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For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 413 +\begin_document +\begin_header +\textclass article +\begin_preamble +\usepackage{times} +\end_preamble +\use_default_options true +\maintain_unincluded_children false +\language english +\language_package default +\inputencoding auto +\fontencoding global +\font_roman default +\font_sans default +\font_typewriter default +\font_default_family default +\use_non_tex_fonts false +\font_sc false +\font_osf false +\font_sf_scale 100 +\font_tt_scale 100 + +\graphics default +\default_output_format default +\output_sync 0 +\bibtex_command default +\index_command default +\paperfontsize 11 +\spacing single +\use_hyperref true +\pdf_bookmarks true +\pdf_bookmarksnumbered false +\pdf_bookmarksopen false +\pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1 +\pdf_breaklinks false +\pdf_pdfborder false +\pdf_colorlinks true +\pdf_backref false +\pdf_pdfusetitle true +\papersize a4paper +\use_geometry false +\use_amsmath 1 +\use_esint 1 +\use_mhchem 1 +\use_mathdots 1 +\cite_engine natbib_authoryear +\use_bibtopic false +\use_indices false +\paperorientation portrait +\suppress_date false +\use_refstyle 1 +\index Index +\shortcut idx +\color #008000 +\end_index +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\paragraph_indentation default +\quotes_language english +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default +\tracking_changes false +\output_changes false +\html_math_output 0 +\html_css_as_file 0 +\html_be_strict false +\end_header + +\begin_body + +\begin_layout Title +A Bilingual Treebank for the FraCaS Test Suite +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +CLT Project Report +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Author +Peter Ljunglöf and Magdalena Siverbo +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Centre for Language Technology +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +University of Gothenburg +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +E-mail: +\begin_inset Flex URL +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +peter.ljunglof@gu.se +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Date +31st October, 2011 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Abstract +\noindent +We have created a bilingual treebank for 99% of the sentences in the FraCaS + test suite. + The treebank is built together with an associated bilingual English-Swedish + lexicon written in the Grammatical Framework Resource Grammar. + The original FraCaS sentences are English, and we have tested the multilinguali +ty of the Resource Grammar by analysing the grammaticality and naturalness + of the Swedish translations. + 86% of the sentences are grammatically and semantically correct and sound + natural. + About 10% can probably be fixed by adding new lexical items or grammatical + rules, and only a small amount are considered to be difficult to cure. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset ERT +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + + +\backslash +thispagestyle{empty} +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Introduction +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In this project we have created a bilingual treebank for the FraCaS test + suite +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand citep +key "CooperCrouchEijck1996:Using-the-Framework" + +\end_inset + +, using the Grammatical Framework Resource Grammar Library +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand citep +key "Ranta2009:The-GF-Resource-Grammar-Library,Ranta2009:Grammatical-Framework:-A-Multilingual,Ranta2011:Grammatical-Framework:-Programming" + +\end_inset + +. + The project consisted of two parts that were partly interwoven. + The first aim was to construct a treebank, which involved creating a lexicon + and a limited grammar specific for the FraCaS test suite, parsing the sentences + and selecting the most representative trees. + The second aim was to build a FraCaS corpus in Swedish, using the treebank + constructed in the first part of the project. + This involved translating the English lexicon and grammar into Swedish + equivalents, generating Swedish sentences for all the trees in the treebank + and evaluate the results. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Newpage pagebreak +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +The FraCaS Corpus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The FraCaS textual inference problem set +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand citep +key "CooperCrouchEijck1996:Using-the-Framework" + +\end_inset + + was built in the mid 1990's by the FraCaS project, a large collaboration + aimed at developing resources and theories for computational semantics. + This test set was later modified and converted to XML by Bill MacCartney: + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center + +\family sans +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "http://www-nlp.stanford.edu/~wcmac/downloads/fracas.xml" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +It is the latter, modified version that has been used in this project. + The corpus consists of 346 problems each containing one or more statements + and one yes/no-question (except for four problems, where there is no question). + The total number of sentences in the corpus is 1220, but since some of + them are repeated in several problems, there are in total 874 unique sentences. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The FraCaS problems contain relatively simple sentences, and the premise + and hypothesis sentences are usually syntactically similar. + Despite this simplicity, the problems are intended to reflect a broad variety + of semantic and inferential phenomena. + For this reason, the FraCaS corpus has been used as a benchmark for evaluating + different computational semantics systems +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand citep +key "MacCartneyManning2008:Modeling-semantic-containment" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The FraCaS corpus only contains made-up sentences, which are intended to + be grammatically correct. + Therefore we took the opportunity to correct some obvious minor mistakes, + such as +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +a executive +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +does +\family typewriter +[\SpecialChar \ldots{} +] +\family default + has +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +did +\family typewriter +[\SpecialChar \ldots{} +] +\family default + delivered +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, and +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Jones's +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + In total 7 sentences were corrected. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +from MacCartney's thesis: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The FraCaS test suite +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand cite +key "CooperCrouchEijck1996:Using-the-Framework" + +\end_inset + +(Cooper et al. + 1996) of NLI problems was one product of the FraCaS Consortium, a large + collaboration in the mid-1990s aimed at developing a range of resources + related to computational semantics. + The FraCaS problems contain comparatively simple sentences, and the premise + and hypothesis sentences are usu- ally quite similar, so that just a few + edits suffice to transform p into h. + Despite this simplicity, the problems are designed to reflect a broad diversity + of semantic and infer- ential phenomena. + For this reason, the FraCaS test suite has proven to be invaluable as a + developmental test bed for the NatLog system and as a yardstick for evaluating + its effectiveness. + Indeed, the test suite was created with just such an application as its + primary goal. + As the authors write: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Quote +In light of the view expressed elsewhere in this and other FraCaS de- liverables + ... + that inferential ability is not only a central manifestation of semantic + competence but is in fact centrally constitutive of it, it shouldn’t be + a surprise that we regard inferencing tasks as the best way of testing + an NLP system’s semantic capacity.2 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +from MacCartney & Manning (2007): +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The FraCaS test suite (Cooper et al., 1996) was de- veloped as part of a + collaborative research effort in computational semantics. + It contains 346 inference problems reminiscent of a textbook on formal + se- mantics. + In the authors’ view, “inferencing tasks [are] the best way of testing + an NLP system’s se- mantic capacity.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The problems are divided into nine sections, each focused on a category + of semantic phenomena, such as quantifiers or anaphora (see table 2). + Each prob- lem consists of one or more premise sentences, fol- lowed by + a one-sentence question. + For this project, the questions were converted into declarative hy- potheses. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Each problem also has an answer, which (usually) takes one of three values: + yes (the hypoth- esis can be inferred from the premise(s)), no (the negation + of the hypothesis can be inferred), or unk (neither the hypothesis nor + its negation can be in- ferred). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +from Mac&Mann (2008): +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The FraCaS test suite (Cooper et al., 1996) con- tains 346 NLI problems, + divided into nine sec- tions, each focused on a specific category of se- + mantic phenomena (listed in table 3). + Each prob- lem consists of one or more premise sentences, a question sentence, + and one of three answers: yes, no, or unknown +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Examples from the FraCaS Corpus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The FraCaS problems are divided into 9 broad categories which cover many + aspects of semantic inference. + The categories are called +\emph on +quantifiers +\emph default +, +\emph on +plurals +\emph default +, +\emph on +anaphora +\emph default +, +\emph on +ellipsis +\emph default +, +\emph on +adjectives +\emph default +, +\emph on +comparatives +\emph default +, +\emph on +temporal reference +\emph default +, +\emph on +verbs +\emph default +, and +\emph on +attitudes +\emph default +, and they are also sub-categorised and sub-sub-categorised in an hierarchy + of semantic phenomena. + Each problem starts with one or more premises, and a question that can + be answered with yes, no or unknown. + Here are two similar examples with different semantic inferences from the + +\emph on +anaphora +\emph default + category: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring (999) +(135) P: Every customer who owns a computer has a service contract for it. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +P: MFI is a customer that owns several computers. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Q: Does MFI have a service contract for all its computers? +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +A: Yes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring (999) +(136) P: Every executive who had a laptop computer brought it to take notes + at the meeting. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +P: Smith is an executive who owns five different laptop computers. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Q: Did Smith take five laptop computers to the meeting? +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +A: Unknown. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Some of the problems are equivalent to each other, but with different answers + depending on ambiguity. + This happens for the following problem from the +\emph on +ellipsis +\emph default + category: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Labeling +\labelwidthstring (160--161) +(160--161) P: John owns a red car. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +P: Bill owns a fast one. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +Q: Does Bill own a fast red car? +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +A: Yes or unknown, depending on the reading of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +one +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Grammatical Framework +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Grammatical Framework (GF) +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand citep +key "Ranta2009:Grammatical-Framework:-A-Multilingual,Ranta2011:Grammatical-Framework:-Programming" + +\end_inset + + is a grammar formalism based on type theory. + The main feature is the separation of abstract and concrete syntax. + The abstract syntax of a grammar defines a set of abstract syntactic structures +, called abstract terms or trees; and the concrete syntax defines a relation + between abstract structures and concrete structures. + The concrete syntax is expressive enough to describe language-specific + linguistic features such as word order, gender and case inflection, and + discontinuous phrases. + This makes it very suitable for writing multilingual grammars, where the + abstract syntax is lifted to a more language universal level. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Simple GF Example +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As an example to show the possibilities of GF, we define adjectives as noun-modi +fying functions in the spirit of categorial grammar: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +(Abstract) +\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green:CN\rightarrow CN}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This means that +\emph on +green +\emph default + is a grammatical construction that create common nouns (CN) from common + nouns (CN). + This does not say anything about the word order, which is instead defined + in the linearisation rules in the concrete syntax. + In English, the adjective comes before the noun: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\series bold +(English) +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n="\! green"\,+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\: n}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Whereas in French the adjective comes after: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +(French) +\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=n\:+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\:"\! vert"}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +But since French adjectives are inflected by number and gender, this is + only correct for singular masculine nouns. + That is why GF concrete syntax has support for inflection tables, inherent + attributes and discontinuous constituents, which makes the formalism as + expressive as Multiple Context-Free Grammars +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand citep +key "Ljunglof2004:Expressivity-and-Complexity-of-GF" + +\end_inset + +. + A slightly more correct French variant of the adjective +\emph on +green +\emph default + would then be: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description + +\series bold +(French) +\series default + +\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=\mathbf{table}\left\{ \begin{array}{l} +Sg\:\Rightarrow\: n\,!\, Sg\:+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\:"\! vert"\\ +Pl\:\Rightarrow\: n\,!\, Pl\:+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\:"\! verts" +\end{array}\right\} }$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +But this still does not handle feminine nouns, which of course is possible. + Even better is to make use of the GF Resource Grammar, where all these + inflection paradigms are already defined. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +The GF Resource Grammar +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +GF has a rich module system which facilitates grammar writing as an engineering + task, by reusing common grammars. + The abstract syntax of one grammar can be used as a concrete syntax of + another grammar. + This makes it possible to implement grammar resources to be used in several + different application domains. + These points are currently exploited in the GF Resource Grammar Library + +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand citep +key "Ranta2009:The-GF-Resource-Grammar-Library,Ranta2011:Grammatical-Framework:-Programming" + +\end_inset + +, which is a multilingual GF grammar with a common abstract syntax for 20 + languages, including Finnish, Persian, Russian and Urdu. + The main purpose of the Grammar Library is as a resource for writing domain-spe +cific grammars. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Now we can define the French and English linearisations for the adjective + functions using the resource grammar, which then takes care of all kinds + of inflection: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +(French) +\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=AdjCN\:(PositA\:(mkA\;"\! vert"))\: n}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +(English) +\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=AdjCN\:(PositA\:(mkA\;"\! green"))\: n}$ +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Here +\emph on +AdjCN +\emph default + is a function that modifies a common noun with an adjective phrase, +\emph on +PositA +\emph default + uses the positive form of an adjective, and +\emph on +mkA +\emph default + creates all possible inflections of a regular adjective. + Note that the structures of the English and French linearisations are the + same, except for the lexical entries, and this can be exploited in GF by + creating a language-independent concrete syntax. + The FraCaS treebank is language-independent in this sense, since the tree + for each sentence is the same for both English and Swedish. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The English Treebank +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +The FraCaS Grammar +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +To be able to construct a GF treebank we need a grammar and a lexicon that + can describe every sentence in the corpus. + We have used the GF Resource Grammar as underlying grammar, and added lexical + items that capture the FraCaS domain. + On top of the resource grammar we have added a few new grammatical construction +s, as well as functions for handling elliptic phrases. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +In total, we used 107 grammatical functions out of the 189 that are defined + in the resource grammar. + In addition we added four new grammatical constructions that were lacking, + and 7 different elliptic phrases. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +In order to construct the treebank for FraCaS, two modules were written, + one lexicon module and one grammar module. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Lexicon module +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The FraCaS lexicon module consists of an abstract and a concrete part. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +FraCaSLex Abstract lexicon for the FraCaS test suite +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +FraCaSLexEng Concrete lexicon for the FraCaS test suite +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The lexicon was built using the functions mkN, mkA, mkV etc, mainly from + the Paradigms module. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Grammar module +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The FraCaS grammar module consists of an abstract and a concrete part. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +FraCaS Abstract grammar for the FraCaS test suite +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +FraCaSEng Concrete grammar for the FraCaS test suite +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Initially, the whole Grammar module from the resource grammar was imported, + but in the end only parts of the Grammar module (namely Noun, Verb, Adjective, + Adverb, Numeral and Tense) were imported, while other parts were opened + and necessary functions used in the FraCaS module. + A few functions were added, mainly on clause and sentence level, in order + to simplify the tree structures. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Lexicon +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The lexicon has in total 531 entries, some of which are structural words + already defined in the resource grammar. + Some of the lexical items denote different meanings of the same word. + Examples of this include the word +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +than +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + which can function as a preposition and as a subjunction, the verb +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +go +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + which can mean +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +travel +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + or +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +walk +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, and the conjunction +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + which can be a phrase initial conjunction and an ordinary conjuntion. + Other entries denote different valencies of the same meaning. + This is most common for verbs, such as the transitive verb +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +finish +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + which can take a noun phrase or a verb phrase argument, and the verb +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +know +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + which can take either a question or a sentence as argument. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The lexicon entries are divided into 63 adjectives, 77 adverbials, 20 conjunctio +ns/subjunctions, 34 determiners, 142 nouns, 19 numerals, 40 proper nouns, + 15 prepositions, 12 pronouns, and 109 verbs. + Out of these, 55 adverbials and 28 nouns/proper nouns are multi-word expression +s. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Multi-word Lexical Items +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "sub:Multi-word-Lexical-Items" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +83 of the lexical items denote multi-word phrases. + They were mainly divided into two types: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Itemize +P: Modified proper nouns (A + PN) could not be parsed. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +S: “southern Europe” was defined as PN in FraCaSLex. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +P: Compounds constructed from a proper noun and a noun (PN + N) , and hyphenated + nouns (N-N) could not be parsed. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +S: “Labour MP”, “APCOM manager”, “stock-market” etc. + were defined as N in FraCaSLex. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +(SKIP) P: Certain indefinite pronouns were not recognized as they did not + exist in the resource grammar. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +S: “all”, “anyone”, “everyone”, “no one” and “someone” were defined as NP + in FraCaSLex. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Quantifiers +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +P: Numbers written without spaces between the digits were not recognized. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +S: “10”, “99”, “100”, “2500” etc. + defined as Det in FraCaSLex. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +P: Certain longer numerical expressions could not be parsed. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +S: “one or more”, “the other 99” and “two out of ten” were defined as Det + in FraCaSLex. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +P: Certain quantifiers were not recognized as they did not exist in the + resource grammar. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +S: “a few”, “both”, “either”, “most of the”, “several” etc. + were defined as Det in FraCaSLex. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Conjunctions +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +P: Sentences starting with a conjunction could not be parsed. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +S: The functions SentencePAnd and SentencePBut were added in FraCaS. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +P: Conjunctions preceded by comma or semicolon could not be parsed. +\begin_inset Newline newline +\end_inset + +S: “, and” and “; and” were defined as Conj in FraCaSLex. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Compounds Compound noun phrases such as +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +southern Europe +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (adjective + proper noun), +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +APCOM manager +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (proper noun + noun) and +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +university student +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (noun + noun) were problematic. + Partly because the Resource Grammar currently cannot handle all kinds of + compounding, but mostly because many of the corresponding Swedish phrases + are single compound words. + In total there were 28 wulti-word compounds, divided between nouns, proper + nouns and adjectives. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Time +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +and +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Date +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +Expressions Time and date expressions were problematic for different reasons. + First, although a generic multilingual time and date resource grammar is + in the making, it is not finished yet. + Second, different languages use different syntactic constructions for times + and dates. + Especially the use prepositions differ a lot: +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +in 1990 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +in February +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + and +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +in two years +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, are translated to Swedish as +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1990 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +i februari +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + and +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +om två år +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, respectively. + For these reasons, we have defined all time and date expressions as multi-word + adverbials. + In total we defined 55 different time and date phrases. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Grammar Additions +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Three different grammatical constructions were added to the grammar. + They consist of natural extensions to and slight modifications of existing + functions. + The intention is that they will be added to the resource grammar in the + near future. + Examples include the idiom +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +so do I +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + / +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +so did she +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, and question adverbials such as +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +if Smith signed the contract, did Jones sign the contract? +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Elliptic Phrases +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The resource grammar cannot handle all kinds of conjunctions and elliptical + phrases. + In the FraCaS corpus there are 35 sentences with more advanced elliptical + constructions. + Examples include +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bill did +\family typewriter +[\SpecialChar \ldots{} +] +\family default + too +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, and +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Smith saw Jones sign the contract and +\family typewriter +[\SpecialChar \ldots{} +] +\family default + his secretary make a copy +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + Our solution was to introduce empty phrases, one for each grammatical category. + E.g., in the first example, the ellipsis is an empty verb phrase, and the + longer example contains an empty ditransitive verb. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Coverage +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Of the 874 unique sentences, 812 could be parsed directly with the Resource + Grammar and the implemented lexicon, as shown in table +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "tab:coverage" + +\end_inset + +. + With the three additional grammatical constructions 14 more sentences were + parsed. + The addition of elliptical phrases increased the number of sentences by + another 34. + Of the 14 remaining sentences, we could parse 6 more by doing some minor + reformulations, such as moving a comma or adding a preposition. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular +<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3"> +<features tabularvalignment="middle"> +<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Total +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of sentences +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Unique sentences +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +874 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +100% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Accepted by the RG +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +812 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +92.9% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +- with grammar extensions +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +826 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +94.5% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +- with elliptic phrases +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +860 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +98.4% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +- with slight reformulation of sentence +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +866 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +99.1% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Unable to parse +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +8 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +0.9% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +</lyxtabular> + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The coverage of the English FraCaS grammar +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "tab:coverage" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Grammatical extensions: RelNP_nocomma, SoDoI, ExtAdvQS, ConjQS. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Note that this statistics is very strict in the sense that punctuation (in + particular commas) are included and has to be incorporated by the grammar. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +After having taken measures to solve the problems described in section 2.2, + the parsing rate was at 84,6%. + Part of these sentences could be parsed, but returned no representative + trees, which gave a lower percentage of correctly parsed sentences (83,2%). + There were various reasons why certain sentences could not be parsed, with + various degrees of severity. + The table below shows the results after changing the corpus by giving substitut +ions for problematic sentences on each of these levels. + The first number is the number of sentences out of 1220, while the percentage + is on the next line. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +These are explanations for the different levels: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +the original corpus with no changes. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +substitution for simple spelling or grammar mistakes, such as double punctuation + or incorrect verb forms. + The change also involved using only uncontracted negation, for the sake + of conformity and simplicity. + There were only a few sentences of these types, so changing them did not + make a major difference to the results. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +rewriting of certain constructions that could not be handled by the parser. + These were constructions like “the people [..] all voted...”, changed to “all + the people [...] voted...”. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +filling of gaps in gap constructions, e.g. + adding “spoken to Mary” to “Bill has”, rendering “Bill has spoken to Mary”. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Tabular +<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3"> +<features tabularvalignment="middle"> +<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +FraCaS version +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Parsed +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Correctly parsed +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1. + original +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1032 84,6% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1015 83,2% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +2. + mistakes corrected; uncontracted negation +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1037 85,0% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1020 83,6% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +3. + reconstructions +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1040 85,2% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1026 84,1% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +4. + gap filling +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1045 85,7% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1043 85,5% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +</lyxtabular> + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +As we can see, the changes made in the corpus did not cause any major increase + in the percentage of parsed sentences, and only a slightly higher increase + in the percentage of correctly parsed sentences. + It would take more radical changes for a more radical increase. + In the following section, we will look into what those changes would concern. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The following are a few examples of tree structures resulting from parsing + FraCaS sentences using this grammar. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Positive +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +declarative: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +No delegate finished the report. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Sentence (DeclPos TPast ASimul (PredVP (DetCN (DetQuant no_Quant NumSg) + (UseN delegate_N)) (ComplSlash (SlashV2a finish_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt + NumSg) (UseN report_N))))) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Negative +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +declarative: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bill did not speak to Mary on Monday. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Sentence (DeclNeg TPast ASimul (PredVP (UsePN bill_PN) (AdvVP (ComplSlash + (SlashV2a speak_to_V2) (UsePN mary_PN)) on_monday_Adv))) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Question: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Did a Swede win a Nobel prize? +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Sentence (Question TPast ASimul (PredVP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) + (UseN swede_N)) (ComplSlash (SlashV2a win_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt + NumSg) (UseN nobel_prize_N))))) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Clause +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +conjunction: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Smith took a machine on Tuesday, and Jones took a machine on Wednesday. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Sentence (DeclConj comma_and_Conj TPast ASimul (PredVP (UsePN smith_PN) + (AdvVP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a take_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) + (UseN machine_N))) on_tuesday_Adv)) (PredVP (UsePN jones_PN) (AdvVP (ComplSlash + (SlashV2a take_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN machine_N))) + on_wednesday_Adv))) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Sentence-initial +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +conjunction: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +But only one woman. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +SentencePBut (UttNP (PredetNP only_Predet (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt (NumCard + (NumNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01))))))) (UseN woman_N)))) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Description +Noun +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +phrase +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +conjunction: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +John and his colleagues went to a meeting. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Sentence (DeclPos TPast ASimul (PredVP (ConjNP2 and_Conj (UsePN john_PN) + (DetCN (DetQuant (PossPron he_Pron) NumPl) (UseN colleague_N))) (AdvVP + (UseV go8walk_V) (PrepNP to_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN + meeting_N)))))) +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Three of the sentences that are encoded as synonyms have attachment ambiguities + that can be encoded in the grammar. + This means that they have different trees in different problems (169.1.p/170.1.p, + 175.1.p/176.1.p, 244.1.p/245.1.p). + But we don't count them in this statistics. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Syntactical Ambiguity +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All trees in the FraCaS treebank are implemented in the GF grammar described + above. + This grammar can be used by itself for parsing and analysing similar sentences. + It is useful to know how ambiguous the grammar is, so we have parsed the + 866 sentences that are covered by the grammar and counted the number of + trees for each sentence. + Table +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "tab:ambiguity" + +\end_inset + + shows that the grammar is moderately ambiguous, where almost 70% of the + sentences have less than 10 different parse trees, and over 90% have less + than 100 trees. + The median is for a sentence to have 5 parse trees, and the largest number + of trees for a sentence is 33,048. + The ambiguous sentence is: +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Since APCOM bought its present office building it has been paying mortgage + interest on it for more than 10 years. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Note that the number of parse trees are misleading for the 34 sentences + with elliptic phrases, since ellipsis is linearised as +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\family typewriter +[\SpecialChar \ldots{} +] +\family default + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + in the FraCaS grammar. + If we had made the elliptic phrases invisible, the number of parse trees + would increase dramatically. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular +<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3"> +<features tabularvalignment="middle"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +No. + parse trees +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +No. + sentences +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1 -- 9 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +598 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +69.1% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +10 -- 99 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +203 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +23.4% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +100 -- 999 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +49 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +5.7% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Formula $\geq$ +\end_inset + + 1000 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +16 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1.8% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +</lyxtabular> + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Ambiguity of the FraCaS treebank +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "tab:ambiguity" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Subsection +Problems remaining +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Some problems could not be solved, due to their complexity and/or the time + limitations of the project. + Remaining problems are listed below, categorised according to their nature. + Examples from the FraCaS corpus are given with the relevant parts italicized. + For each type of problem, the number of affected sentences is given in + brackets (out of the 177 sentences that were not correctly parsed). + A few sentences had more than one problem, but was only counted in one + category. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Adverbials (46) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Certain kinds and uses of adverbials were problematic. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Verb phrase adverbials (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Every executive who had a laptop computer brought it to take notes at the + meeting.” +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Noun phrase adverbials (3) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“It lasted 2 days.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Smith had been travelling the day before she arrived in Katmandu.” +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Sentence-initial adverbials (34) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Since 1992 ITEL has been in Birmingham.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Yesterday APCOM signed the contract.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Then she took a taxi to the station.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Two years from now Smith will have been to Florence at least four times.” +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +To this group also belong sentence-initial subordinate clauses. + (Subordinate clauses following the main clause are treated as adverbials, + so it is only natural to treat subordinate clauses preceding the main clause + as adverbials too.) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“If Smith and Anderson did not sign the contract, Jones signed the contract.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“When Smith arrived in Katmandu she had been travelling for three days.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Before APCOM bought its present office building, it had been paying mortgage + interest [...].” +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +Adverbials with copula (8) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“It is now 1996.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Today is Saturday, July 14th.” +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Paragraph +Verb phrase conjunctions (5) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The grammar could handle conjunction on the noun phrase and clause level, + but not verb phrase conjunctions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“ICM is one of the companies and owns 150 computers.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“She took a taxi to the station and caught the first train to Luxembourg.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Jones graduated in March and has been employed ever since.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Auxiliary verbs (17) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Auxiliary verbs used independently could not be parsed. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“John wanted to buy a car, and he did.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Bill spoke to everyone that John did.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“She finished before he did.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Complex comparisons (23) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Simple comparatives worked well, but not comparatives embedded in a noun + phrase or other complex comparisons. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“John is a fatter politician than Bill.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“ITEL won more orders than APCOM lost.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“ITEL sold 3000 more computers than APCOM.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Mary's story lasted as long as Jones's updating the program.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Relative clauses (11) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Some relative clauses could not be parsed or parsed correctly. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +-- Relative clauses using present participle (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“No one gambling seriously stops until he is broke.” +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +-- Relative clauses modifying a pronoun (8) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“No one who starts gambling seriously stops until he is broke.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Everyone who starts gambling seriously continues until he is broke.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Nobody who is asleep ever knows that he is asleep.” +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +-- Relative clauses with object gap (2) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“There is a representative that Smith wrote to every week.” +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Paragraph +Complement infinitive clauses (17) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The verb “see” as in “see someone do something”, defined as V2V, does not + work. + It requires an infinitive marker, which should not be present in this case. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Smith saw Jones sign the contract.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Smith saw Jones' heart beat.” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Other (58) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Apart from the problems in the categories above, there are other problems + that are harder to classify. + Some of these could have been solved, had time permitted, while others + are of a more intricate type. + Each problem is exemplified by one sentence from the FraCaS corpus. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Mary represents her own company.” (15) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“APCOM sold exactly 2500 computers.” (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Smith spent two hours writing the report.” (12) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“No representative took less than half a day to read the report.” (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“The conference was over on July 8th, 1994.” (2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Bill owns a blue one.” (6) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“That is, there was one lawyer who signed all the reports.” (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Bill is going to speak to Mary.” (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“It is the case that Jones is not and will never be allowed to write his + memoirs.” (4) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“It took the representatives more than a week to read the report.” (2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“Smith represents his company and so does Jones.” (13) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Tree selection +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +When having parsed the whole corpus, a selection had to be made for each + sentence to be represented by the most adequate tree structure. + Most of the time there was a clear choice, while at other times, two trees + were kept since it was not clear which one was the most suitable representation + of the sentence. + This was especially common for sentences using a copula with an indefinite + noun phrase as complement. + In these cases, both the tree with the indefinite article represented and + the one without were kept. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +The Swedish Corpus +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Subsection +Modules +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +In order to build the Swedish version of the FraCaS corpus, two modules + were written, one lexicon module and one grammar module. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Lexicon module +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +FraCaSLexSwe is the Swedish concrete lexicon. + It was built in a very similar way to the English counterpart, using the + functions mkN, mkA, mkV etc, mainly from the Paradigms module. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Grammar module +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +FraCaSSwe is the Swedish concrete grammar. + Just as for the English counterpart, parts of the Grammar module (namely + Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Numeral and Tense) were imported, while + other parts were opened and necessary functions used in FraCaSSwe. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Some of the FraCaS sentences depend on lexical ambiguity that cannot be + expressed adequately in Swedish. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +A long-term goal of this project is that the treebank should be truly multilingu +al for all the languages in the GF resource grammar. + Of course this is not possible in the general case, since some of the sentences + cannot even be translated without changing their semantic content. + But at least we can try to create a multlingual treebank of as many sentences + as possible. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +As a first step we have created Swedish translations of the sentences, by + writing a new Swedish lexicon. + Then we evaluated the translations and iteratively made changes to the + trees to make the translations better. + Note that since we use exactly the same syntax trees for the Swedish and + English sentences, we had to make sure that the English translation was + not changed when we modified the trees. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +This means the corpus was not created by manually translating the English + sentences, but instead we translated the lexicon and let the Swedish Resource + Grammar take care of the syntactical translation. + Currently, out of the 866 sentences in the treebank, 748 are translated + into grammatically correct and comprehensible Swedish sentences. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +The Swedish Lexicon +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +When creating the Swedish lexicon +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +As was the case for the parsing part of the project, certain problems were + also discovered in the process of generating into Swedish. + Often these problems had to be solved by going back to the English lexicon + and making changes so that more suitable, often more general, trees would + be constructed. + This is where the two project parts were interwoven. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Some of the problems could be solved and some remain. + The solutions are presented in this section, while remaining problems are + listed in the next section on statistics (3.3). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The problems encountered have been divided into categories as seen below. + The explanations follow P (Problem) and S (Solution). + FraCaSLex here refers to both the abstract lexicon and the two concrete + lexicons (FraCaSLexEng and FraCaSLexSwe). + In the same way, FraCaS refers to both the abstract grammar and the two + concrete grammars (FraCaSEng and FraCaSSwe). +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +When we created the Swedish lexicon, we often had to go back to the English + lexicon and make changes so that more suitable trees could be constructed. + Sometimes we merged several lexical entries into one multi-word entry, + and sometimes we split one entry into different meanings. + Most of the changes consisted of the following types: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Compounds Many compound noun phrases, such as +\emph on +“company car” +\emph default +, +\emph on +“mortgage interest” +\emph default + and +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +APCOM manager +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, are single words in Swedish ( +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +tjänstebil +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hypoteksränta +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + and +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +APCOM-direktör +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, respectively). + We solved this by defining them as multi-word nouns, as described in section + +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "sub:Multi-word-Lexical-Items" + +\end_inset + +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Lexical +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +ambiguity Several words in English are translated into different Swedish + words, depending on the context. + Such words were split into different lexical entries. + The adjective +\emph on +“poor” +\emph default +, for example, was handled by creating two different functions, one with + the meaning +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +not good +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (Swedish +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +dålig +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +), and one with the meaning +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +not rich +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (Swedish +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fattig +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +). +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Prepositions Prepositions are often translated differently in different + contexts. + E.g., +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +inhabitant of +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + is translated to +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +invånare i +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + if the argument is a country or a town, but to +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +invånare på +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + if the argument is an island. + This was solved, either by creating different lexical entries, or by making + the preposition a part of the main verb. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Adverbials Most of the multi-word adverbials are time and date expressions. + The reason for this is that many time and date expressions are translated + very differently between different languages. + E.g., the English preposition +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +in +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + is translated differently for different time and date expressions: +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +in March +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + becomes +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +i mars +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + and +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +in a month +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + translates to +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +om en månad +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, whereas +\emph on +“in 1994” +\emph default + is best formulated as the bare word +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +1994 +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + in Swedish. + As already explained, we defined all time and date expressions as multi-word + adverbials. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Coverage +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular +<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3"> +<features tabularvalignment="middle"> +<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Total +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +% of sentences +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Sentences in treebank +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +866 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +100% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Correct Swedish translation +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +748 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +86.4% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Problematic sentences +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +118 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +13.6% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +-- idioms +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +31 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +3.6% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +-- agreement +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +24 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +2.8% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +-- future tense +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +12 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +1.4% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +-- elliptical +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +19 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +2.2% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + + +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +-- uncomprehensible +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +32 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +3.7% +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +</lyxtabular> + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +The coverage of the Swedish FraCaS grammar +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "tab:swedish-coverage" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Table +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "tab:swedish-coverage" + +\end_inset + + gives an overview of the coverage of the Swedish lexicon and grammar. + Of the 866 unique sentences in the treebank, we consider 748 to have good + Swedish translations. + The remaining 118 sentences had some problems which we divided into five + different classes -- idioms, agreement, future tense, elliptical phrases, + and more difficult errors. + Table +\begin_inset CommandInset ref +LatexCommand ref +reference "tab:swedish-problems" + +\end_inset + + gives examples of some of the encountered problems, and in the next section + are short descriptions. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Float table +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Tabular +<lyxtabular version="3" rows="19" columns="4"> +<features tabularvalignment="middle"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +English original +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Direct translation +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Better idiom +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Literally in English +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +idioms +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X is likely to Y +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X +\series bold +är trolig +\series default + att Y +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +\emph on +det är troligt +\series default + att X Y +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +it is likely that X Y +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +members of the committee +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +\emph on +medlemmar av +\series default + kommittén +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +kommitté +\series bold +medlemmar +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +committee-members +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X is asleep +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X +\series bold +är sovande +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X +\series bold +sover +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X sleeps +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +the previous one +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +den förra +\series bold +en +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +den förra +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +the previous +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +agreement +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X has the right to Y +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X har +\series bold +rätten +\series default + att Y +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X har +\series bold +rätt +\series default + att Y +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X has right to Y +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +traffic increased +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +\emph on +trafik +\series default + ökade +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +\emph on +trafiken +\series default + ökade +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +the traffic increased +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +one of the tenors +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +\emph on +ett +\series default +av tenorerna +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +\emph on +en +\series default + av tenorerna +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +--- +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +everyone continues until he is broke +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +alla fortsätter tills +\series bold +han +\series default +är pank +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +alla fortsätter tills +\series bold +de +\series default +är panka +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +all continue until they are broke +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +clients at the demonstration +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +\emph on +klienter +\series default +på presentationen +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +\emph on +klienterna +\series default + på presentationen +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +the clients at the demonstration +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +future tense +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X will make a poor stock market trader +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X +\series bold +ska +\series default + bli en dålig aktiehandlare +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X +\series bold +kommer att +\series default + bli en dålig aktiehandlare +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +--- +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +elliptical phrases +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X wanted to buy a car, and he did +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X ville köpa en bil, och han gjorde +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X ville köpa en bil, och han gjorde +\series bold +det +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X wanted to buy a car, and he did it +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X did too +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X gjorde också +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X gjorde +\series bold +det +\series default +också +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X did it too +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +more difficult +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X took less than half a day to Y +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X tog mindre än en halv dag att Y +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\emph on +X tog mindre än en halv dag +\series bold + på sig för +\series default + att Y +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +--- +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +</lyxtabular> + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Examples of encountered problems with the Swedish translation +\begin_inset CommandInset label +LatexCommand label +name "tab:swedish-problems" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsubsection +Types of translation problems +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Idioms We encountered 10 problematic idioms in 31 sentences, where the direct + translation of a phrase is not the most natural, but instead we should + use a different syntactical construction. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Agreement There were 7 different noun phrase agreement problems in 24 of + the sentences, where the Swedish translation would be more natural if we + could change the number, definiteness or gender of the noun phrase. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Future +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +tense Swedish future tense takes two different forms, either +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ska +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + or +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +kommer att +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + The resource grammar defaults to +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ska +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, but +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +kommer att +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + is the more natural translation for all 12 FraCaS sentences using future + tense. + This is the case for 12 sentences, one example is +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bill will talk to Mary +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, which should be translated to +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bill kommer att prata med Mary +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Elliptical +\begin_inset space ~ +\end_inset + +phrases 19 sentences has problems with elliptical phrases in Swedish. + 15 of them has to do with the auxiliary verb +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +do/does/did +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +, which sounds very awkward when it is translated to the Swedish verb +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +gör/gjorde +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + E.g., +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bill did too +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + is translated as +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bill gjorde också +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + In Swedish we also need an object +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +det +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (lit. + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +it +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +), so a better translation is +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bill gjorde det också +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (lit. + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bill did it too +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +). + The remaining four problematic elliptical sentences are more difficult + to analyse. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Description +Serious 32 of the sentences had more serious problems in Swedish. + Some of them did not translate at all, since one of the grammatical constructio +ns had not been implemented for Swedish yet. + Others translated, but with a very strange word order or inflection, since + the corresponding grammatical construction did not function as expected. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +All in all, out of the 118 problematic Swedish sentences we believe than + more than two thirds of them should be possible to correct without too + much trouble. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Idioms +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +in business +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +i affärsverksamhet +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? (3) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bill is likely to [..] +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +är sannolik/trolig att +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? [bättre: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +det är troligt att Bill [..] +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] (2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Mary is female +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Mary är kvinnlig +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? [bättre: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Mary är kvinna +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] (2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +members of the committee +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +medlemmar av kommittén +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [bättre: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +kommittémedlem +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] (2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +had his paper accepted +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hade sin uppsats godkänd +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [bättre: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fick sin uppsats godkänd +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] (3) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +made a loss +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +gjorde en förlust +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [bättre: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +gick med förlust +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] (4) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +a chain of businesses +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +en kedja av affärsverksamheter +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [bättre: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +en affärskedja +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] (7) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +be sleeping +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +är sovande +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [bättre: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sover +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] (4) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +no one stops until +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +eveyone continues until +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => [ +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ingen slutar förrän +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +alla fortsätter tills +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +a blue one +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +en blå en +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +en blå +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (3) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +the previous one +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => ?? / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +den förra +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +OK +\series default +: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +comes cheap +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +fås billigt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +? [bättre: +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +är billig +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] (3) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +OK +\series default +: (group_N2) +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +a group of people +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +en grupp av människor +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + [ +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +en grupp människor +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +] (2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +OK: Passive form +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +was blamed +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blev beskyllda +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +beskylldes +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (3) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +was used +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +blev använd +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +användes +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Agreement +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +16 of these contained variations of the definite noun phrase +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +the right +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (used in the context +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph default +X +\emph on + has the right to live in +\emph default +Y +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +), which is translated to +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + + +\emph on +rätten +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + But in Swedish it sounds more natural to say +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +rätt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (lit. + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +right +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +), at least in this context. + In other cases, English indefinite noun phrases are better translated to + definite form, such as +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +traffic +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + which should translate to +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +trafiken +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + (lit. + +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +the traffic +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +). + Another example is gender problems, since Swedish has two genders, such + as +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +one of the tenors +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + where the gender of +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +one +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + should depend on the gender of +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +tenor +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. + Problems with number were mostly due to the singular pronoun +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +everyone +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default + which was translated to the plural pronoun +\emph on + +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +alla +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\emph default +. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Agreement examples +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +one of the tenors +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ett av tenorerna +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +en av tenorerna +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +everyone continues until he is broke +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +alla fortsätter tills han är pank +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + tills de är panka +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +clients at the demonstration +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +klienter på presentationen +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +klienterna \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +traffic increased +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +trafik ökade +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +trafiken ökade +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +is the chairman of ITEL +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +är ordföranden för ITEL +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ordförande +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +every customer who owns a computer has a service contract for it +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +varje kund som äger en dator har ett servicekontrakt för det +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +\SpecialChar \ldots{} + för den +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +the right to \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +rätten att \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +rätt att \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (16) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +OK: (ta bort ProgrVP på svenska) Progressive +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Smith was writing a report +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Smith höll på att skriva en rapport +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +skrev en rapport +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (24) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +APCOM has been paying mortgage +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +APCOM har hållit på att betala hypoteksränta +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +betalat +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Reflexive pronouns +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +OK +\series default +: (lägg till refl_Pron) +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +his/her/their +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +hans/hennes/deras +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sin +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +sitt +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +/ +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + +sina +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (~30) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +himself +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sig +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +sig själv +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (but not always) (1) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Uncomprehensible +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +prepositions/subjunctions: 2 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +twice as many than \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +dubbelt så många än \SpecialChar \ldots{} + +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +som +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bill suggested to Frank's boss that \SpecialChar \ldots{} +, and Carl to Alan's wife +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +Bill föreslog för Franks chef att \SpecialChar \ldots{} +, och Carl till Alans fru +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +för Alans fru +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\series bold +OK +\series default +: (arrive_in_V2) +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +arrived in Katmandu +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + => +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +anlände i Katmandu +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + / +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +till +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (2) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Uncomprehensible/difficult to fix: 6 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +No linearisation: 24 +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Note Note +status collapsed + +\begin_layout Subsection +Statistics +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Out of 1220 original sentences, 1043 could eventually be correctly parsed + and their tree representations be used for generating the equivalent Swedish + sentences. + Also, the changes listed in section 3.2 were performed, resulting in better + linearizations. + The generated Swedish sentences were checked for accuracy and divided into + a few different groups. + The number of sentences in each group is given in the left-most column. + Descriptions and examples for each group are given on the right and can + be viewed as a list of remaining problems to be solved. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Tabular +<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3"> +<features tabularvalignment="middle"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +</lyxtabular> + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Tabular +<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3"> +<features tabularvalignment="middle"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +unique sentences +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +874 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +(som förut) +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +599 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +(skiljer sig) +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +89 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +(hade inte förut) +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +150 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +<row> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +no linearisation +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +36 +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> +\begin_inset Text + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset +</cell> +</row> +</lyxtabular> + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Number Type Description Result Desired result +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +811 correct & natural +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +120 considered correct but could be more natural +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +“each” / “every”: “varje europé” “alla européer” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +proper inclusion -- indefinite article: “Mary är en student” “Mary är student” +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +infinitive marker desired: “John sade Bill hade skadat sig” “John sade att + Bill hade skadat sig” +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +infinitive marker not desired: “lyckades att vinna” “lyckades vinna” +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +passive constructions: “blev använd” “användes” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +gender of pronoun referring to previous sentence: “Bill äger ett också” + (referring to “bil”) “Bill äger en också” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +definite form: “ordföranden för” “ordförande för” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +meaning of “female”: “Mary är kvinnlig” “Mary är kvinna” +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +28 requiring changes in the FraCaS lexicon +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +“of” constructions: +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +“medlemmar av kommittén” “medlemmar i kommittén” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +“kedja av affärsverksamhet” “affärskedja” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +“grupp av människor” “grupp människor” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“alla av dem” “alla” / “allihop” +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +translation of “should”: “föreslog [...] att de borde” “föreslog [...] att de + skulle” +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +translation of “make a loss”: “gjorde en förlust” “gick med förlust” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +translation of “have been to”: “har varit till” “har varit i” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +translation of “be asleep”: “har varit sovande” “har sovit” +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +30 requiring changes in the English and/or Swedish general grammar(s) +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +gender: “ett av de ledande tenorerna” “en av de ledande tenorerna” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +translation of “come cheap”: “fås billigt” “vara billig (att anlita)” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“both” with adjective -- definite article: “båda ledande tenorerna” “båda + de ledande tenorerna” +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +“will” -- difference in modality: “ska bli” “kommer att bli” (sometimes) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +AdV position of “also”: “hon gav också dem en faktura” “hon gav dem också + en faktura” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +translation of “awarded himself”: “tilldelade sig” “tilldelade sig själv” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +translation of “used to be”: “brukade att vara” e.g. + “var tidigare” +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +54 difficult to correct +\end_layout + +\begin_deeper +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“were blamed for” (non-human subject): “blev anklagade för” [difficult to + find Swedish equivalent] +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +reflexive possessive: “skrev hans första roman” “skrev sin första roman” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +progressive aspect: “höll på att” (sometimes meaning “nearly”) [difficult + to find Swedish equivalent] +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +singular / plural: “alla italienska män vill vara en framstående tenor” + “alla italienska män vill vara framstående tenorer” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +“be likely to”: “Smith är sannolik att bli” “det är sannolikt att Smith + blir” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +“some”: “snabbare än någon ITEL-dator” “snabbare än någon viss ITEL-dator” +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +“lose one's temper”: “Smith förlorade hans humör” “Smith tappade humöret” +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +“have something accepted”: “John hade hans uppsats godkänd” “John fick sin + uppsats godkänd” +\end_layout + +\end_deeper +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Discussion +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The FraCaS treebank was a small project financed by the Centre for Language + Technology (CLT) at the University of Gothenburg. + The project used less than three person months to create a treebank for + the FraCaS test suite, together with a bilingual GF grammar for the trees. + The coverage of the English grammar is 95--99%, depending on whether you + include elliptic phrases or not. + The Swedish grammar is not as developed yet and has a coverage of 86% of + the FraCaS sentences. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The treebank is released under an open-source license, and can be downloaded + as a part of the Gothenburg CLT Toolkit: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\noindent +\align center + +\family sans +\begin_inset CommandInset href +LatexCommand href +target "http://www.clt.gu.se/clt-toolkit" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Implications for the FraCaS Test Suite +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +From the corpus point of view, the FraCaS test suite is not very interesting. + It is a small corpus (less than 1000 sentences), with non-natural, made + up sentences. + Furthermore it uses a fairly standard syntax and is monolingual. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +However, the main value of FraCaS is as a resource for testing semantic + inference algorithms +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand citep +key "MacCartneyManning2007:Natural-logic-for-textual,MacCartneyManning2008:Modeling-semantic-containment" + +\end_inset + +. + This project adds syntactic structures to the test sentences, which we + hope can be beneficial since the semantics of a sentence has a close dependence + on syntax. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Furthermore, we have added a new language to the test set, albeit not perfect + yet. + And since we are using the multilingual GF resource grammar, more languages + should be relatively easy to add. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Implications for GF +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The making of this treebank has been a strees test, both for GF and for + the resource grammar. + The main work in this project has been by a person who is an experienced + computational linguist, but had never used GF before. + This means that the project has been a test of how easy it is to learn + and start using GF and its resource grammar. + Furthermore, the project was a test of the coverage of the existing grammatical + constructions in the resource grammar. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Subsection +Future Work +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +There are several remaining problems and interesting extension possible + with the FraCaS treebank; the following are some examples: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +First and most important is to get most of the remaining Swedish sentences + to work, by factoring out idioms and other constructions from the treebank + and put them in the grammars instead. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +A good treatment of elliptical phrases, by implementing more coordination + constructions in the resource grammar. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +We would like to add new languages from the resource grammar to the multilingual + FraCaS grammar. + Hopefully this will also benefit the existing two languages, by requiring + us to abstract away from language-specific details, thus making the grammar + more abstract. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +A long-term goal would be to make the treebank and the associated grammar + more +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +semantic +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + by factoring out even more syntactic constructions and put them in a semantic + resource grammar. + That it is possible to formulate classic Montague semantics in GF has already + been shown +\begin_inset CommandInset citation +LatexCommand citep +key "Ranta2001:Computational-Semantics" + +\end_inset + +, but here we need to handle many more semantic and pragmatic phenomena. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset Note Note +status open + +\begin_layout Subsection +Related work +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Converting the Penn Treebank to GF, Swedish Talbanken to GF +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex +LatexCommand bibtex +bibfiles "FraCaSBank" +options "apalike" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_body +\end_document |