, peser, jeter, placer, manger, assiéger, payer".
---
--- Sometimes, however, it is not predictable which variant of the "er"
--- conjugation is to be selected. Then it is better to use the function
--- that gives the third person singular present indicative and future
--- (("il") "jette", "jettera") as second argument.
-
- mkV : overload {
- mkV : (finir : Str) -> V ;
- mkV : (jeter,jette,jettera : Str) -> V ;
-
--- The $IrregFre$ list gives some verbs as two-place. These verbs can be
--- reused as one-place verbs.
-
- mkV : V2 -> V
- } ;
-
--- The function $mkV$ gives the default compound auxiliary "avoir".
--- To change it to "être", use the following function.
-
- etreV : V -> V ;
-
--- This function turns a verb into reflexive, which implies the auxiliary "être".
-
- reflV : V -> V ;
-
-
---3 Two-place verbs
---
--- Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
--- (transitive verbs).
-
- mkV2 = overload {
- mkV2 : Str -> V2 = \s -> dirV2 (regV s) ;
- mkV2 : V -> V2 = dirV2 ;
- mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 = mmkV2
- } ;
-
-
---3 Three-place verbs
---
--- Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
--- the first one or both can be absent.
-
- mkV3 : overload {
- mkV3 : V -> V3 ; -- donner,_,_
- mkV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- placer,_,dans
- mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 -- parler, à, de
- } ;
-
---3 Other complement patterns
---
--- Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
--- questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
-
- mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
- mkVS : V -> VS ;
- mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
- mkVV : V -> VV ; -- plain infinitive: "je veux parler"
- deVV : V -> VV ; -- "j'essaie de parler"
- aVV : V -> VV ; -- "j'arrive à parler"
- mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
- mkVA : V -> VA ;
- mkV2A : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A ;
- mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
- mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
-
- mkAS : A -> AS ;
- mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
- mkAV : A -> Prep -> AV ;
- mkA2V : A -> Prep -> Prep -> A2V ;
-
--- Notice: categories $AS, A2S, AV, A2V$ are just $A$,
--- and the second argument is given as an adverb. Likewise
--- $V0$ is just $V$.
-
- V0 : Type ;
- AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
-
---.
---2 Definitions of the paradigms
---
--- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
--- hidden from the document.
-
-
- Gender = MorphoFre.Gender ;
- Number = MorphoFre.Number ;
- masculine = Masc ;
- feminine = Fem ;
- singular = Sg ;
- plural = Pl ;
-
- Preposition = Compl ;
- accusative = complAcc ** {lock_Prep = <>} ;
- genitive = complGen ** {lock_Prep = <>} ;
- dative = complDat ** {lock_Prep = <>} ;
- mkPrep p = {s = p ; c = CPrep PNul ; isDir = False ; lock_Prep = <>} ;
-
- --- obsolete
- Preposition : Type ;
- mkPreposition : Str -> Preposition ;
- mkPreposition = mkPrep ;
-
- regGenN : Str -> Gender -> N ;
- regN : Str -> N ;
- mk2N : (oeil,yeux : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
- mk2N x y g = mkCNomIrreg x y g ** {lock_N = <>} ;
- regN x = regGenN x g where {
- g = case <x : Str> of {
- _ + ("e" | "ion") => Fem ;
- _ => Masc
- }
- } ;
- regGenN x g = mkNomReg x g ** {lock_N = <>} ;
- compN : N -> Str -> N ;
- compN x y = {s = \\n => x.s ! n ++ y ; g = x.g ; lock_N = <>} ;
-
- mkN = overload {
- mkN : Str -> N = regN ;
- mkN : Str -> Gender -> N = regGenN ;
- mkN : (oeil,yeux : Str) -> Gender -> N = mk2N ;
- mkN : N -> Str -> N = compN
- } ;
-
-
- mkN2 = \n,p -> n ** {lock_N2 = <> ; c2 = p} ;
- deN2 n = mkN2 n genitive ;
- aN2 n = mkN2 n dative ;
- mkN3 = \n,p,q -> n ** {lock_N3 = <> ; c2 = p ; c3 = q} ;
-
- regPN x = mk2PN x g where {
- g = case last x of {
- "e" => feminine ;
- _ => masculine
- }
- } ;
-
- mkPN = overload {
- mkPN : Str -> PN = regPN ;
- mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN = \x,g -> {s = x ; g = g} ** {lock_PN = <>} ;
- } ;
-
- mk4A a b c d = compADeg {s = \\_ => (mkAdj a c b d).s ; isPre = False ; lock_A = <>} ;
- regA a = compADeg {s = \\_ => (mkAdjReg a).s ; isPre = False ; lock_A = <>} ;
- prefA a = {s = a.s ; isPre = True ; lock_A = <>} ;
-
- mkA2 a p = a ** {c2 = p ; lock_A2 = <>} ;
-
- mkA = overload {
- mkA : Str -> A = regA ;
- mkA : (sec,seche : Str) -> A = \sec,seche -> mk4A sec seche (sec + "s") (seche + "ment") ;
- mkA : (banal,banale,banaux,banalement : Str) -> A = mk4A ;
- mkA : A -> A -> A = mkADeg
- };
-
- prefixA a = {s = a.s ; isPre = True ; lock_A = <>} ;
-
- mkAdv x = ss x ** {lock_Adv = <>} ;
- mkAdV x = ss x ** {lock_AdV = <>} ;
- mkAdA x = ss x ** {lock_AdA = <>} ;
-
- regV x = let v = vvf (mkVerbReg x) in {s = v ; vtyp = VHabere ; lock_V = <>} ;
- reg3V x y z = let v = vvf (mkVerb3Reg x y z) in {s = v ; vtyp = VHabere ; lock_V = <>} ;
- etreV v = {s = v.s ; vtyp = VEsse ; lock_V = <>} ;
- reflV v = {s = v.s ; vtyp = VRefl ; lock_V = <>} ;
-
- mmkV3 v p q = v ** {c2 = p ; c3 = q ; lock_V3 = <>} ;
- dirV3 v p = mmkV3 v accusative p ;
- dirdirV3 v = dirV3 v dative ;
-
- mkV3 = overload {
- mkV3 : V -> V3 = dirdirV3 ; -- donner,_,_
- mkV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 = dirV3 ; -- placer,_,sur
- mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 = mmkV3 -- parler, à, de
- } ;
-
- V0 : Type = V ;
- AS, AV : Type = A ;
- A2S, A2V : Type = A2 ;
-
- mkV0 v = v ** {lock_V0 = <>} ;
- mkVS v = v ** {m = \\_ => Indic ; lock_VS = <>} ; ---- more moods
- mkV2S v p = mmkV2 v p ** {mn,mp = Indic ; lock_V2S = <>} ;
- mkVV v = v ** {c2 = complAcc ; lock_VV = <>} ;
- deVV v = v ** {c2 = complGen ; lock_VV = <>} ;
- aVV v = v ** {c2 = complDat ; lock_VV = <>} ;
- mkV2V v p q = mmkV3 v p q ** {lock_V2V = <>} ;
- mkVA v = v ** {lock_VA = <>} ;
- mkV2A v p q = mmkV3 v p q ** {lock_V2A = <>} ;
- mkVQ v = v ** {lock_VQ = <>} ;
- mkV2Q v p = mmkV2 v p ** {lock_V2Q = <>} ;
-
- mkAS v = v ** {lock_AS = <>} ; ---- more moods
- mkA2S v p = mkA2 v p ** {lock_A2S = <>} ;
- mkAV v p = v ** {c = p.p1 ; s2 = p.p2 ; lock_AV = <>} ;
- mkA2V v p q = mkA2 v p ** {s3 = q.p2 ; c3 = q.p1 ; lock_A2V = <>} ;
-
---------------------------- obsolete
-
- makeNP : Str -> Gender -> Number -> NP ;
- makeNP x g n = {s = (pn2np {s=x;g= g}).s; a = agrP3 g n ; hasClit = False} ** {lock_NP = <>} ;
- regPN : Str -> PN ;
- mk2PN : Str -> Gender -> PN = \x,g -> {s = x ; g = g} ** {lock_PN = <>} ;
-
- mkADeg : A -> A -> A ;
- compADeg : A -> A ;
-
- regA : Str -> A ;
- mk4A : (banal,banale,banaux,banalement : Str) -> A ;
-
- prefA : A -> A ;
-
- mkADeg a b =
- {s = table {Posit => a.s ! Posit ; _ => b.s ! Posit} ; isPre = a.isPre ; lock_A = <>} ;
- compADeg a =
- {s = table {Posit => a.s ! Posit ; _ => \\f => "plus" ++ a.s ! Posit ! f} ;
- isPre = a.isPre ;
- lock_A = <>} ;
- prefA a = {s = a.s ; isPre = True ; lock_A = <>} ;
-
- mkV = overload {
- mkV : Str -> V = regV ;
- mkV : (jeter,jette,jettera : Str) -> V = reg3V ;
- mkV : V2 -> V = v2V
- } ;
-
- regV : Str -> V ;
- reg3V : (jeter,jette,jettera : Str) -> V ;
-
- mmkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
- mmkV2 v p = v ** {c2 = p ; lock_V2 = <>} ;
- dirV2 : V -> V2 = \v -> mmkV2 v accusative ;
- v2V : V2 -> V ;
- v2V v = v ** {lock_V = <>} ;
-
- mmkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- parler, à, de
- dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- donner,_,à
- dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- donner,_,_
-
-
-} ;