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diff --git a/old-lib/resource/russian/ResRus.gf b/old-lib/resource/russian/ResRus.gf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d19ea1797 --- /dev/null +++ b/old-lib/resource/russian/ResRus.gf @@ -0,0 +1,400 @@ +--# -path=.:../abstract:../common:../../prelude + +--1 Russian auxiliary operations. + +-- This module contains operations that are needed to make the +-- resource syntax work. To define everything that is needed to +-- implement $Test$, it moreover contains regular lexical +-- patterns needed for $Lex$. + +resource ResRus = ParamX ** open Prelude in { + +flags coding=utf8 ; optimize=all ; + +--2 Enumerated parameter types +-- +-- These types are the ones found in school grammars. +-- Their parameter values are atomic. + +-- Some parameters, such as $Number$, are inherited from $ParamX$. +param + Gender = Masc | Fem | Neut ; + Case = Nom | Gen | Dat | Acc | Inst | Prepos PrepKind ; + PrepKind = PrepOther | PrepVNa; + Animacy = Animate | Inanimate ; + Voice = Act | Pass ; + Aspect = Imperfective | Perfective ; + RusTense = Present | PastRus | Future ; +-- Degree = Pos | Comp | Super ; + AfterPrep = Yes | No ; + Possessive = NonPoss | Poss GenNum ; +-- Anteriority = Simul | Anter ; + ClForm = ClIndic RusTense Anteriority | ClCondit | ClInfinit | ClImper; + -- "naked infinitive" clauses + +-- A number of Russian nouns have common gender. They can +-- denote both males and females: "умница" (a clever person), "инженер" (an engineer). +-- We overlook this phenomenon for now. + +-- The AfterPrep parameter is introduced in order to describe +-- the variations of the third person personal pronoun forms +-- depending on whether they come after a preposition or not. + +-- Declination forms depend on Case, Animacy , Gender: +-- "большие дома" - "больших домов" (big houses - big houses'), +-- Animacy plays role only in the Accusative case (Masc Sg and Plural forms): +-- Accusative Animate = Genetive, Accusaive Inanimate = Nominative +-- "я люблю большие дома-"я люблю больших мужчин" +-- (I love big houses - I love big men); +-- and on Number: "большой дом - "большие дома" +-- (a big house - big houses). +-- The plural never makes a gender distinction. + + GenNum = ASg Gender | APl ; + + -- Coercions between the compound gen-num type and gender and number: +oper + gNum : Gender -> Number -> GenNum = \g,n -> + case n of + { Sg => case g of + { Fem => ASg Fem ; + Masc => ASg Masc ; + Neut => ASg Neut } ; + Pl => APl + } ; + + +-- The Possessive parameter is introduced in order to describe +-- the possessives of personal pronouns, which are used in the +-- Genetive constructions like "моя мама" (my mother) instead of +-- "мама моя" (the mother of mine). + +--2 For $Noun$ +-- Nouns decline according to number and case. +-- For the sake of shorter description these parameters are +-- combined in the type SubstForm. +param + SubstForm = SF Number Case ; + + +-- Real parameter types (i.e. ones on which words and phrases depend) +-- are mostly hierarchical. The alternative would be cross-products of +-- simple parameters, but this would usually overgenerate. + +-- However, we use the cross-products in complex cases +-- (for example, aspect and tense parameter in the verb description) +-- where the relationship between the parameters are non-trivial +-- even though we aware that some combinations do not exist +-- (for example, present perfective does not exist, but removing +-- this combination would lead to having different descriptions +-- for perfective and imperfective verbs, which we do not want for the +-- sake of uniformity). + +param PronForm = PF Case AfterPrep Possessive; + +oper Pronoun = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; p : Person ; + g: PronGen ; pron: Bool} ; + +-- Gender is not morphologically determined for first +-- and second person pronouns. + +param PronGen = PGen Gender | PNoGen ; + +-- The following coercion is useful: + +oper + pgen2gen : PronGen -> Gender = \p -> case p of { + PGen g => g ; + PNoGen => Masc ---- variants {Masc ; Fem} --- the best we can do for ya, tu + } ; + + +oper + extCase: PronForm -> Case = \pf -> case pf of { PF c _ _ => c } ; + + mkPronForm: Case -> AfterPrep -> Possessive -> PronForm = + \c,n,p -> PF c n p ; + + CommNounPhrase: Type = {s : Number => Case => Str; g : Gender; anim : Animacy} ; + + NounPhrase : Type = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; + p : Person ; g: PronGen ; anim : Animacy ; pron: Bool} ; + + mkNP : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,chelovek -> + {s = \\cas => chelovek.s ! n ! (extCase cas) ; + n = n ; g = PGen chelovek.g ; p = P3 ; pron =False ; + anim = chelovek.anim + } ; + + det2NounPhrase : Adjective -> NounPhrase = \eto -> + {s = \\pf => eto.s ! (AF (extCase pf) Inanimate (ASg Neut)); n = Sg ; g = PGen Neut ; pron = False ; p = P3 ; anim = Inanimate } ; + + + + pron2NounPhraseNum : Pronoun -> Animacy -> Number -> NounPhrase = \ona, anim, num -> + {s = ona.s ; n = num ; g = ona.g ; + pron = ona.pron; p = ona.p ; anim = anim } ; + + +-- Agreement of $NP$ is a record. We'll add $Gender$ later. +-- oper Agr = {n : Number ; p : Person} ; + + +----2 For $Verb$ + +-- Mood is the main verb classification parameter. +-- The verb mood can be infinitive, subjunctive, imperative, and indicative. + +-- Note: subjunctive mood is analytical, i.e. formed from the past form of the +-- indicative mood plus the particle "ли". That is why they have the same GenNum +-- parameter. We choose to keep the "redundant" form in order to indicate +-- the presence of the subjunctive mood in Russian verbs. + +-- Aspect and Voice parameters are present in every mood, so Voice is put +-- before the mood parameter in verb form description the hierachy. +-- Moreover Aspect is regarded as an inherent parameter of a verb entry. +-- The primary reason for that is that one imperfective form can have several +-- perfective forms: "ломать" - "сломать" - "поломать" (to break). +-- Besides, the perfective form could be formed from imperfective +-- by prefixation, but also by taking a completely different stem: +-- "говорить"-"сказать" (to say). In the later case it is even natural to +-- regard them as different verb entries. +-- Another reason is that looking at the Aspect as an inherent verb parameter +-- seem to be customary in other similar projects: +-- http://starling.rinet.ru/morph.htm + +-- Note: Of course, the whole inflection table has many redundancies +-- in a sense that many verbs do not have all grammatically possible +-- forms. For example, passive does not exist for the verb +-- "любить" (to love), but exists for the verb "ломаться" (to break). +-- In present tense verbs do not conjugate according to Genus, +-- so parameter GenNum instead Number is used for the sake of +-- using for example as adjective in predication. + +-- Depending on the tense verbs conjugate according to combinations +-- of gender, person and number of the verb objects. +-- Participles (Present and PastRus) and Gerund forms are not included in the +-- current description. This is the verb type used in the lexicon: + +oper Verbum : Type = { s: VerbForm => Str ; asp : Aspect }; + +param + + VerbForm = VFORM Voice VerbConj ; + VerbConj = VIND GenNum VTense | VIMP Number Person | VINF | VSUB GenNum ; + VTense = VPresent Person | VPast | VFuture Person ; + +oper + getVTense : RusTense -> Person -> VTense= \t,p -> + case t of { Present => VPresent p ; PastRus => VPast; Future => VFuture p } ; + + getTense : Tense -> RusTense= \t -> + case t of { Pres => Present + ; Fut => Future --# notpresent + ; _ => PastRus --# notpresent + } ; + + + getVoice: VerbForm -> Voice = \vf -> + case vf of { + VFORM Act _ => Act; + VFORM Pass _ => Pass + }; +oper sebya : Case => Str =table { +Nom => ""; +Gen => "себя"; +Dat=> "себе"; +Acc => "себя"; +Inst => "собой"; +Prep =>"себе"}; + + Verb : Type = {s : ClForm => GenNum => Person => Str ; asp : Aspect ; w: Voice} ; +-- Verb phrases are discontinuous: the parts of a verb phrase are +-- (s) an inflected verb, (s2) verb adverbials (not negation though), and +-- (s3) complement. This discontinuity is needed in sentence formation +-- to account for word order variations. + + VerbPhrase : Type = Verb ** {s2: Str; s3 : Gender => Number => Str ; + negBefore: Bool} ; + + +-- This is one instance of Gazdar's *slash categories*, corresponding to his +-- $S/NP$. +-- We cannot have - nor would we want to have - a productive slash-category former. +-- Perhaps a handful more will be needed. +-- +-- Notice that the slash category has the same relation to sentences as +-- transitive verbs have to verbs: it's like a *sentence taking a complement*. + + SlashNounPhrase = Clause ** Complement ; + Clause = {s : Polarity => ClForm => Str} ; + +-- This is the traditional $S -> NP VP$ rule. + + predVerbPhrase : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> SlashNounPhrase = + \Ya, tebyaNeVizhu -> { s = \\b,clf => + let + { ya = Ya.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss); + khorosho = tebyaNeVizhu.s2; + vizhu = tebyaNeVizhu.s ! clf !(gNum (pgen2gen Ya.g) Ya.n)! Ya.p; + tebya = tebyaNeVizhu.s3 ! (pgen2gen Ya.g) ! Ya.n + } + in + ya ++ khorosho ++ vizhu ++ tebya; + s2= ""; + c = Nom +} ; + +-- Questions are either direct ("Ты счастлив?") +-- or indirect ("Потом он спросил счастлив ли ты"). + +param + QuestForm = DirQ | IndirQ ; + +---- The order of sentence is needed already in $VP$. +-- +-- Order = ODir | OQuest ; + +oper + getActVerbForm : ClForm -> Gender -> Number -> Person -> VerbForm = \clf,g,n, p -> case clf of + { ClIndic Future _ => VFORM Act (VIND (gNum g n) (VFuture p)); + ClIndic PastRus _ => VFORM Act (VIND (gNum g n) VPast); + ClIndic Present _ => VFORM Act (VIND (gNum g n) (VPresent p)); + ClCondit => VFORM Act (VSUB (gNum g n)); + ClInfinit => VFORM Act VINF ; + ClImper => VFORM Act (VIMP n p) + }; + + getPassVerbForm : ClForm -> Gender -> Number -> Person -> VerbForm = \clf,g,n, p -> case clf of + { ClIndic Future _ => VFORM Pass (VIND (gNum g n) (VFuture p)); + ClIndic PastRus _ => VFORM Pass (VIND (gNum g n) VPast); + ClIndic Present _ => VFORM Pass (VIND (gNum g n) (VPresent p)); + ClCondit => VFORM Pass (VSUB (gNum g n)); + ClInfinit => VFORM Pass VINF ; + ClImper => VFORM Pass (VIMP n p) + }; + + +--2 For $Adjective$ + +-- The short form is only inflected in gender and number. +-- Fixing this would require changing the Degree type. +param + AdjForm = AF Case Animacy GenNum | AFShort GenNum | AdvF; + +oper + Complement = {s2 : Str ; c : Case} ; + +oper Refl ={s: Case => Str}; +oper sam: Refl= +{s = table{ + Nom => "сам"; + Gen => "себя"; + Dat => "себе"; + Acc => "себя"; + Inst => "собой"; + Prepos _ => "себе" + } +}; + + pgNum : PronGen -> Number -> GenNum = \g,n -> + case n of + { Sg => ASg (pgen2gen g) ; -- assuming pronoun "I" is a male + Pl => APl + } ; + -- _ => variants {ASg Masc ; ASg Fem} } ; + -- "variants" version cause "no term variants" error during linearization + + + +oper numGNum : GenNum -> Number = \gn -> + case gn of { APl => Pl ; _ => Sg } ; + +oper genGNum : GenNum -> Gender = \gn -> + case gn of { ASg Fem => Fem; ASg Masc => Masc; _ => Neut } ; + +oper numAF: AdjForm -> Number = \af -> + case af of { AdvF => Sg; AFShort gn => numGNum gn; AF _ _ gn => (numGNum gn) } ; + +oper genAF: AdjForm -> Gender = \af -> + case af of { AdvF => Neut; AFShort gn => genGNum gn; AF _ _ gn => (genGNum gn) } ; + +oper caseAF: AdjForm -> Case = \af -> + case af of { AdvF => Nom; AFShort _ => Nom; AF c _ _ => c } ; + +-- The Degree parameter should also be more complex, since most Russian +-- adjectives have two comparative forms: +-- attributive (syntactic (compound), declinable) - +-- "более высокий" (corresponds to "more high") +-- and predicative (indeclinable)- "выше" (higher) and more than one +-- superlative forms: "самый высокий" (corresponds to "the most high") - +-- "высочайший" (the highest). + +-- Even one more parameter independent of the degree can be added, +-- since Russian adjectives in the positive degree also have two forms: +-- long (attributive and predicative) - "высокий" (high) and short (predicative) - "высок" +-- although this parameter will not be exactly orthogonal to the +-- degree parameter. +-- Short form has no case declension, so in principle +-- it can be considered as an additional case. + +-- Note: although the predicative usage of the long +-- form is perfectly grammatical, it can have a slightly different meaning +-- compared to the short form. +-- For example: "он - больной" (long, predicative) vs. +-- "он - болен" (short, predicative). + +--3 Adjective phrases +-- +-- An adjective phrase may contain a complement, e.g. "моложе Риты". +-- Then it is used as postfix in modification, e.g. "человек, моложе Риты". + + IsPostfixAdj = Bool ; + + +-- Simple adjectives are not postfix: + +-- Adjective type includes both non-degree adjective classes: +-- possesive ("мамин"[mother's], "лисий" [fox'es]) +-- and relative ("русский" [Russian]) adjectives. + + Adjective : Type = {s : AdjForm => Str} ; + +-- A special type of adjectives just having positive forms +-- (for semantic reasons) is useful, e.g. "финский". + + AdjPhrase = Adjective ** {p : IsPostfixAdj} ; + + + mkAdjPhrase : Adjective -> IsPostfixAdj -> AdjPhrase = \novuj ,p -> novuj ** {p = p} ; + +----2 For $Relative$ +-- +-- RAgr = RNoAg | RAg {n : Number ; p : Person} ; +-- RCase = RPrep | RC Case ; +-- +--2 For $Numeral$ + +param DForm = unit | teen | ten | hund ; +param Place = attr | indep ; +param Size = nom | sgg | plg ; +--param Gend = masc | fem | neut ; +oper mille : Size => Str = table { + {nom} => "тысяча" ; + {sgg} => "тысячи" ; + _ => "тысяч"} ; + +oper gg : Str -> Gender => Str = \s -> table {_ => s} ; + +-- CardOrd = NCard | NOrd ; + +----2 Transformations between parameter types +-- + +oper + + numSF: SubstForm -> Number = \sf -> case sf of { SF n _ => n } ; + + caseSF: SubstForm -> Case = \sf -> case sf of { SF _ c => c } ; + +} |