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-On the syntax of clitic particles in Finnish
-
--- AR 29/12/2010
-
-The clitic particles come in two groups:
-
- Pas ::= pas | pa | han | kos | ko | kohan | pahan -- free variation
- Kin ::= kin/kaan -- depending on polarity
-
-(vowel harmony ignored). A Finnish sentence can have at most one of each. A Pas clitic is
-always attached to the first word ("Aripas juo maitoa") or phrase such as NP
-("minun poikanipas juo maitoa"). A Kin clitic can be attached to almost any word; if the
-same as Pas, Kin must come first ("Arikinhan juo maitoa"). Some combinations are clumsy
-but presumably OK ("Arikinpas"). If the verb is first, it doesn't seem to allow Kin
-(*"juokin Ari maitoa").
-
-The following is a list of combinatory possibilities. Adverbs (represented by "nyt")
-can be added ad libitum - at most two of them then become carriers of clitics
-("nythän Ari juo maitoa täälläkin").
-
-
--- declaratives and questions
-
-(Notice that, in the presence of "ei", Kin is "kaan", otherwise "kin".)
-
-ari Pas? ei? (juo Kin maitoa nyt | juo maitoa Kin nyt | juo maitoa nyt Kin?)
-maitoa Pas? ei? (ari Kin juo nyt | ari juo Kin nyt | ari juo nyt Kin?)
-nyt Pas? ei? (ari Kin juo maitoa | ari juo Kin maitoa | ari juo maitoa Kin?)
-
-ari Kin Pas? ei? juo maitoa nyt
-maitoa Kin Pas? ari ei? juo nyt
-nyt Kin Pas? ari ei? juo maitoa
-
-juo Pas? (ari Kin maitoa nyt | ari maitoa Kin nyt | ari maitoa nyt Kin?)
-ei Pas? (ari Kin juo maitoa nyt | ari juo Kin maitoa nyt | ari juo maitoa Kin nyt |
- ari juo maitoa nyt Kin?)
-
--- imperatives
-
-The question clitic is (for obvious semantic reasons) omitted from the Pas category:
-
- Pas- ::= pa | pas | han | pahan
-
-juo Pas-? (ari Kin maitoa nyt | ari maitoa Kin nyt | ari maitoa nyt Kin?)
-älä Pas-? (ari Kin juo maitoa nyt | ari juo Kin maitoa nyt | ari juo maitoa Kin nyt
- | ari juo maitoa nyt Kin?)
-
-
--- negation word
-
-Strangely enough, Kin seems to be getting accepted in plural (= two-syllabic) negations:
-
- *enkään, *etkään, *eikään, ?emmekään, ?ettekään, ?eivätkään (quite some Google hits)
-
-