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authoraarne <aarne@cs.chalmers.se>2008-12-18 14:21:28 +0000
committeraarne <aarne@cs.chalmers.se>2008-12-18 14:21:28 +0000
commit9e341cc7f9020eda842c8ad0f1f57bf6326eb89d (patch)
tree1c0e78a1c3790286a0fabf408ea15ee179f8749d /next-lib/src/thai/ParadigmsTha.gf
parent98a4b6a8088273dfa55dfa1c3ea78e85cd9c7a8d (diff)
Hindi and Thai compile in 1.5
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+----# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude:../common
+--
+----1 Thai Lexical Paradigms
+----
+---- Aarne Ranta 2003--2005
+----
+---- This is an API for the user of the resource grammar
+---- for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming
+---- expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
+----
+---- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
+---- accessed through the resource syntax API, $Structural.gf$.
+----
+---- The main difference with $MorphoTha.gf$ is that the types
+---- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
+---- had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
+---- than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
+----
+---- The structure of functions for each word class $C$ is the following:
+---- first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
+---- regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function $mkC$, which serves as an
+---- escape to construct the most irregular words of type $C$.
+---- However, this function should only seldom be needed: we have a
+---- separate module [``IrregTha`` ../../english/IrregTha.gf],
+---- which covers irregular verbss.
+--
+--resource ParadigmsTha = open
+-- (Predef=Predef),
+-- Prelude,
+-- MorphoTha,
+-- CatTha
+-- in {
+----2 Parameters
+----
+---- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
+--
+--oper
+-- Gender : Type ;
+--
+-- human : Gender ;
+-- nonhuman : Gender ;
+-- masculine : Gender ;
+--
+---- To abstract over number names, we define the following.
+--
+-- Number : Type ;
+--
+-- singular : Number ;
+-- plural : Number ;
+--
+---- To abstract over case names, we define the following.
+--
+-- Case : Type ;
+--
+-- nominative : Case ;
+-- genitive : Case ;
+--
+---- Prepositions are used in many-argument functions for rection.
+---- The resource category $Prep$ is used.
+--
+--
+--
+----2 Nouns
+--
+---- Nouns are constructed by the function $mkN$, which takes a varying
+---- number of arguments.
+--
+-- mkN : overload {
+--
+---- Worst case: give all four forms.
+--
+-- mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ;
+--
+---- The regular function captures the variants for nouns ending with
+---- "s","sh","x","z" or "y": "kiss - kisses", "flash - flashes";
+---- "fly - flies" (but "toy - toys"),
+--
+-- mkN : (flash : Str) -> N ;
+--
+---- In practice the worst case is just: give singular and plural nominative.
+--
+-- mkN : (man,men : Str) -> N ;
+--
+---- All nouns created by the previous functions are marked as
+---- $nonhuman$. If you want a $human$ noun, wrap it with the following
+---- function:
+--
+-- mkN : Gender -> N -> N ;
+--
+----3 Compound nouns
+----
+---- A compound noun is an uninflected string attached to an inflected noun,
+---- such as "baby boom", "chief executive officer".
+--
+-- mkN : Str -> N -> N
+-- } ;
+--
+--
+----3 Relational nouns
+----
+---- Relational nouns ("daughter of x") need a preposition.
+--
+-- mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2 ;
+--
+---- The most common preposition is "of", and the following is a
+---- shortcut for regular relational nouns with "of".
+--
+-- regN2 : Str -> N2 ;
+--
+---- Use the function $mkPrep$ or see the section on prepositions below to
+---- form other prepositions.
+----
+---- Three-place relational nouns ("the connection from x to y") need two prepositions.
+--
+-- mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
+--
+--
+----3 Relational common noun phrases
+----
+---- In some cases, you may want to make a complex $CN$ into a
+---- relational noun (e.g. "the old town hall of").
+--
+-- cnN2 : CN -> Prep -> N2 ;
+-- cnN3 : CN -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
+--
+----
+----3 Proper names and noun phrases
+----
+---- Proper names, with a regular genitive, are formed as follows
+--
+-- regPN : Str -> PN ;
+-- regGenPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- John, John's
+--
+---- Sometimes you can reuse a common noun as a proper name, e.g. "Bank".
+--
+-- nounPN : N -> PN ;
+--
+---- To form a noun phrase that can also be plural and have an irregular
+---- genitive, you can use the worst-case function.
+--
+-- mkNP : Str -> Str -> Number -> Gender -> NP ;
+--
+----2 Adjectives
+--
+---- Non-comparison one-place adjectives need two forms: one for
+---- the adjectival and one for the adverbial form ("free - freely")
+--
+-- mkA : (free,freely : Str) -> A ;
+--
+---- For regular adjectives, the adverbial form is derived. This holds
+---- even for cases with the variation "happy - happily".
+--
+-- regA : Str -> A ;
+--
+----3 Two-place adjectives
+----
+---- Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
+--
+-- mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
+--
+---- Comparison adjectives may two more forms.
+--
+-- ADeg : Type ;
+--
+-- mkADeg : (good,better,best,well : Str) -> ADeg ;
+--
+---- The regular pattern recognizes two common variations:
+---- "-e" ("rude" - "ruder" - "rudest") and
+---- "-y" ("happy - happier - happiest - happily")
+--
+-- regADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- long, longer, longest
+--
+---- However, the duplication of the final consonant is nor predicted,
+---- but a separate pattern is used:
+--
+-- duplADeg : Str -> ADeg ; -- fat, fatter, fattest
+--
+---- If comparison is formed by "more", "most", as in general for
+---- long adjective, the following pattern is used:
+--
+-- compoundADeg : A -> ADeg ; -- -/more/most ridiculous
+--
+---- From a given $ADeg$, it is possible to get back to $A$.
+--
+-- adegA : ADeg -> A ;
+--
+--
+----2 Adverbs
+--
+---- Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position
+---- after the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. "always").
+--
+-- mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
+-- mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
+--
+---- Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
+--
+-- mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
+--
+----2 Prepositions
+----
+---- A preposition as used for rection in the lexicon, as well as to
+---- build $PP$s in the resource API, just requires a string.
+--
+-- mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
+-- noPrep : Prep ;
+--
+---- (These two functions are synonyms.)
+--
+----2 Verbs
+----
+---- Except for "be", the worst case needs five forms: the infinitive and
+---- the third person singular present, the past indicative, and the
+---- past and present participles.
+--
+-- mkV : (go, goes, went, gone, going : Str) -> V ;
+--
+---- The regular verb function recognizes the special cases where the last
+---- character is "y" ("cry - cries" but "buy - buys") or "s", "sh", "x", "z"
+---- ("fix - fixes", etc).
+--
+-- regV : Str -> V ;
+--
+---- The following variant duplicates the last letter in the forms like
+---- "rip - ripped - ripping".
+--
+-- regDuplV : Str -> V ;
+--
+---- There is an extensive list of irregular verbs in the module $IrregularTha$.
+---- In practice, it is enough to give three forms,
+---- e.g. "drink - drank - drunk", with a variant indicating consonant
+---- duplication in the present participle.
+--
+-- irregV : (drink, drank, drunk : Str) -> V ;
+-- irregDuplV : (get, got, gotten : Str) -> V ;
+--
+--
+----3 Verbs with a particle.
+----
+---- The particle, such as in "switch on", is given as a string.
+--
+-- partV : V -> Str -> V ;
+--
+----3 Reflexive verbs
+----
+---- By default, verbs are not reflexive; this function makes them that.
+--
+-- reflV : V -> V ;
+--
+----3 Two-place verbs
+----
+---- Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
+---- (transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the $V$.
+--
+-- mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2 ;
+--
+-- dirV2 : V -> V2 ;
+--
+----3 Three-place verbs
+----
+---- Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which
+---- the first one or both can be absent.
+--
+-- mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- speak, with, about
+-- dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- give,_,to
+-- dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- give,_,_
+--
+----3 Other complement patterns
+----
+---- Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences,
+---- questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
+--
+-- mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
+-- mkVS : V -> VS ;
+-- mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
+-- mkVV : V -> VV ;
+-- mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
+-- mkVA : V -> VA ;
+-- mkV2A : V -> Prep -> V2A ;
+-- mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
+-- mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
+--
+-- mkAS : A -> AS ;
+-- mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
+-- mkAV : A -> AV ;
+-- mkA2V : A -> Prep -> A2V ;
+--
+---- Notice: categories $V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q$ are in v 1.0 treated
+---- just as synonyms of $V2$, and the second argument is given
+---- as an adverb. Likewise $AS, A2S, AV, A2V$ are just $A$.
+---- $V0$ is just $V$.
+--
+-- V0, V2S, V2V, V2A, V2Q : Type ;
+-- AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;
+--
+----.
+----2 Definitions of paradigms
+----
+---- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
+---- hidden from the document.
+--
+-- Gender = MorphoTha.Gender ;
+-- Number = MorphoTha.Number ;
+-- Case = MorphoTha.Case ;
+-- human = Masc ;
+-- nonhuman = Neutr ;
+-- masculine = Masc ;
+-- feminine = Fem ;
+-- singular = Sg ;
+-- plural = Pl ;
+-- nominative = Nom ;
+-- genitive = Gen ;
+--
+-- Preposition : Type = Str ; -- obsolete
+--
+-- regN = \ray ->
+-- let
+-- ra = Predef.tk 1 ray ;
+-- y = Predef.dp 1 ray ;
+-- r = Predef.tk 2 ray ;
+-- ay = Predef.dp 2 ray ;
+-- rays =
+-- case y of {
+-- "y" => y2ie ray "s" ;
+-- "s" => ray + "es" ;
+-- "z" => ray + "es" ;
+-- "x" => ray + "es" ;
+-- _ => case ay of {
+-- "sh" => ray + "es" ;
+-- "ch" => ray + "es" ;
+-- _ => ray + "s"
+-- }
+-- }
+-- in
+-- mk2N ray rays ;
+--
+-- mk2N = \man,men ->
+-- let mens = case last men of {
+-- "s" => men + "'" ;
+-- _ => men + "'s"
+-- }
+-- in
+-- mk4N man men (man + "'s") mens ;
+--
+-- mk4N = \man,men,man's,men's ->
+-- mkNoun man man's men men's ** {g = Neutr ; lock_N = <>} ;
+--
+-- genderN g man = {s = man.s ; g = g ; lock_N = <>} ;
+--
+-- compoundN s n = {s = \\x,y => s ++ n.s ! x ! y ; g=n.g ; lock_N = <>} ;
+--
+-- mkN2 = \n,p -> n ** {lock_N2 = <> ; c2 = p.s} ;
+-- regN2 n = mkN2 (regN n) (mkPrep "of") ;
+-- mkN3 = \n,p,q -> n ** {lock_N3 = <> ; c2 = p.s ; c3 = q.s} ;
+-- cnN2 = \n,p -> n ** {lock_N2 = <> ; c2 = p.s} ;
+-- cnN3 = \n,p,q -> n ** {lock_N3 = <> ; c2 = p.s ; c3 = q.s} ;
+--
+-- regPN n = regGenPN n human ;
+-- regGenPN n g = nameReg n g ** {lock_PN = <>} ;
+-- nounPN n = {s = n.s ! singular ; g = n.g ; lock_PN = <>} ;
+-- mkNP x y n g = {s = table {Gen => x ; _ => y} ; a = agrP3 n ;
+-- lock_NP = <>} ;
+--
+-- mkA a b = mkAdjective a a a b ** {lock_A = <>} ;
+-- regA a = regAdjective a ** {lock_A = <>} ;
+--
+-- mkA2 a p = a ** {c2 = p.s ; lock_A2 = <>} ;
+--
+-- ADeg = A ; ----
+--
+-- mkADeg a b c d = mkAdjective a b c d ** {lock_A = <>} ;
+--
+-- regADeg happy =
+-- let
+-- happ = init happy ;
+-- y = last happy ;
+-- happie = case y of {
+-- "y" => happ + "ie" ;
+-- "e" => happy ;
+-- _ => happy + "e"
+-- } ;
+-- happily = case y of {
+-- "y" => happ + "ily" ;
+-- _ => happy + "ly"
+-- } ;
+-- in mkADeg happy (happie + "r") (happie + "st") happily ;
+--
+-- duplADeg fat =
+-- mkADeg fat
+-- (fat + last fat + "er") (fat + last fat + "est") (fat + "ly") ;
+--
+-- compoundADeg a =
+-- let ad = (a.s ! AAdj Posit)
+-- in mkADeg ad ("more" ++ ad) ("most" ++ ad) (a.s ! AAdv) ;
+--
+-- adegA a = a ;
+--
+-- mkAdv x = ss x ** {lock_Adv = <>} ;
+-- mkAdV x = ss x ** {lock_AdV = <>} ;
+-- mkAdA x = ss x ** {lock_AdA = <>} ;
+--
+-- mkPrep p = ss p ** {lock_Prep = <>} ;
+-- noPrep = mkPrep [] ;
+--
+-- mkV a b c d e = mkVerb a b c d e ** {s1 = [] ; lock_V = <>} ;
+--
+-- regV cry =
+-- let
+-- cr = init cry ;
+-- y = last cry ;
+-- cries = (regN cry).s ! Pl ! Nom ; -- !
+-- crie = init cries ;
+-- cried = case last crie of {
+-- "e" => crie + "d" ;
+-- _ => crie + "ed"
+-- } ;
+-- crying = case y of {
+-- "e" => case last cr of {
+-- "e" => cry + "ing" ;
+-- _ => cr + "ing"
+-- } ;
+-- _ => cry + "ing"
+-- }
+-- in mkV cry cries cried cried crying ;
+--
+-- regDuplV fit =
+-- case last fit of {
+-- ("a" | "e" | "i" | "o" | "u" | "y") =>
+-- Predef.error (["final duplication makes no sense for"] ++ fit) ;
+-- t =>
+-- let fitt = fit + t in
+-- mkV fit (fit + "s") (fitt + "ed") (fitt + "ed") (fitt + "ing")
+-- } ;
+--
+-- irregV x y z = let reg = (regV x).s in
+-- mkV x (reg ! VPres) y z (reg ! VPresPart) ** {s1 = [] ; lock_V = <>} ;
+--
+-- irregDuplV fit y z =
+-- let
+-- fitting = (regDuplV fit).s ! VPresPart
+-- in
+-- mkV fit (fit + "s") y z fitting ;
+--
+-- partV v p = verbPart v p ** {lock_V = <>} ;
+-- reflV v = {s = v.s ; part = v.part ; lock_V = v.lock_V ; isRefl = True} ;
+--
+-- mkV2 v p = v ** {s = v.s ; s1 = v.s1 ; c2 = p.s ; lock_V2 = <>} ;
+-- dirV2 v = mkV2 v noPrep ;
+--
+-- mkV3 v p q = v ** {s = v.s ; s1 = v.s1 ; c2 = p.s ; c3 = q.s ; lock_V3 = <>} ;
+-- dirV3 v p = mkV3 v noPrep p ;
+-- dirdirV3 v = dirV3 v noPrep ;
+--
+-- mkVS v = v ** {lock_VS = <>} ;
+-- mkVV v = {
+-- s = table {VVF vf => v.s ! vf ; _ => variants {}} ;
+-- isAux = False ; lock_VV = <>
+-- } ;
+-- mkVQ v = v ** {lock_VQ = <>} ;
+--
+-- V0 : Type = V ;
+-- V2S, V2V, V2Q, V2A : Type = V2 ;
+-- AS, A2S, AV : Type = A ;
+-- A2V : Type = A2 ;
+--
+-- mkV0 v = v ** {lock_V = <>} ;
+-- mkV2S v p = mkV2 v p ** {lock_V2 = <>} ;
+-- mkV2V v p t = mkV2 v p ** {s4 = t ; lock_V2 = <>} ;
+-- mkVA v = v ** {lock_VA = <>} ;
+-- mkV2A v p = mkV2 v p ** {lock_V2A = <>} ;
+-- mkV2Q v p = mkV2 v p ** {lock_V2 = <>} ;
+--
+-- mkAS v = v ** {lock_A = <>} ;
+-- mkA2S v p = mkA2 v p ** {lock_A = <>} ;
+-- mkAV v = v ** {lock_A = <>} ;
+-- mkA2V v p = mkA2 v p ** {lock_A2 = <>} ;
+--
+--
+---- pre-overload API and overload definitions
+--
+-- mk4N : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N ;
+-- regN : Str -> N ;
+-- mk2N : (man,men : Str) -> N ;
+-- genderN : Gender -> N -> N ;
+-- compoundN : Str -> N -> N ;
+--
+-- mkN = overload {
+-- mkN : (man,men,man's,men's : Str) -> N = mk4N ;
+-- mkN : Str -> N = regN ;
+-- mkN : (man,men : Str) -> N = mk2N ;
+-- mkN : Gender -> N -> N = genderN ;
+-- mkN : Str -> N -> N = compoundN
+-- } ;
+--
+--
+--} ;