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| author | krasimir <krasimir@chalmers.se> | 2010-06-06 11:06:44 +0000 |
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| committer | krasimir <krasimir@chalmers.se> | 2010-06-06 11:06:44 +0000 |
| commit | 455d9558417a759fae3ccbe5cde5c9f5064a08d2 (patch) | |
| tree | 29da2938fa553f993624fc4fcf781d742a8ae4e9 /examples/SUMO/Elements.gf | |
| parent | ae79d4e4b2632b7b9ee9e5a24455d0ca41dc4387 (diff) | |
changes in SUMO: formatting and fixes for lots of lots of small problems
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| -rw-r--r-- | examples/SUMO/Elements.gf | 929 |
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diff --git a/examples/SUMO/Elements.gf b/examples/SUMO/Elements.gf new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0a1131c2d --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/SUMO/Elements.gf @@ -0,0 +1,929 @@ +abstract Elements = Merge ** {
+
+ -- Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to
+ -- group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac_227, has a
+ -- half_life of 217 years. Ac_228 (half_life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in
+ -- nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and
+ -- having very short half_lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a
+ -- source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.
+ fun Actinium : Class ;
+ fun Actinium_Class : SubClass Actinium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery_white lustrous metallic element of group
+ -- 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin
+ -- transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many
+ -- alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up
+ -- 8.1 percent of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C.
+ -- Oersted.
+ fun Aluminum : Class ;
+ fun Aluminum_Class : SubClass Aluminum ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element,
+ -- belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am_243 is the most stable
+ -- isotope, with a half_life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T.
+ -- Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding
+ -- {uranium}_238 with alpha particles.
+ fun Americium : Class ;
+ fun Americium_Class : SubClass Americium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms.
+ -- The stable form of antimony is a blue_white metal. Yellow and black
+ -- antimony are unstable non_metals. Used in flame_proofing, paints,
+ -- ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens.
+ -- First reported by Tholden in 1450.
+ fun Antimony : Class ;
+ fun Antimony_Class : SubClass Antimony ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93 percent of the
+ -- air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord
+ -- Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894.
+ fun Argon : Class ;
+ fun Argon_Class : SubClass Argon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Metalloid element of group 15. There are three
+ -- allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated
+ -- oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been
+ -- the first to isolate the element in 1250.
+ fun Arsenic : Class ;
+ fun Arsenic_Class : SubClass Arsenic ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally
+ -- from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At_210, the
+ -- most stable, has a half_life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear
+ -- bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the
+ -- University of California.
+ fun Astatine : Class ;
+ fun Astatine_Class : SubClass Astatine ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery_white reactive element, belonging to group
+ -- 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely
+ -- poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by
+ -- Humphry Davy.
+ fun Barium : Class ;
+ fun Barium_Class : SubClass Barium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
+ -- Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk_247,
+ -- has a half_life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg
+ -- and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium_241 with alpha
+ -- particles.
+ fun Berkelium : Class ;
+ fun Berkelium_Class : SubClass Berkelium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic
+ -- table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows
+ -- high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and
+ -- A.A. Bussy in 1828.
+ fun Beryllium : Class ;
+ fun Beryllium_Class : SubClass Beryllium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs
+ -- to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal
+ -- conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead_free bismuth
+ -- compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air
+ -- and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that
+ -- it was different from lead.
+ fun Bismuth : Class ;
+ fun Bismuth_Class : SubClass Bismuth ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There
+ -- are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron
+ -- is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad
+ -- conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature.
+ -- Boron_10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was
+ -- discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay_Lussac and L.J.
+ -- Thenard.
+ fun Boron : Class ;
+ fun Boron_Class : SubClass Boron ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room
+ -- temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine.
+ -- Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and
+ -- throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.
+ fun Bromine : Class ;
+ fun Bromine_Class : SubClass Bromine ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the
+ -- periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically
+ -- similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered
+ -- in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.
+ fun Cadmium : Class ;
+ fun Cadmium_Class : SubClass Cadmium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery_white metallic element belonging to
+ -- group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid
+ -- at room temperature. Cs_133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope.
+ -- Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold
+ -- water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the
+ -- strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline
+ -- and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses
+ -- include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some
+ -- organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by
+ -- Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically.
+ -- Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum.
+ -- The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium
+ -- should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even
+ -- more toxic.
+ fun Caesium : Class ;
+ fun Caesium_Class : SubClass Caesium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of
+ -- the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium,
+ -- zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.
+ fun Calcium : Class ;
+ fun Calcium_Class : SubClass Calcium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
+ -- Belongs to actinoid series. Cf_251 has a half life of about 700 years.
+ -- Nine isotopes are known. Cf_252 is an intense {neutron} source, which
+ -- makes it an intense {neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron}
+ -- activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine.
+ -- First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.
+ fun Californium : Class ;
+ fun Californium_Class : SubClass Californium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic
+ -- table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and
+ -- fullerite. Carbon_14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon
+ -- occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon
+ -- has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself,
+ -- and a wide variety of other elements.
+ fun Carbon : Class ;
+ fun Carbon_Class : SubClass Carbon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery metallic element, belongs to the
+ -- lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive
+ -- isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare_earth alloys. The
+ -- oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H.
+ -- Klaproth in 1803.
+ fun Cerium : Class ;
+ fun Cerium_Class : SubClass Cerium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Halogen element. Poisonous greenish_yellow gas.
+ -- Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly
+ -- with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by
+ -- Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in
+ -- 1810.
+ fun Chlorine : Class ;
+ fun Chlorine_Class : SubClass Chlorine ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Hard silvery transition element. Used in
+ -- decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.
+ fun Chromium : Class ;
+ fun Chromium_Class : SubClass Chromium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Light grey transition element. Some meteorites
+ -- contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use.
+ -- Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt_60, an artificially
+ -- produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer
+ -- and cancer_treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.
+ fun Cobalt : Class ;
+ fun Cobalt_Class : SubClass Cobalt ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Red_brown transition element. Known by the Romans
+ -- as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable,
+ -- ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist
+ -- conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.
+ fun Copper : Class ;
+ fun Copper_Class : SubClass Copper ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs
+ -- to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm_247 has a half_life of
+ -- 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in
+ -- 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding
+ -- americium_241 with {neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie.
+ fun Curium : Class ;
+ fun Curium_Class : SubClass Curium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Metallic with a bright silvery_white lustre.
+ -- Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at
+ -- room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving
+ -- hydrogen. It is found in from rare_earth minerals. There are seven
+ -- natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy_154 being the
+ -- most stable with a half_life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a
+ -- neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It
+ -- was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its
+ -- name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.
+ fun Dysprosium : Class ;
+ fun Dysprosium_Class : SubClass Dysprosium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Appearance is unknown, however it is most
+ -- probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic
+ -- transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es_254 has the longest
+ -- half_life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by
+ -- Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb
+ -- explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es_232 were
+ -- separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient
+ -- amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.
+ fun Einsteinium : Class ;
+ fun Einsteinium_Class : SubClass Einsteinium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the
+ -- lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial
+ -- isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It
+ -- is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G.
+ -- Mosander in 1843.
+ fun Erbium : Class ;
+ fun Erbium_Class : SubClass Erbium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the
+ -- lanthanoids. Eu_151 and Eu_153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of
+ -- which are {neutron} absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William
+ -- Crookes.
+ fun Europium : Class ;
+ fun Europium_Class : SubClass Europium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
+ -- to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm_257 with a
+ -- half_life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates
+ -- in the debris of the first hydrogen_bomb explosion in 1952.
+ fun Fermium : Class ;
+ fun Fermium_Class : SubClass Fermium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging
+ -- to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most
+ -- chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous,
+ -- causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was
+ -- identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
+ fun Fluorine : Class ;
+ fun Fluorine_Class : SubClass Fluorine ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the
+ -- periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes
+ -- are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr_223. Its existence was
+ -- confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.
+ fun Francium : Class ;
+ fun Francium_Class : SubClass Francium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the
+ -- lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to
+ -- eleven artificial isotopes. Gd_155 and Gd_157 and the best neutron
+ -- absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics.
+ -- Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.
+ fun Gadolinium : Class ;
+ fun Gadolinium_Class : SubClass Gadolinium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13
+ -- of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga_69 and Ga_71.
+ -- Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half_lives.
+ -- Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals
+ -- by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de
+ -- Boisbaudran in 1875.
+ fun Gallium : Class ;
+ fun Gallium_Class : SubClass Gallium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to
+ -- group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic
+ -- compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886
+ -- by Winkler.
+ fun Germanium : Class ;
+ fun Germanium_Class : SubClass Germanium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and
+ -- ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five
+ -- radioisotopes of gold, Au_195 being the most stable with a half_life of
+ -- 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry,
+ -- electronics. Au_198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical
+ -- conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold
+ -- comes from the Anglo_Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the
+ -- Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic,
+ -- however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.
+ fun Gold : Class ;
+ fun Gold_Class : SubClass Gold ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery lustrous metallic transition element.
+ -- Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a
+ -- neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally
+ -- established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.
+ fun Hafnium : Class ;
+ fun Hafnium_Class : SubClass Hafnium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element.
+ -- Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all
+ -- elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no
+ -- known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.
+ fun Helium : Class ;
+ fun Helium_Class : SubClass Helium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Relatively soft and malleable silvery_white
+ -- metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It
+ -- oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the
+ -- lanthanoids. A rare_earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and
+ -- gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural
+ -- isotope, Ho_165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being
+ -- Ho_163 with a half_life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal
+ -- alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per
+ -- Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium
+ -- comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium
+ -- compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to
+ -- indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is
+ -- a fire hazard.
+ fun Holmium : Class ;
+ fun Holmium_Class : SubClass Holmium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element.
+ -- Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and
+ -- in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements.
+ -- Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
+ fun Hydrogen : Class ;
+ fun Hydrogen_Class : SubClass Hydrogen ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the
+ -- periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In_115, which has a
+ -- half_life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in
+ -- 1863 by Reich and Richter.
+ fun Indium : Class ;
+ fun Indium_Class : SubClass Indium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group
+ -- 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace
+ -- element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I_127 exists, in
+ -- addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive
+ -- of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen.
+ -- Discovered in 1812 by Courtois.
+ fun Iodine : Class ;
+ fun Iodine_Class : SubClass Iodine ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition
+ -- element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly
+ -- colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by
+ -- any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes
+ -- of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir_192 with a
+ -- half_life of 73.83 days. Ir_192 decays into {platinum}, while the other
+ -- radioisotopes decay into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature
+ -- apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum.
+ -- Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from
+ -- the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally
+ -- non_toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should
+ -- be considered highly toxic.
+ fun Iridium : Class ;
+ fun Iridium_Class : SubClass Iridium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition
+ -- element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the
+ -- earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in
+ -- hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces
+ -- hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.
+ fun Iron : Class ;
+ fun Iron_Class : SubClass Iron ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble
+ -- gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001 percent by volume. It can be extracted
+ -- from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but
+ -- used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes,
+ -- and five radioactive isotopes. Kr_85, the most stable radioactive
+ -- isotope, has a half_life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission
+ -- reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with
+ -- {fluorine}.
+ fun Krypton : Class ;
+ fun Krypton_Class : SubClass Krypton ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden)
+ -- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and
+ -- oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare_earth
+ -- minerals. Twenty_five natural isotopes exist. La_139 which is stable,
+ -- and La_138 which has a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other
+ -- twenty_three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids
+ -- chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should
+ -- be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.
+ fun Lanthanum : Class ;
+ fun Lanthanum_Class : SubClass Lanthanum ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Appearance unknown, however it is most likely
+ -- silvery_white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare_earth
+ -- metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr_262
+ -- with a half_life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half_life of lawrencium,
+ -- and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by
+ -- Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding
+ -- californium with boron ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature,
+ -- the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the
+ -- cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would
+ -- pose a radiation hazard.
+ fun Lawrencium : Class ;
+ fun Lawrencium_Class : SubClass Lawrencium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to
+ -- group 14. Used in building construction, lead_place accumulators, bullets
+ -- and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and
+ -- fusible alloys.
+ fun Lead : Class ;
+ fun Lead_Class : SubClass Lead ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of
+ -- the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
+ fun Lithium : Class ;
+ fun Lithium_Class : SubClass Lithium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery_white rare_earth metal which is
+ -- relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare_earth
+ -- metal. Its found with almost all rare_earth metals, but is very difficult
+ -- to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements.
+ -- Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are
+ -- two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable
+ -- being Lu_174 with a half_life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium
+ -- from {ytterbium} was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was
+ -- discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The
+ -- name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.
+ fun Lutetium : Class ;
+ fun Lutetium_Class : SubClass Lutetium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of
+ -- the periodic table (alkaline_earth metals). It is essential for living
+ -- organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very
+ -- reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and
+ -- burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen
+ -- and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.
+ fun Magnesium : Class ;
+ fun Magnesium_Class : SubClass Magnesium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Grey brittle metallic transition element.
+ -- Rather electropositive, combines with some non_metals when heated.
+ -- Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.
+ fun Manganese : Class ;
+ fun Manganese_Class : SubClass Manganese ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Half_life of approximately 5ms. The creation
+ -- of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used
+ -- to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy
+ -- Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor
+ -- of Lise Meitner the Austrian physicist.
+ fun Meitnerium : Class ;
+ fun Meitnerium_Class : SubClass Meitnerium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element.
+ -- Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md_256 has a
+ -- half_life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert
+ -- Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name {unnilunium} has been
+ -- proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri
+ -- Mendeleev.
+ fun Mendelevium : Class ;
+ fun Mendelevium_Class : SubClass Mendelevium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to
+ -- the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific
+ -- apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace
+ -- hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury
+ -- compounds.
+ fun Mercury : Class ;
+ fun Mercury_Class : SubClass Mercury ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery_white, hard metallic transition
+ -- element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids.
+ -- It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and
+ -- four radioisotopes, Mo_93 being the most stable with a half_life of 3500
+ -- years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high_strength steels, it has
+ -- nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered
+ -- in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in
+ -- 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos
+ -- which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known
+ -- forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly
+ -- toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects.
+ fun Molybdenum : Class ;
+ fun Molybdenum_Class : SubClass Molybdenum ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to
+ -- the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd_144 being the only
+ -- radioactive one with a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial
+ -- radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to
+ -- color class a shade of violet_purple and make it dichroic. One of the
+ -- more reactive rare_earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some
+ -- rare_earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's
+ -- glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets
+ -- (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885
+ -- by separating didymium into its elemental components {praseodymium} and
+ -- neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words 'neos didymos' which means
+ -- 'new twin'. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence
+ -- would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye
+ -- irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard.
+ fun Neodymium : Class ;
+ fun Neodymium_Class : SubClass Neodymium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the
+ -- periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and
+ -- comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a
+ -- distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps.
+ -- It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir
+ -- William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.
+ fun Neon : Class ;
+ fun Neon_Class : SubClass Neon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element,
+ -- belongs to the actinoids. Np_237, the most stable isotope, has a
+ -- half_life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The
+ -- other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through
+ -- 241. Np_236 has a half_life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M.
+ -- McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.
+ fun Neptunium : Class ;
+ fun Neptunium_Class : SubClass Neptunium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition
+ -- element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.
+ fun Nickel : Class ;
+ fun Nickel_Class : SubClass Nickel ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft, ductile grey_blue metallic transition
+ -- element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase
+ -- strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees
+ -- celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by
+ -- Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally.
+ fun Niobium : Class ;
+ fun Niobium_Class : SubClass Niobium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to
+ -- group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78 percent of the atmosphere
+ -- and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial
+ -- purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air.
+ -- Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in
+ -- electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
+ fun Nitrogen : Class ;
+ fun Nitrogen_Class : SubClass Nitrogen ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
+ -- to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being
+ -- No_254 with a half_life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty
+ -- by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been
+ -- proposed as an alternative name.
+ fun Nobelium : Class ;
+ fun Nobelium_Class : SubClass Nobelium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Hard blue_white metallic transition element. Found
+ -- with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.
+ fun Osmium : Class ;
+ fun Osmium_Class : SubClass Osmium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging
+ -- to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element
+ -- present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8 percent of the
+ -- Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid
+ -- air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding,
+ -- and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found
+ -- as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in
+ -- 1774.
+ fun Oxygen : Class ;
+ fun Oxygen_Class : SubClass Oxygen ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft white ductile transition element. Found
+ -- with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal
+ -- temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803
+ -- by W.H. Wollaston.
+ fun Palladium : Class ;
+ fun Palladium_Class : SubClass Palladium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Non_metallic element belonging to group 15 of
+ -- the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element
+ -- for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
+ fun Phosphorus : Class ;
+ fun Phosphorus_Class : SubClass Phosphorus ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Attractive greyish_white metal. When pure, it is
+ -- malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric
+ -- and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis.
+ -- {Hydrogen} and {oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum.
+ -- There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable
+ -- being Pt_193 with a half_life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry,
+ -- laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti_pollution
+ -- devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer.
+ -- Platinum_{cobalt} alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the
+ -- definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de
+ -- Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word
+ -- platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health
+ -- concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be
+ -- considered highly toxic.
+ fun Platinum : Class ;
+ fun Platinum_Class : SubClass Platinum ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic
+ -- element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu_244 is the most stable isotope with
+ -- a half_life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu_239 is
+ -- the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is
+ -- hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is
+ -- monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by
+ -- Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in
+ -- 1940.
+ fun Plutonium : Class ;
+ fun Plutonium_Class : SubClass Plutonium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to
+ -- group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of
+ -- all elements. Po_209 has a half_life of 103 years. Possible uses in
+ -- heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of
+ -- pitchblende.
+ fun Polonium : Class ;
+ fun Polonium_Class : SubClass Polonium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group
+ -- 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and
+ -- a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its
+ -- behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.
+ fun Potassium : Class ;
+ fun Potassium_Class : SubClass Potassium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
+ -- lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr_141 which is not radioactive.
+ -- Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in
+ -- rare_earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach.
+ fun Praseodymium : Class ;
+ fun Praseodymium_Class : SubClass Praseodymium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
+ -- lanthanoids. Pm_147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a
+ -- half_life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but
+ -- all have very short half_lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste.
+ -- Pm_147 is of interest as a beta_decay source, however Pm_146 and Pm_148
+ -- have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation.
+ -- Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in
+ -- 1947.
+ fun Promethium : Class ;
+ fun Promethium_Class : SubClass Promethium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the
+ -- actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa_231 has a half_life of 2.43*10^4
+ -- years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical
+ -- applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto
+ -- Hahn.
+ fun Protactinium : Class ;
+ fun Protactinium_Class : SubClass Protactinium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs
+ -- to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra_226 has a
+ -- half_life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from
+ -- pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.
+ fun Radium : Class ;
+ fun Radium_Class : SubClass Radium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to
+ -- the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn_222
+ -- with a half_life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of
+ -- {Radium}_226. Radon itself decays into {polonium}. Used in radiotherapy.
+ -- As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been
+ -- synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.
+ fun Radon : Class ;
+ fun Radon_Class : SubClass Radon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery_white metallic transition element.
+ -- Obtained as a by_product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium_molybdenum
+ -- alloys are superconducting.
+ fun Rhenium : Class ;
+ fun Rhenium_Class : SubClass Rhenium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery white metallic transition element. Found
+ -- with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids,
+ -- dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.
+ fun Rhodium : Class ;
+ fun Rhodium_Class : SubClass Rhodium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1
+ -- of the periodic table. Rb_97, the naturally occurring isotope, is
+ -- radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other
+ -- elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered
+ -- spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.
+ fun Rubidium : Class ;
+ fun Rubidium_Class : SubClass Rubidium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Hard white metallic transition element. Found
+ -- with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in
+ -- fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and
+ -- oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.
+ fun Ruthenium : Class ;
+ fun Ruthenium_Class : SubClass Ruthenium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the
+ -- lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm_147 is the only radioisotope, and
+ -- has a half_life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed
+ -- in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber.
+ -- Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses.
+ -- The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces
+ -- permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by
+ -- any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in
+ -- 1879.
+ fun Samarium : Class ;
+ fun Samarium_Class : SubClass Samarium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to
+ -- group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are
+ -- radioactive and have short half_lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev,
+ -- isolated by Nilson in 1879.
+ fun Scandium : Class ;
+ fun Scandium_Class : SubClass Scandium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the
+ -- periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles
+ -- sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.
+ fun Selenium : Class ;
+ fun Selenium_Class : SubClass Selenium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the
+ -- periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's
+ -- crust, making up 25.7 percent of it by weight. Chemically less reactive
+ -- than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in
+ -- 1823 by Berzelius.
+ fun Silicon : Class ;
+ fun Silicon_Class : SubClass Silicon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- White lustrous soft metallic transition element.
+ -- Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery,
+ -- tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically.
+ fun Silver : Class ;
+ fun Silver_Class : SubClass Silver ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1
+ -- of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing
+ -- in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil.
+ -- It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.
+ fun Sodium : Class ;
+ fun Sodium_Class : SubClass Sodium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to
+ -- group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr_90 is
+ -- present in radioactive fallout and has a half_life of 28 years.
+ -- Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry
+ -- Davy.
+ fun Strontium : Class ;
+ fun Strontium_Class : SubClass Strontium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16
+ -- of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms,
+ -- needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many
+ -- proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.
+ fun Sulphur : Class ;
+ fun Sulphur_Class : SubClass Sulphur ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Heavy blue_grey metallic transition element.
+ -- Ta_181 is a stable isotope, and Ta_180 is a radioactive isotope, with a
+ -- half_life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive.
+ -- Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and
+ -- isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.
+ fun Tantalum : Class ;
+ fun Tantalum_Class : SubClass Tantalum ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive metallic transition element. Can
+ -- be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made
+ -- by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them
+ -- Tc_97. Tc_99 is the most stable isotope with a half_life of 2.6*10^6
+ -- years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used
+ -- in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and
+ -- manganese.
+ fun Technetium : Class ;
+ fun Technetium_Class : SubClass Technetium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight
+ -- natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and
+ -- to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}.
+ -- Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller.
+ fun Tellurium : Class ;
+ fun Tellurium_Class : SubClass Tellurium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery metallic element belonging to the
+ -- lanthanoids. Tb_159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen
+ -- artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843.
+ fun Terbium : Class ;
+ fun Terbium_Class : SubClass Terbium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery_white
+ -- and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn
+ -- bluish_grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut
+ -- with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes,
+ -- Tl_204 being the most stable with a half_life of 3.78 years. Thallium
+ -- sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity
+ -- changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared
+ -- detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name
+ -- comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and
+ -- its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.
+ fun Thallium : Class ;
+ fun Thallium_Class : SubClass Thallium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to
+ -- actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US.
+ -- Thorium_232 has a half_life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear
+ -- fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium_232 captures slow {neutron}s and
+ -- breeds uranium_233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.
+ fun Thorium : Class ;
+ fun Thorium_Class : SubClass Thorium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the
+ -- lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm_169, and seventeen artificial
+ -- isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered
+ -- in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.
+ fun Thulium : Class ;
+ fun Thulium_Class : SubClass Thulium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group
+ -- 14 of the periodic table. Twenty_six isotopes are known, five of which
+ -- are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine
+ -- and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.
+ fun Tin : Class ;
+ fun Tin_Class : SubClass Tin ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- White metallic transition element. Occurs in
+ -- numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion_resistant alloys.
+ -- Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by
+ -- Gregor in 1789.
+ fun Titanium : Class ;
+ fun Titanium_Class : SubClass Titanium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- White or grey metallic transition element,
+ -- formerly called {wolfram}. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be
+ -- oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de
+ -- Elhuyer in 1783.
+ fun Tungsten : Class ;
+ fun Tungsten_Class : SubClass Tungsten ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Half_life of approximately 10ms. Reported in
+ -- 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany.
+ fun Unnildecium : Class ;
+ fun Unnildecium_Class : SubClass Unnildecium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Half_life of 0.9 +/_ 0.2 s. Discovered by the
+ -- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974.
+ -- Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and
+ -- Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.
+ fun Unnilhexium : Class ;
+ fun Unnilhexium_Class : SubClass Unnilhexium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive transition metal.
+ fun Unniloctium : Class ;
+ fun Unniloctium_Class : SubClass Unniloctium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive transactinide element. Half_life
+ -- of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven
+ -- isotopes have been discovered.
+ fun Unnilpentium : Class ;
+ fun Unnilpentium_Class : SubClass Unnilpentium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive transactinide element. Expected
+ -- to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf_260
+ -- was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.)
+ -- in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq_257 and Unq_258 in
+ -- 1964.
+ fun Unnilquadium : Class ;
+ fun Unnilquadium_Class : SubClass Unnilquadium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Radioactive transition metal. Half_life of
+ -- approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear
+ -- Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists
+ -- at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.
+ fun Unnilseptium : Class ;
+ fun Unnilseptium_Class : SubClass Unnilseptium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- White radioactive metallic element belonging to
+ -- the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U_238, U_235 and U_234.
+ -- Uranium_235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons.
+ -- Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.
+ fun Uranium : Class ;
+ fun Uranium_Class : SubClass Uranium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good
+ -- resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It
+ -- oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes
+ -- of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V_49 having the longest half_life at 337
+ -- days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding
+ -- titanium to steel, and vanadium_gallium tape is used to produce a
+ -- superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of
+ -- Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820,
+ -- Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was
+ -- isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from
+ -- {Vanadis}, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery_white metallic
+ -- transition element. Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and
+ -- chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and
+ -- vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung
+ -- cancer if inhaled.
+ fun Vanadium : Class ;
+ fun Vanadium_Class : SubClass Vanadium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on
+ -- the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven
+ -- radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble_gas
+ -- compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found
+ -- since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.
+ fun Xenon : Class ;
+ fun Xenon_Class : SubClass Xenon ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids.
+ -- Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in
+ -- certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.
+ fun Ytterbium : Class ;
+ fun Ytterbium_Class : SubClass Ytterbium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Silvery_grey metallic element of group 3 on the
+ -- periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y_89,
+ -- there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the
+ -- lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in
+ -- 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.
+ fun Yttrium : Class ;
+ fun Yttrium_Class : SubClass Yttrium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Blue_white metallic element. Occurs in multiple
+ -- compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes
+ -- have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and
+ -- other non_metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.
+ fun Zinc : Class ;
+ fun Zinc_Class : SubClass Zinc ElementalSubstance ;
+
+ -- Grey_white metallic transition element. Five
+ -- natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear
+ -- reactors for a {neutron} absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth,
+ -- isolated in 1824 by Berzelius.
+ fun Zirconium : Class ;
+ fun Zirconium_Class : SubClass Zirconium ElementalSubstance ;
+
+}
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