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diff --git a/grammars/resource/finnish/Morpho.gf b/grammars/resource/finnish/Morpho.gf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6aca6be61 --- /dev/null +++ b/grammars/resource/finnish/Morpho.gf @@ -0,0 +1,654 @@ +--1 A Simple Finnish Resource Morphology +-- +-- Aarne Ranta 2002 +-- +-- This resource morphology contains definitions needed in the resource +-- syntax. It moreover contains the most usual inflectional patterns. +-- +-- We use the parameter types and word classes defined in $Types.gf$. + +resource Morpho = Types ** open (Predef = Predef), Prelude in { + +--2 Nouns +-- + +oper + +-- worst-case macro + + mkSubst : Str -> (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> CommonNoun = + \a,vesi,vede,vete,vetta,veteen,vetii,vesii,vesien,vesia,vesiin -> + {s = table { + NCase Sg Nom => vesi ; + NCase Sg Gen => vede + "n" ; + NCase Sg Part => vetta ; + NCase Sg Transl => vede + "ksi" ; + NCase Sg Ess => vete + ("n" + a) ; + NCase Sg Iness => vede + ("ss" + a) ; + NCase Sg Elat => vede + ("st" + a) ; + NCase Sg Illat => veteen ; + NCase Sg Adess => vede + ("ll" + a) ; + NCase Sg Ablat => vede + ("lt" + a) ; + NCase Sg Allat => vede + "lle" ; + + NCase Pl Nom => vede + "t" ; + NCase Pl Gen => vesien ; + NCase Pl Part => vesia ; + NCase Pl Transl => vesii + "ksi" ; + NCase Pl Ess => vetii + ("n" + a) ; + NCase Pl Iness => vesii + ("ss" + a) ; + NCase Pl Elat => vesii + ("st" + a) ; + NCase Pl Illat => vesiin ; + NCase Pl Adess => vesii + ("ll" + a) ; + NCase Pl Ablat => vesii + ("lt" + a) ; + NCase Pl Allat => vesii + "lle" ; + + NPossNom => vete ; + NPossGenPl => Predef.tk 1 vesien ; + NPossTransl Sg => vede + "kse" ; + NPossTransl Pl => vesii + "kse" ; + NPossIllat Sg => Predef.tk 1 veteen ; + NPossIllat Pl => Predef.tk 1 vesiin + } + } ; + +-- A user-friendly variant takes existing forms and infers the vowel harmony. + + mkNoun : (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> CommonNoun = + \talo,talon,talona,taloa,taloon,taloina,taloissa,talojen,taloja,taloihin -> + mkSubst (ifTok Str (Predef.dp 1 talona) "a" "a" "ä") + talo (Predef.tk 1 talon) (Predef.tk 2 talona) taloa taloon + (Predef.tk 2 taloina) (Predef.tk 3 taloissa) talojen taloja taloihin ; + +-- Here some useful special cases; more will be given in $paradigms.Fin.gf$. +-- +-- Nouns with partitive "a"/"ä" ; +-- to account for grade and vowel alternation, three forms are usually enough +-- Examples: "talo", "kukko", "huippu", "koira", "kukka", "syylä",... + + sKukko : (_,_,_ : Str) -> CommonNoun = \kukko,kukon,kukkoja -> + let { + o = Predef.dp 1 kukko ; + a = Predef.dp 1 kukkoja ; + kukkoj = Predef.tk 1 kukkoja ; + i = Predef.dp 1 kukkoj ; + ifi = ifTok Str i "i" ; + kukkoi = ifi kukkoj (Predef.tk 1 kukkoj) ; + e = Predef.dp 1 kukkoi ; + kukoi = Predef.tk 2 kukon + Predef.dp 1 kukkoi + } + in + mkSubst a + kukko + (Predef.tk 1 kukon) + kukko + (kukko + a) + (kukko + o + "n") + (kukkoi + ifi "" "i") + (kukoi + ifi "" "i") + (ifTok Str e "e" (Predef.tk 1 kukkoi + "ien") (kukkoi + ifi "en" "jen")) + kukkoja + (kukkoi + ifi "in" "ihin") ; + +-- The special case with no alternations: the vowel harmony is inferred from the +-- last letter - which must be one of "o", "u", "ö", "y". + + sTalo : Str -> CommonNoun = \talo -> + let {a = getHarmony (Predef.dp 1 talo)} in + sKukko talo (talo + "n") (talo + ("j" + a)) ; + +-- Loan words ending in consonants are actually similar to words like +-- "malli"/"mallin"/"malleja", with the exception that the "i" is not attached +-- to the singular nominative. + + sLinux : Str -> CommonNoun = \linuxia -> + let { + linux = Predef.tk 2 linuxia ; + a = getHarmony (Predef.dp 1 linuxia) ; + linuxi = linux + "i" + } in + mkSubst a + linux + linuxi + linuxi + (linuxi + a) + (linuxi + "in") + (linux + "ei") + (linux + "ei") + (linux + "ien") + (linux + "eja") + (linux + "eihin") ; + +-- Nouns of at least 3 syllables ending with "a" or "ä", like "peruna", "rytinä". + + sPeruna : Str -> CommonNoun = \peruna -> + let { + a = Predef.dp 1 peruna ; + perun = Predef.tk 1 peruna ; + perunoi = perun + (ifTok Str a "a" "o" "ö" + "i") + } + in + mkSubst a + peruna + peruna + peruna + (peruna + a) + (peruna + a + "n") + perunoi + perunoi + (perunoi + "den") + (perunoi + ("t" + a)) + (perunoi + "hin") ; + +-- Surpraisingly, making the test for the partitive, this not only covers +-- "rae", "perhe", "savuke", but also "rengas", "lyhyt" (except $Sg Illat$), etc. + + sRae : (_,_ : Str) -> CommonNoun = \rae,rakeena -> + let { + a = Predef.dp 1 rakeena ; + rakee = Predef.tk 2 rakeena ; + rakei = Predef.tk 1 rakee + "i" ; + raet = rae + (ifTok Str (Predef.dp 1 rae) "e" "t" []) + } + in + mkSubst a + rae + rakee + rakee + (raet + ("t" + a)) + (rakee + "seen") + rakei + rakei + (rakei + "den") + (rakei + ("t" + a)) + (rakei + "siin") ; + + sSusi : (_,_,_ : Str) -> CommonNoun = \susi,suden,sutena -> + let { + a = Predef.dp 1 sutena ; + sude = Predef.tk 1 suden ; + sute = Predef.tk 2 sutena + } + in + mkSubst a + susi + sude + sute + (Predef.tk 1 sute + ("t" + a)) + (sute + "en") + susi + susi + (susi + "en") + (susi + a) + (susi + "in") ; + + sPuu : Str -> CommonNoun = \puu -> + let { + u = Predef.dp 1 puu ; + a = getHarmony u ; + pu = Predef.tk 1 puu ; + pui = pu + "i" + } + in + mkSubst a + puu + puu + puu + (puu + ("t" + a)) + (puu + ("h" + u + "n")) + pui + pui + (pui + "den") + (pui + ("t" + a)) + (pui + "hin") ; + + sSuo : Str -> CommonNoun = \suo -> + let { + o = Predef.dp 1 suo ; + a = getHarmony o ; + soi = Predef.tk 2 suo + (o + "i") + } + in + mkSubst a + suo + suo + suo + (suo + ("t" + a)) + (suo + ("h" + o + "n")) + soi + soi + (soi + "den") + (soi + ("t" + a)) + (soi + "hin") ; + +-- Here in fact it is handy to use the partitive form as the only stem. + + sNainen : Str -> CommonNoun = \naista -> + let { + nainen = Predef.tk 3 naista + "nen" ; + nais = Predef.tk 2 naista ; + naise = nais + "e" ; + naisi = nais + "i" ; + a = Predef.dp 1 naista + } + in + mkSubst a + nainen + naise + naise + (nais + ("t" + a)) + (nais + "een") + naisi + naisi + (nais + "ten") + (nais + ("i" + a)) + (nais + "iin") ; + +-- The following covers: "tilaus", "kaulin", "paimen", "laidun", "sammal", +-- "kyynel" (excep $Sg Iness$ for the last two?). + + sTilaus : (_,_ : Str) -> CommonNoun = \tilaus, tilauksena -> + let { + tilauks = Predef.tk 3 tilauksena ; + tilaukse = tilauks + "e" ; + tilauksi = tilauks + "i" ; + a = Predef.dp 1 tilauksena + } + in + mkSubst a + tilaus + tilaukse + tilaukse + (tilaus + ("t" + a)) + (tilauks + "een") + tilauksi + tilauksi + (tilaus + "ten") + (tilauks + ("i" + a)) + (tilauks + "iin") ; + +-- The following covers nouns like "nauris" and adjectives like "kallis", "tyyris". + + sNauris : (_ : Str) -> CommonNoun = \naurista -> + let { + a = Predef.dp 1 naurista ; + nauris = Predef.tk 2 naurista ; + nauri = Predef.tk 3 naurista ; + naurii = nauri + "i" + } + in + mkSubst a + nauris + naurii + naurii + (nauris + ("t" + a)) + (naurii + "seen") + naurii + naurii + (naurii + "den") + (naurii + ("t" + a)) + (naurii + "siin") ; + +-- The following two are used for adjective comparison. + + sSuurempi : Str -> CommonNoun = \suurempaa -> + let { + a = Predef.dp 1 suurempaa ; + suure = Predef.tk 4 suurempaa ; + suurempi = suure + "mpi" ; + suurempa = suure + ("mp" + a) ; + suuremm = suure + "mm" + } + in + mkSubst a + suurempi + (suuremm + a) + suurempa + (suurempa + a) + (suurempa + (a + "n")) + suurempi + (suuremm + "i") + (suurempi + "en") + (suurempi + a) + (suurempi + "in") ; + + sSuurin : Str -> CommonNoun = \suurinta -> + let { + a = Predef.dp 1 suurinta ; + suuri = Predef.tk 3 suurinta ; + suurin = suuri + "n" ; + suurimma = suuri + ("mm" + a) ; + suurimpa = suuri + ("mp" + a) ; + suurimpi = suuri + "mpi" ; + suurimmi = suuri + "mmi" + } + in + mkSubst a + suurin + suurimma + suurimpa + (suurin + ("t" + a)) + (suurimpa + (a + "n")) + suurimpi + suurimmi + (suurimpi + "en") + (suurimpi + a) + (suurimpi + "in") ; + +-- This auxiliary resolves vowel harmony from a given letter. + +getHarmony : Str -> Str = \u -> + ifTok Str u "a" "a" ( + ifTok Str u "o" "a" ( + ifTok Str u "u" "a" "ä")) ; + + +-- We could use an extension of the following for grade alternation, but we don't; +-- in general, *whether there is* grade alternation must be given in the lexicon +-- anyway (cf. "auto" - "auton", not "audon"). + + weakGrade : Str -> Str = \kukko -> + let { + ku = Predef.tk 3 kukko ; + kk = Predef.tk 1 (Predef.dp 3 kukko) ; + o = Predef.dp 1 kukko ; + ifkk = ifTok Str kk ; + k = + ifkk "kk" "k" ( + ifkk "pp" "p" ( + ifkk "tt" "t" ( + ifkk "nt" "nn" ( + ifkk "mp" "mm" ( + ifkk "rt" "rr" ( + ifkk "lt" "ll" ( + kk))))))) + } + in ku + k + o ; + + +--3 Proper names +-- +-- Proper names are similar to common nouns in the singular. + + mkProperName : CommonNoun -> ProperName = \jussi -> + {s = \\c => jussi.s ! NCase Sg c} ; + +--2 Pronouns +-- +-- Here we define personal and relative pronouns. + + mkPronoun : (_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Number -> Person -> Pronoun = + \mina, minun, minua, minuna, minuun, n, p -> + let { + minu = Predef.tk 2 minuna ; + a = Predef.dp 1 minuna + } in + {s = table { + PCase Nom => mina ; + PCase Gen => minun ; + PCase Part => minua ; + PCase Transl => minu + "ksi" ; + PCase Ess => minuna ; + PCase Iness => minu + ("ss" + a) ; + PCase Elat => minu + ("st" + a) ; + PCase Illat => minuun ; + PCase Adess => minu + ("ll" + a) ; + PCase Ablat => minu + ("lt" + a) ; + PCase Allat => minu + "lle" ; + PAcc => Predef.tk 1 minun + "t" + } ; + n = n ; p = p} ; + + pronMina = mkPronoun "minä" "minun" "minua" "minuna" "minuun" Sg P1 ; + pronSina = mkPronoun "sinä" "sinun" "sinua" "sinuna" "sinuun" Sg P2 ; + pronHan = mkPronoun "hän" "hänen" "häntä" "hänenä" "häneen" Sg P3 ; + pronMe = mkPronoun "me" "meidän" "meitä" "meinä" "meihin" Pl P1 ; + pronTe = mkPronoun "te" "teidän" "teitä" "teinä" "teihin" Pl P2 ; + pronHe = mkPronoun "he" "heidän" "heitä" "heinä" "heihin" Pl P3 ; + pronNe = mkPronoun "ne" "niiden" "niitä" "niinä" "niihin" Pl P3 ; + +-- The non-human pronoun "se" ('it') is even more irregular, +-- Its accusative cases do not +-- have a special form with "t", but have the normal genitive/nominative variation. +-- We use the type $ProperName$ for "se", because of the accusative but also +-- because the person and number are as for proper names. + + pronSe : ProperName = { + s = table { + Nom => "se" ; + Gen => "sen" ; + Part => "sitä" ; + Transl => "siksi" ; + Ess => "sinä" ; + Iness => "siinä" ; + Elat => "siitä" ; + Illat => "siihen" ; + Adess => "sillä" ; + Ablat => "siltä" ; + Allat => "sille" + } ; + } ; + +-- The possessive suffixes will be needed in syntax. It will show up +-- as a separate word ("auto &ni"), which needs unlexing. Unlexing also +-- has to fix the vowel harmony in cases like "äiti &nsä". + + suff : Str -> Str = \ni -> "&" + ni ; + + possSuffix : Number => Person => Str = \\n,p => + suff (case <n,p> of { + <Sg,P1> => "ni" ; + <Sg,P2> => "si" ; + <Sg,P3> => "nsa" ; + <Pl,P1> => "mme" ; + <Pl,P2> => "nne" ; + <Pl,P3> => "nsa" + } ) ; + +-- The relative pronoun, "joka", is inflected in case and number, +-- like common nouns, but it does not take possessive suffixes. +-- The inflextion shows a surprising similarity with "suo". + + relPron : RelPron = + let {jo = sSuo "jo"} in {s = + table { + Sg => table { + Nom => "joka" ; + Gen => "jonka" ; + c => jo.s ! NCase Sg c + } ; + Pl => table { + Nom => "jotka" ; + c => "j" + (jo.s ! NCase Pl c) + } + } + } ; + + mikaInt : Number => Case => Str = + let { + mi = sSuo "mi" + } in + table { + Sg => table { + Nom => "mikä" ; + Gen => "minkä" ; + c => mi.s ! NCase Sg c + } ; + Pl => table { + Nom => "mitkä" ; + Gen => "mittenkä" ; + c => mi.s ! NCase Sg c + } + } ; + + kukaInt : Number => Case => Str = + let { + ku = sRae "kuka" "kenenä" ; + ket = sRae "kuka" "keinä"} in + table { + Sg => table { + Nom => "kuka" ; + Part => "ketä" ; + Illat => "keneen" ; + c => ku.s ! NCase Sg c + } ; + Pl => table { + Nom => "ketkä" ; + Illat => "keihin" ; + c => ket.s ! NCase Pl c + } + } ; + +caseTable : Number -> CommonNoun -> Case => Str = \n,cn -> + \\c => cn.s ! NCase n c ; + + +--2 Adjectives +-- +-- For the comparison of adjectives, three noun declensions +-- are needed in the worst case. + + mkAdjDegr : (_,_,_ : CommonNoun) -> AdjDegr = \hyva,parempi,paras -> + {s = table { + Pos => hyva.s ; + Comp => parempi.s ; + Sup => paras.s + } + } ; + +-- However, it is usually enough to give the positive declension and +-- the characteristic forms of comparative and superlative. + + regAdjDegr : CommonNoun -> Str -> Str -> AdjDegr = \kiva, kivempaa, kivinta -> + mkAdjDegr kiva (sSuurempi kivempaa) (sSuurin kivinta) ; + + +--3 Verbs +-- + + mkVerb : (_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Verb = \tulla,tulen,tulee,tulevat,tulkaa -> + let { + tule = Predef.tk 1 tulen ; + a = Predef.dp 1 tulkaa + } in + {s = table { + Inf => tulla ; + Ind Sg P1 => tulen ; + Ind Sg P2 => tule + "t" ; + Ind Sg P3 => tulee ; + Ind Pl P1 => tule + "mme" ; + Ind Pl P2 => tule + "tte" ; + Ind Pl P3 => tulevat ; + Imper Sg => tule ; + Imper Pl => tulkaa ; + ImpNegPl => Predef.tk 2 tulkaa + (ifTok Str a "a" "o" "ö") + } + } ; + +-- For "sanoa", "valua", "kysyä". + + vSanoa : Str -> Verb = \sanoa -> + let { + a = Predef.dp 1 sanoa ; + sano = Predef.tk 1 sanoa ; + o = Predef.dp 1 sano + } in + mkVerb + sanoa + (sano + "n") + (sano + o) + (sano + (("v" + a) + "t")) + (sano + (("k" + a) + a)) ; + +-- For "ottaa", "käyttää", "löytää", "huoltaa", "hiihtää", "siirtää". + + vOttaa : (_,_ : Str) -> Verb = \ottaa,otan -> + let { + a = Predef.dp 1 ottaa ; + ota = Predef.tk 1 otan ; + otta = Predef.tk 1 ottaa + } in + mkVerb + ottaa + (ota + "n") + ottaa + (otta + (("v" + a) + "t")) + (otta + (("k" + a) + a)) ; + +-- For "poistaa", "ryystää". + + vPoistaa : Str -> Verb = \poistaa -> + vOttaa poistaa (Predef.tk 1 poistaa + "n") ; + +-- For "juosta", "piestä", "nousta", "rangaista", "kävellä", "surra", "panna". + + vJuosta : (_,_ : Str) -> Verb = \juosta,juoksen -> + let { + a = Predef.dp 1 juosta ; + juokse = Predef.tk 1 juoksen ; + juos = Predef.tk 2 juosta + } in + mkVerb + juosta + juoksen + (juokse + "e") + (juokse + (("v" + a) + "t")) + (juos + (("k" + a) + a)) ; + +-- For "juoda", "syödä". + + vJuoda : Str -> Verb = \juoda -> + let { + a = Predef.dp 1 juoda ; + juo = Predef.tk 2 juoda + } in + mkVerb + juoda + (juo + "n") + juo + (juo + (("v" + a) + "t")) + (juo + (("k" + a) + a)) ; + + + verbOlla : Verb = mkVerb "olla" "olen" "on" "ovat" "olkaa" ; + +-- The negating operator "ei" is actually a verb, which has has present +-- indicative and imperative forms, but no infinitive. + + verbEi : Verb = + let {ei = mkVerb nonExist "en" "ei" "eivät" "älkää"} in + {s = table { + Ind Pl P3 => "eivät" ; + v => ei.s ! v + } + } ; + + +--2 Some structural words + + kuinConj = "kuin" ; + + conjEtta = "että" ; + advSiten = "siten" ; + + mikakukaInt : Gender => Number => Case => Str = + table { + NonHuman => mikaInt ; + Human => kukaInt + } ; + + kaikkiPron : Case => Str = + let {kaiket = caseTable Pl (sKukko "kaikki" "kaiken" "kaikkia")} in + table { + Nom => "kaikki" ; + c => kaiket ! c + } ; + + stopPunct = "." ; + commaPunct = "," ; + questPunct = "?" ; + exclPunct = "!" ; + + koPart = suff "ko" ; + +} ;
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