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--1 The construction of verb phrases
abstract Verb = Cat ** {
--2 Complementization rules
-- Verb phrases are constructed from verbs by providing their
-- complements. There is one rule for each verb category.
fun
UseV : V -> VP ; -- sleep
ComplVV : VV -> VP -> VP ; -- want to run
ComplVS : VS -> S -> VP ; -- say that she runs
ComplVQ : VQ -> QS -> VP ; -- wonder who runs
ComplVA : VA -> AP -> VP ; -- they become red
SlashV2a : V2 -> VPSlash ; -- love (it)
Slash2V3 : V3 -> NP -> VPSlash ; -- give it (to her)
Slash3V3 : V3 -> NP -> VPSlash ; -- give (it) to her
SlashV2V : V2V -> VP -> VPSlash ; -- beg (her) to go
SlashV2S : V2S -> S -> VPSlash ; -- answer (to him) that it is good
SlashV2Q : V2Q -> QS -> VPSlash ; -- ask (him) who came
SlashV2A : V2A -> AP -> VPSlash ; -- paint (it) red
ComplSlash : VPSlash -> NP -> VP ; -- love it
SlashVV : VV -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ; -- want to buy
SlashV2VNP : V2V -> NP -> VPSlash -> VPSlash ; -- beg me to buy
--2 Other ways of forming verb phrases
-- Verb phrases can also be constructed reflexively and from
-- copula-preceded complements.
ReflVP : VPSlash -> VP ; -- love himself
UseComp : Comp -> VP ; -- be warm
-- Passivization of two-place verbs is another way to use
-- them. In many languages, the result is a participle that
-- is used as complement to a copula ("is used"), but other
-- auxiliary verbs are possible (Ger. "wird angewendet", It.
-- "viene usato"), as well as special verb forms (Fin. "käytetään",
-- Swe. "används").
--
-- *Note*. the rule can be overgenerating, since the $V2$ need not
-- take a direct object.
PassV2 : V2 -> VP ; -- be loved
-- Adverbs can be added to verb phrases. Many languages make
-- a distinction between adverbs that are attached in the end
-- vs. next to (or before) the verb.
AdvVP : VP -> Adv -> VP ; -- sleep here
AdVVP : AdV -> VP -> VP ; -- always sleep
-- *Agents of passives* are constructed as adverbs with the
-- preposition [Structural Structural.html]$.8agent_Prep$.
--2 Complements to copula
-- Adjectival phrases, noun phrases, and adverbs can be used.
CompAP : AP -> Comp ; -- (be) small
CompNP : NP -> Comp ; -- (be) a man
CompAdv : Adv -> Comp ; -- (be) here
}
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