diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'grammars/resource/russian/Paradigms.gf')
| -rw-r--r-- | grammars/resource/russian/Paradigms.gf | 362 |
1 files changed, 362 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/grammars/resource/russian/Paradigms.gf b/grammars/resource/russian/Paradigms.gf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d574e4793 --- /dev/null +++ b/grammars/resource/russian/Paradigms.gf @@ -0,0 +1,362 @@ +--# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude
+
+--1 Russian Lexical Paradigms
+--
+-- Aarne Ranta, Janna Khegai 2003
+--
+-- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar
+-- for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming
+-- expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
+--
+-- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
+-- accessed through the resource syntax API, $resource.Abs.gf$.
+--
+--
+-- The following files are presupposed:
+
+resource Paradigms = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, Syntax, Russian in {
+
+flags coding=utf8 ;
+
+--2 Parameters
+--
+-- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
+
+oper
+ masculine : Gender ;
+ feminine : Gender ;
+ neuter : Gender ;
+
+-- To abstract over case names, we define the following.
+
+ nominative : Case ;
+ genitive : Case ;
+ dative : Case ;
+ accusative : Case ;
+ instructive : Case ;
+ prepositional : Case ;
+
+-- In some (written in English) textbooks accusative case
+-- is put on the second place. However, we follow the case order
+-- standard for Russian textbooks.
+
+-- To abstract over number names, we define the following.
+
+ singular : Number ;
+ plural : Number ;
+
+--2 Nouns
+
+-- Best case: indeclinabe nouns: "кофе", "пальто", "ВУЗ".
+
+ mkIndeclinableNoun: Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> N ;
+
+-- Worst case - give six singular forms:
+-- Nominative, Genetive, Dative, Accusative, Instructive and Prepositional;
+-- corresponding six plural forms and the gender.
+-- May be the number of forms needed can be reduced,
+-- but this requires a separate investigation.
+-- Animacy parameter (determining whether the Accusative form is equal
+-- to the Nominative or the Genetive one) is actually of no help,
+-- since there are a lot of exceptions and the gain is just one form less.
+
+ mkN : (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> Animacy -> N ;
+
+ -- мужчина, мужчины, мужчине, мужчину, мужчиной, мужчине
+ -- мужчины, мужчин, мужчинам, мужчин, мужчинами, мужчинах
+
+
+-- Here are some common patterns. The list is far from complete.
+
+-- Feminine patterns.
+
+ nMashina : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-а", Inst -"машин-ой"
+ nEdinica : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-а", Inst -"единиц-ей"
+ nZhenchina : Str -> N ; -- feminine, animate, ending with "-a"
+ nNoga : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "г_к_х-a"
+ nMalyariya : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-ия"
+ nTetya : Str -> N ; -- feminine, animate, ending with "-я"
+ nBol : Str -> N ; -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-ь"(soft sign)
+
+-- Neuter patterns.
+
+ nObezbolivauchee : Str -> N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-ee"
+ nProizvedenie : Str -> N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-e"
+ nChislo : Str -> N ; -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-o"
+
+-- Masculine patterns.
+
+ nStomatolog : Str -> N ; -- masculine, animate, ending with consonant
+
+ -- the next two differ only in
+ -- plural nominative (= accusative) form(s) :
+ nAdres : Str -> N ; -- адрес-а
+ nTelefon : Str -> N ; -- телефон-ы
+ -- masculine, inanimate, ending with consonant
+
+ nNol : Str -> N ; -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ь" (soft sign)
+ nUroven : Str -> N ; -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ень"
+
+-- Nouns used as functions need a preposition. The most common is with Genitive.
+
+ mkFun : N -> Preposition -> Case -> Fun ;
+ funGen : N -> Fun ;
+
+-- Proper names.
+
+ mkPN : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> PN ; -- "Иван", "Маша"
+
+-- On the top level, it is maybe $CN$ that is used rather than $N$, and
+-- $NP$ rather than $PN$.
+
+ mkCN : N -> CN ;
+ mkNP : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> NP ;
+
+
+--2 Adjectives
+
+-- Non-comparison (only positive degree) one-place adjectives need 28 (4 by 7)
+-- forms in the worst case:
+
+
+-- Masculine | Feminine | Neutral | Plural
+-- Nominative
+-- Genitive
+-- Dative
+-- Accusative Inanimate
+-- Accusative Animate
+-- Instructive
+-- Prepositional
+
+
+-- Notice that 4 short forms, which exist for some adjectives are not included
+-- in the current description, otherwise there would be 32 forms for
+-- positive degree.
+
+-- mkAdj1 : ( : Str) -> Adj1 ;
+
+-- Invariable adjective is a special case.
+
+ adjInvar : Str -> Adj1 ; -- khaki, mini, hindi, netto
+
+-- Some regular patterns depending on the ending.
+
+ adj1Staruyj : Str -> Adj1 ; -- ending with "-ый"
+ adj1Malenkij : Str -> Adj1 ; -- endign with "-ий"
+ adj1Molodoj : Str -> Adj1 ; -- ending with "-ой",
+ -- plural - молод-ые"
+ adj1Kakoj_Nibud : Str -> Str -> Adj1 ; -- ending with "-ой",
+ -- plural - "как-ие"
+
+-- Two-place adjectives need a preposition and a case as extra arguments.
+
+ mkAdj2 : Adj1 -> Str -> Case -> Adj2 ; -- "делим на"
+
+-- Comparison adjectives need a positive adjective
+-- (28 forms without short forms).
+-- Taking only one comparative form (non-syntaxic) and
+-- only one superlative form (syntaxic) we can produce the
+-- comparison adjective with only one extra argument -
+-- non-syntaxic comparative form.
+-- Syntaxic forms are based on the positive forms.
+
+
+ mkAdjDeg : Adj1 -> Str -> AdjDeg ;
+
+-- On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is
+-- just to use a one-place adjective.
+
+ ap : Adj1 -> IsPostfixAdj -> AP ;
+
+
+--2 Verbs
+--
+-- In our lexicon description ("Verbum") there are 62 forms:
+-- 2 (Voice) by { 1 (infinitive) + [2(number) by 3 (person)](imperative) +
+-- [ [2(Number) by 3(Person)](present) + [2(Number) by 3(Person)](future) +
+-- 4(GenNum)(past) ](indicative)+ 4 (GenNum) (subjunctive) }
+-- Participles (Present and Past) and Gerund forms are not included,
+-- since they fuction more like Adjectives and Adverbs correspondingly
+-- rather than verbs. Aspect regarded as an inherent parameter of a verb.
+-- Notice, that some forms are never used for some verbs. Actually,
+-- the majority of verbs do not have many of the forms.
+
+-- The worst case need 6 forms of the present tense in indicative mood
+-- ("я бегу", "ты бежишь", "он бежит", "мы бежим", "вы бежите", "они бегут"),
+-- a past form (singular, masculine: "я бежал"), an imperative form
+-- (singular, second person: "беги"), an infinitive ("бежать").
+-- Inherent aspect should also be specified.
+
+ mkVerbum : Aspect -> (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Verbum ;
+
+-- Common conjugation patterns are two conjugations:
+-- first - verbs ending with "-ать/-ять" and second - "-ить/-еть".
+-- Instead of 6 present forms of the worst case, we only need
+-- a present stem and one ending (singular, first person):
+-- "я люб-лю", "я жд-у", etc. To determine where the border
+-- between stem and ending lies it is sufficient to compare
+-- first person from with second person form:
+-- "я люб-лю", "ты люб-ишь". Stems shoud be the same.
+-- So the definition for verb "любить" looks like:
+-- mkRegVerb Imperfective Second "люб" "лю" "любил" "люби" "любить";
+
+ mkRegVerb :Aspect -> Conjugation -> (_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Verbum ;
+
+-- For writing an application grammar one usualy doesn't need
+-- the whole inflection table, since each verb is used in
+-- a particular context that determines some of the parameters
+-- (Tense and Voice while Aspect is fixed from the beginning) for certain usage.
+-- The "V" type, that have these parameters fixed.
+-- We can extract the "V" from the lexicon.
+
+ mkV: Verbum -> Voice -> Tense -> V ;
+ mkPresentV: Verbum -> Voice -> V ;
+
+
+-- Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object. Notice that
+-- a particle can be included in a $V$.
+
+ mkTV : V -> Str -> Case -> TV ; -- "войти в дом"; "в", accusative
+ tvDir : V -> TV ; -- "видеть", "любить"
+
+-- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are
+-- hidden from the document.
+--.
+
+
+ masculine = Masc ;
+ feminine = Fem ;
+ neuter = Neut ;
+ nominative = Nom ;
+ accusative = Acc ;
+ dative = Dat ;
+ genitive = Gen ;
+ instructive = Inst ;
+ prepositional = Prepos ;
+ singular = Sg ;
+ plural = Pl ;
+
+-- Noun definitions
+
+ mkIndeclinableNoun = \s,g, anim ->
+ {
+ s = table { SF _ _ => s } ;
+ g = g ;
+ anim = anim
+ } ;
+
+
+ mkN = \nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instSg, preposSg,
+ nomPl, genPl, datPl, accPl, instPl, preposPl, g, anim ->
+ {
+ s = table {
+ SF Sg Nom => nomSg ;
+ SF Sg Gen => genSg ;
+ SF Sg Dat => datSg ;
+ SF Sg Acc => accSg ;
+ SF Sg Inst => instSg ;
+ SF Sg Prepos => preposSg ;
+ SF Pl Nom => nomPl ;
+ SF Pl Gen => genPl ;
+ SF Pl Dat => datPl ;
+ SF Pl Acc => accPl ;
+ SF Pl Inst => instPl ;
+ SF Pl Prepos => preposPl
+ } ;
+ g = g ;
+ anim = anim
+ } ;
+
+ nMashina = \s -> aEndInanimateDecl s;
+ nEdinica = \s -> ej_aEndInanimateDecl s;
+ nZhenchina = \s -> (aEndAnimateDecl s) ** { g = Fem } ;
+ nNoga = \s -> aEndG_K_KH_Decl s ;
+ nMalyariya = \s -> i_yaEndDecl s ;
+ nTetya = \s -> (yaEndAnimateDecl s) ** {g = Fem} ;
+ nBol = \s -> softSignEndDeclFem s ;
+
+-- Neuter patterns.
+
+ nObezbolivauchee = \s -> eeEndInAnimateDecl s ;
+ nProizvedenie = \s -> eEndInAnimateDecl s ;
+ nChislo = \s -> oEndInAnimateDecl s ;
+
+
+-- Masculine patterns.
+
+ nStomatolog = \s -> nullEndAnimateDecl s ;
+
+ nAdres = \s -> nullEndInAnimateDecl2 s ;
+ nTelefon = \s -> nullEndInAnimateDecl1 s ;
+
+ nNol = \s -> softSignEndDeclMasc s ;
+ nUroven = \s -> EN_softSignEndDeclMasc s ;
+
+-- mkFun defined in syntax.RusU
+-- funGen defined in syntax.RusU
+
+ mkPN = \ivan, g, anim ->
+ case g of {
+ Masc => mkProperNameMasc ivan anim ;
+ _ => mkProperNameFem ivan anim
+ } ;
+ mkCN = UseN ;
+ mkNP = \x,y,z -> UsePN (mkPN x y z) ;
+
+-- Adjective definitions
+
+ adjInvar = \s -> { s = \\af => s };
+
+ adj1Staruyj = uy_j_EndDecl ;
+ adj1Malenkij = ij_EndK_G_KH_Decl ;
+ adj1Molodoj = uy_oj_EndDecl ;
+ adj1Kakoj_Nibud = i_oj_EndDecl ;
+
+ mkAdj2 = \a,p,c -> a ** {s2 = p ; c = c} ;
+
+ -- mkAdjDeg defined in morpho.RusU
+
+ ap = \a,p -> a ** { p = p } ;
+
+-- Verb definitions
+
+ mkVerbum = \asp, sgP1, sgP2, sgP3, plP1, plP2, plP3,
+ sgMascPast, imperSgP2, inf -> case asp of {
+ Perfective =>
+ mkVerb (perfectiveActivePattern inf imperSgP2
+ (presentConj sgP1 sgP2 sgP3 plP1 plP2 plP3) (pastConj sgMascPast))
+ (pastConj sgMascPast);
+ Imperfective =>
+ mkVerb (imperfectiveActivePattern inf imperSgP2
+ (presentConj sgP1 sgP2 sgP3 plP1 plP2 plP3) (pastConj sgMascPast))
+ (pastConj sgMascPast)
+ };
+
+ oper presentConj: (_,_,_,_,_,_: Str) -> PresentVerb =
+ \sgP1, sgP2, sgP3, plP1, plP2, plP3 ->
+ table {
+ PRF Sg P1 => sgP1 ;
+ PRF Sg P2 => sgP2 ;
+ PRF Sg P3 => sgP3 ;
+ PRF Pl P1 => plP1 ;
+ PRF Pl P2 => plP2 ;
+ PRF Pl P3 => plP3
+ };
+
+
+ mkRegVerb = verbDecl ; -- defined in morpho.RusU.gf
+
+ mkV = extVerb ; -- defined in types.RusU.gf
+
+ mkPresentV = \aller, vox ->
+ { s = table {
+ VFin gn p => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VIND (VPresent (numGNum gn) p)) ;
+ VImper n p => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VIMP n p) ;
+ VInf => aller.s ! VFORM vox VINF ;
+ VSubj gn => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VSUB gn)
+ }; t = Present ; a = aller.asp ; v = vox } ;
+
+ mkTV = mkTransVerb ; -- defined in syntax.RusU.gf
+ tvDir = mkDirectVerb; -- defined in syntax.RusU.gf
+
+} ;
|