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-abstract elements = open Merge in {

-

-

-

-

---  Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to 

--- group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac_227, has a 

--- half_life of 217 years. Ac_228 (half_life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in 

--- nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and 

--- having very short half_lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a 

--- source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.

-fun Actinium : Class ;

-fun Actinium_Class : SubClass Actinium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery_white lustrous metallic element of group 

--- 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin 

--- transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many 

--- alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 

--- 8.1 percent of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. 

--- Oersted.

-fun Aluminum : Class ;

-fun Aluminum_Class : SubClass Aluminum ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, 

--- belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am_243 is the most stable 

--- isotope, with a half_life of 7.95*10^3 years. Discovered by Glenn T. 

--- Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding 

--- {uranium}_238 with alpha particles.

-fun Americium : Class ;

-fun Americium_Class : SubClass Americium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. 

--- The stable form of antimony is a blue_white metal. Yellow and black 

--- antimony are unstable non_metals. Used in flame_proofing, paints, 

--- ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. 

--- First reported by Tholden in 1450.

-fun Antimony : Class ;

-fun Antimony_Class : SubClass Antimony ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93 percent of the 

--- air. Colourless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord 

--- Rayleigh and Sir william Ramsey identified argon in 1894.

-fun Argon : Class ;

-fun Argon_Class : SubClass Argon ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Metalloid element of group 15. There are three 

--- allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated 

--- oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been 

--- the first to isolate the element in 1250.

-fun Arsenic : Class ;

-fun Arsenic_Class : SubClass Arsenic ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally 

--- from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At_210, the 

--- most stable, has a half_life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear 

--- bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the 

--- University of California.

-fun Astatine : Class ;

-fun Astatine_Class : SubClass Astatine ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery_white reactive element, belonging to group 

--- 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely 

--- poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by 

--- Humphry Davy.

-fun Barium : Class ;

-fun Barium_Class : SubClass Barium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. 

--- Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk_247, 

--- has a half_life of 1.4*10^3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg 

--- and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium_241 with alpha 

--- particles.

-fun Berkelium : Class ;

-fun Berkelium_Class : SubClass Berkelium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic 

--- table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows 

--- high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and 

--- A.A. Bussy in 1828.

-fun Beryllium : Class ;

-fun Beryllium_Class : SubClass Beryllium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs 

--- to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal 

--- conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead_free bismuth 

--- compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air 

--- and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that 

--- it was different from lead.

-fun Bismuth : Class ;

-fun Bismuth_Class : SubClass Bismuth ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There 

--- are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron 

--- is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad 

--- conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. 

--- Boron_10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was 

--- discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay_Lussac and L.J. 

--- Thenard.

-fun Boron : Class ;

-fun Boron_Class : SubClass Boron ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room 

--- temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. 

--- Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and 

--- throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.

-fun Bromine : Class ;

-fun Bromine_Class : SubClass Bromine ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the 

--- periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically 

--- similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered 

--- in 1817 by F. Stromeyer.

-fun Cadmium : Class ;

-fun Cadmium_Class : SubClass Cadmium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery_white metallic element belonging to 

--- group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid 

--- at room temperature. Cs_133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. 

--- Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Caesium reacts explosively with cold 

--- water, and ice at temperatures above 157K. Caesium hydroxide is the 

--- strongest base known. Caesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline 

--- and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses 

--- include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some 

--- organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Caesium was discovered by 

--- Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically. 

--- Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum. 

--- The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Caesium 

--- should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even 

--- more toxic.

-fun Caesium : Class ;

-fun Caesium_Class : SubClass Caesium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of 

--- the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, 

--- zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.

-fun Calcium : Class ;

-fun Calcium_Class : SubClass Calcium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. 

--- Belongs to actinoid series. Cf_251 has a half life of about 700 years. 

--- Nine isotopes are known. Cf_252 is an intense {neutron} source, which 

--- makes it an intense {neutron} source and gives it a use in {neutron} 

--- activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. 

--- First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.

-fun Californium : Class ;

-fun Californium_Class : SubClass Californium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic 

--- table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and 

--- fullerite. Carbon_14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon 

--- occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon 

--- has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, 

--- and a wide variety of other elements.

-fun Carbon : Class ;

-fun Carbon_Class : SubClass Carbon ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery metallic element, belongs to the 

--- lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive 

--- isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare_earth alloys. The 

--- oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H. 

--- Klaproth in 1803.

-fun Cerium : Class ;

-fun Cerium_Class : SubClass Cerium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Halogen element. Poisonous greenish_yellow gas. 

--- Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly 

--- with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by 

--- Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 

--- 1810.

-fun Chlorine : Class ;

-fun Chlorine_Class : SubClass Chlorine ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Hard silvery transition element. Used in 

--- decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.

-fun Chromium : Class ;

-fun Chromium_Class : SubClass Chromium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Light grey transition element. Some meteorites 

--- contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. 

--- Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt_60, an artificially 

--- produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer 

--- and cancer_treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737.

-fun Cobalt : Class ;

-fun Cobalt_Class : SubClass Cobalt ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Red_brown transition element. Known by the Romans 

--- as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, 

--- ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist 

--- conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.

-fun Copper : Class ;

-fun Copper_Class : SubClass Copper ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs 

--- to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm_247 has a half_life of 

--- 1.64*10^7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 

--- 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding 

--- americium_241 with {neutron}s. Named for Marie Curie.

-fun Curium : Class ;

-fun Curium_Class : SubClass Curium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Metallic with a bright silvery_white lustre. 

--- Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at 

--- room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving 

--- hydrogen. It is found in from rare_earth minerals. There are seven 

--- natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy_154 being the 

--- most stable with a half_life of 3*10^6 years. Dysprosium is used as a 

--- neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It 

--- was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its 

--- name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.

-fun Dysprosium : Class ;

-fun Dysprosium_Class : SubClass Dysprosium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Appearance is unknown, however it is most 

--- probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic 

--- transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es_254 has the longest 

--- half_life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by 

--- Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb 

--- explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es_232 were 

--- separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient 

--- amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.

-fun Einsteinium : Class ;

-fun Einsteinium_Class : SubClass Einsteinium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the 

--- lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial 

--- isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It 

--- is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. 

--- Mosander in 1843.

-fun Erbium : Class ;

-fun Erbium_Class : SubClass Erbium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the 

--- lanthanoids. Eu_151 and Eu_153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of 

--- which are {neutron} absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William 

--- Crookes.

-fun Europium : Class ;

-fun Europium_Class : SubClass Europium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs 

--- to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm_257 with a 

--- half_life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates 

--- in the debris of the first hydrogen_bomb explosion in 1952.

-fun Fermium : Class ;

-fun Fermium_Class : SubClass Fermium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging 

--- to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most 

--- chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, 

--- causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was 

--- identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.

-fun Fluorine : Class ;

-fun Fluorine_Class : SubClass Fluorine ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the 

--- periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes 

--- are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr_223. Its existence was 

--- confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.

-fun Francium : Class ;

-fun Francium_Class : SubClass Francium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the 

--- lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to 

--- eleven artificial isotopes. Gd_155 and Gd_157 and the best neutron 

--- absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. 

--- Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.

-fun Gadolinium : Class ;

-fun Gadolinium_Class : SubClass Gadolinium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 

--- of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga_69 and Ga_71. 

--- Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half_lives. 

--- Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals 

--- by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de 

--- Boisbaudran in 1875.

-fun Gallium : Class ;

-fun Gallium_Class : SubClass Gallium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to 

--- group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic 

--- compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 

--- by Winkler.

-fun Germanium : Class ;

-fun Germanium_Class : SubClass Germanium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and 

--- ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five 

--- radioisotopes of gold, Au_195 being the most stable with a half_life of 

--- 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, 

--- electronics. Au_198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical 

--- conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold 

--- comes from the Anglo_Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the 

--- Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, 

--- however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.

-fun Gold : Class ;

-fun Gold_Class : SubClass Gold ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. 

--- Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a 

--- neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally 

--- established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.

-fun Hafnium : Class ;

-fun Hafnium_Class : SubClass Hafnium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Colourless, odourless gaseous nonmetallic element. 

--- Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all 

--- elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no 

--- known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.

-fun Helium : Class ;

-fun Helium_Class : SubClass Helium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Relatively soft and malleable silvery_white 

--- metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It 

--- oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the 

--- lanthanoids. A rare_earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and 

--- gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural 

--- isotope, Ho_165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being 

--- Ho_163 with a half_life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal 

--- alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per 

--- Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium 

--- comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium 

--- compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to 

--- indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is 

--- a fire hazard.

-fun Holmium : Class ;

-fun Holmium_Class : SubClass Holmium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element. 

--- Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and 

--- in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. 

--- Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.

-fun Hydrogen : Class ;

-fun Hydrogen_Class : SubClass Hydrogen ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the 

--- periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In_115, which has a 

--- half_life of 6*10^4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in 

--- 1863 by Reich and Richter.

-fun Indium : Class ;

-fun Indium_Class : SubClass Indium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group 

--- 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace 

--- element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I_127 exists, in 

--- addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive 

--- of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. 

--- Discovered in 1812 by Courtois.

-fun Iodine : Class ;

-fun Iodine_Class : SubClass Iodine ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition 

--- element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly 

--- colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by 

--- any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes 

--- of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir_192 with a 

--- half_life of 73.83 days. Ir_192 decays into {platinum}, while the other 

--- radioisotopes decay into {osmium}. Iridium is used in high temperature 

--- apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. 

--- Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from 

--- the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally 

--- non_toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should 

--- be considered highly toxic.

-fun Iridium : Class ;

-fun Iridium_Class : SubClass Iridium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition 

--- element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the 

--- earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in 

--- hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces 

--- hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements.

-fun Iron : Class ;

-fun Iron_Class : SubClass Iron ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble 

--- gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001 percent by volume. It can be extracted 

--- from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but 

--- used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, 

--- and five radioactive isotopes. Kr_85, the most stable radioactive 

--- isotope, has a half_life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission 

--- reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with 

--- {fluorine}.

-fun Krypton : Class ;

-fun Krypton_Class : SubClass Krypton ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) 

--- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and 

--- oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare_earth 

--- minerals. Twenty_five natural isotopes exist. La_139 which is stable, 

--- and La_138 which has a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. The other 

--- twenty_three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids 

--- chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should 

--- be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander.

-fun Lanthanum : Class ;

-fun Lanthanum_Class : SubClass Lanthanum ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Appearance unknown, however it is most likely 

--- silvery_white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare_earth 

--- metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr_262 

--- with a half_life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half_life of lawrencium, 

--- and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by 

--- Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding 

--- californium with boron ions. The name is temporary {IUPAC} nomenclature, 

--- the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the 

--- cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would 

--- pose a radiation hazard.

-fun Lawrencium : Class ;

-fun Lawrencium_Class : SubClass Lawrencium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to 

--- group 14. Used in building construction, lead_place accumulators, bullets 

--- and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and 

--- fusible alloys.

-fun Lead : Class ;

-fun Lead_Class : SubClass Lead ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of 

--- the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.

-fun Lithium : Class ;

-fun Lithium_Class : SubClass Lithium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery_white rare_earth metal which is 

--- relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare_earth 

--- metal. Its found with almost all rare_earth metals, but is very difficult 

--- to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. 

--- Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are 

--- two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable 

--- being Lu_174 with a half_life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium 

--- from {ytterbium} was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was 

--- discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The 

--- name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.

-fun Lutetium : Class ;

-fun Lutetium_Class : SubClass Lutetium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of 

--- the periodic table (alkaline_earth metals). It is essential for living 

--- organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very 

--- reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and 

--- burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen 

--- and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.

-fun Magnesium : Class ;

-fun Magnesium_Class : SubClass Magnesium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Grey brittle metallic transition element. 

--- Rather electropositive, combines with some non_metals when heated. 

--- Discovered in 1774 by Scheele.

-fun Manganese : Class ;

-fun Manganese_Class : SubClass Manganese ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Half_life of approximately 5ms. The creation 

--- of this element demonstrated that fusion techniques could indeed be used 

--- to make new, heavy nuclei. Made and identified by physicists of the Heavy 

--- Ion Research Laboratory, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1982. Named in honor 

--- of Lise Meitner the Austrian physicist.

-fun Meitnerium : Class ;

-fun Meitnerium_Class : SubClass Meitnerium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element. 

--- Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md_256 has a 

--- half_life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert 

--- Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name {unnilunium} has been 

--- proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri 

--- Mendeleev.

-fun Mendelevium : Class ;

-fun Mendelevium_Class : SubClass Mendelevium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to 

--- the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific 

--- apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace 

--- hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury 

--- compounds.

-fun Mercury : Class ;

-fun Mercury_Class : SubClass Mercury ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery_white, hard metallic transition 

--- element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids. 

--- It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and 

--- four radioisotopes, Mo_93 being the most stable with a half_life of 3500 

--- years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high_strength steels, it has 

--- nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered 

--- in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in 

--- 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The name comes from the Greek word molybdos 

--- which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known 

--- forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly 

--- toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects.

-fun Molybdenum : Class ;

-fun Molybdenum_Class : SubClass Molybdenum ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to 

--- the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd_144 being the only 

--- radioactive one with a half_life of 10^10 to 10^15 years. Six artificial 

--- radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to 

--- color class a shade of violet_purple and make it dichroic. One of the 

--- more reactive rare_earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some 

--- rare_earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's 

--- glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets 

--- (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885 

--- by separating didymium into its elemental components {praseodymium} and 

--- neodymium. The name comes from the Greek words 'neos didymos' which means 

--- 'new twin'. Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence 

--- would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye 

--- irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard.

-fun Neodymium : Class ;

-fun Neodymium_Class : SubClass Neodymium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Colourless gaseous element of group 18 on the 

--- periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and 

--- comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a 

--- distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. 

--- It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir 

--- William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.

-fun Neon : Class ;

-fun Neon_Class : SubClass Neon ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, 

--- belongs to the actinoids. Np_237, the most stable isotope, has a 

--- half_life of 2.2*10^6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The 

--- other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through 

--- 241. Np_236 has a half_life of 5*10^3 years. First produced by Edwin M. 

--- McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.

-fun Neptunium : Class ;

-fun Neptunium_Class : SubClass Neptunium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition 

--- element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.

-fun Nickel : Class ;

-fun Nickel_Class : SubClass Nickel ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft, ductile grey_blue metallic transition 

--- element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase 

--- strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees 

--- celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by 

--- Blomstrand in 1864. Called {columbium} originally.

-fun Niobium : Class ;

-fun Niobium_Class : SubClass Niobium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to 

--- group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78 percent of the atmosphere 

--- and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial 

--- purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. 

--- Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in 

--- electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.

-fun Nitrogen : Class ;

-fun Nitrogen_Class : SubClass Nitrogen ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs 

--- to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being 

--- No_254 with a half_life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty 

--- by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. {Unnilbium} has been 

--- proposed as an alternative name.

-fun Nobelium : Class ;

-fun Nobelium_Class : SubClass Nobelium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Hard blue_white metallic transition element. Found 

--- with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.

-fun Osmium : Class ;

-fun Osmium_Class : SubClass Osmium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging 

--- to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element 

--- present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8 percent of the 

--- Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid 

--- air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, 

--- and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found 

--- as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 

--- 1774.

-fun Oxygen : Class ;

-fun Oxygen_Class : SubClass Oxygen ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft white ductile transition element. Found 

--- with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal 

--- temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 

--- by W.H. Wollaston.

-fun Palladium : Class ;

-fun Palladium_Class : SubClass Palladium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Non_metallic element belonging to group 15 of 

--- the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element 

--- for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.

-fun Phosphorus : Class ;

-fun Phosphorus_Class : SubClass Phosphorus ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Attractive greyish_white metal. When pure, it is 

--- malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric 

--- and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. 

--- {Hydrogen} and {oxygen} react explosively in the presence of platinum. 

--- There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable 

--- being Pt_193 with a half_life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, 

--- laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti_pollution 

--- devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. 

--- Platinum_{cobalt} alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the 

--- definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de 

--- Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word 

--- platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health 

--- concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be 

--- considered highly toxic.

-fun Platinum : Class ;

-fun Platinum_Class : SubClass Platinum ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic 

--- element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu_244 is the most stable isotope with 

--- a half_life of 7.6*10^7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu_239 is 

--- the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is 

--- hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is 

--- monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by 

--- Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in 

--- 1940.

-fun Plutonium : Class ;

-fun Plutonium_Class : SubClass Plutonium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to 

--- group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of 

--- all elements. Po_209 has a half_life of 103 years. Possible uses in 

--- heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of 

--- pitchblende.

-fun Polonium : Class ;

-fun Polonium_Class : SubClass Polonium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 

--- 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and 

--- a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its 

--- behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.

-fun Potassium : Class ;

-fun Potassium_Class : SubClass Potassium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the 

--- lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr_141 which is not radioactive. 

--- Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in 

--- rare_earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach.

-fun Praseodymium : Class ;

-fun Praseodymium_Class : SubClass Praseodymium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the 

--- lanthanoids. Pm_147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a 

--- half_life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but 

--- all have very short half_lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. 

--- Pm_147 is of interest as a beta_decay source, however Pm_146 and Pm_148 

--- have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. 

--- Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in 

--- 1947.

-fun Promethium : Class ;

-fun Promethium_Class : SubClass Promethium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the 

--- actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa_231 has a half_life of 2.43*10^4 

--- years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical 

--- applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto 

--- Hahn.

-fun Protactinium : Class ;

-fun Protactinium_Class : SubClass Protactinium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs 

--- to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra_226 has a 

--- half_life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from 

--- pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.

-fun Radium : Class ;

-fun Radium_Class : SubClass Radium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to 

--- the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn_222 

--- with a half_life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of 

--- {Radium}_226. Radon itself decays into {polonium}. Used in radiotherapy. 

--- As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been 

--- synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.

-fun Radon : Class ;

-fun Radon_Class : SubClass Radon ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery_white metallic transition element. 

--- Obtained as a by_product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium_molybdenum 

--- alloys are superconducting.

-fun Rhenium : Class ;

-fun Rhenium_Class : SubClass Rhenium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery white metallic transition element. Found 

--- with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, 

--- dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston.

-fun Rhodium : Class ;

-fun Rhodium_Class : SubClass Rhodium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 

--- of the periodic table. Rb_97, the naturally occurring isotope, is 

--- radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other 

--- elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered 

--- spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff.

-fun Rubidium : Class ;

-fun Rubidium_Class : SubClass Rubidium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Hard white metallic transition element. Found 

--- with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in 

--- fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and 

--- oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.

-fun Ruthenium : Class ;

-fun Ruthenium_Class : SubClass Ruthenium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the 

--- lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm_147 is the only radioisotope, and 

--- has a half_life of 2.5*10^11 years. Used for making special alloys needed 

--- in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. 

--- Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. 

--- The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces 

--- permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by 

--- any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 

--- 1879.

-fun Samarium : Class ;

-fun Samarium_Class : SubClass Samarium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to 

--- group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are 

--- radioactive and have short half_lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, 

--- isolated by Nilson in 1879.

-fun Scandium : Class ;

-fun Scandium_Class : SubClass Scandium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the 

--- periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles 

--- sulphur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius.

-fun Selenium : Class ;

-fun Selenium_Class : SubClass Selenium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the 

--- periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's 

--- crust, making up 25.7 percent of it by weight. Chemically less reactive 

--- than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 

--- 1823 by Berzelius.

-fun Silicon : Class ;

-fun Silicon_Class : SubClass Silicon ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- White lustrous soft metallic transition element. 

--- Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery, 

--- tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically.

-fun Silver : Class ;

-fun Silver_Class : SubClass Silver ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 

--- of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing 

--- in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. 

--- It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.

-fun Sodium : Class ;

-fun Sodium_Class : SubClass Sodium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to 

--- group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr_90 is 

--- present in radioactive fallout and has a half_life of 28 years. 

--- Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry 

--- Davy.

-fun Strontium : Class ;

-fun Strontium_Class : SubClass Strontium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 

--- of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, 

--- needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many 

--- proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.

-fun Sulphur : Class ;

-fun Sulphur_Class : SubClass Sulphur ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Heavy blue_grey metallic transition element. 

--- Ta_181 is a stable isotope, and Ta_180 is a radioactive isotope, with a 

--- half_life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. 

--- Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and 

--- isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.

-fun Tantalum : Class ;

-fun Tantalum_Class : SubClass Tantalum ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive metallic transition element. Can 

--- be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made 

--- by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them 

--- Tc_97. Tc_99 is the most stable isotope with a half_life of 2.6*10^6 

--- years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used 

--- in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and 

--- manganese.

-fun Technetium : Class ;

-fun Technetium_Class : SubClass Technetium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight 

--- natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and 

--- to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to {sulphur}. 

--- Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller.

-fun Tellurium : Class ;

-fun Tellurium_Class : SubClass Tellurium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery metallic element belonging to the 

--- lanthanoids. Tb_159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen 

--- artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843.

-fun Terbium : Class ;

-fun Terbium_Class : SubClass Terbium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery_white 

--- and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn 

--- bluish_grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut 

--- with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, 

--- Tl_204 being the most stable with a half_life of 3.78 years. Thallium 

--- sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity 

--- changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared 

--- detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name 

--- comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and 

--- its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.

-fun Thallium : Class ;

-fun Thallium_Class : SubClass Thallium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to 

--- actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US. 

--- Thorium_232 has a half_life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear 

--- fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium_232 captures slow {neutron}s and 

--- breeds uranium_233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.

-fun Thorium : Class ;

-fun Thorium_Class : SubClass Thorium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the 

--- lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm_169, and seventeen artificial 

--- isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered 

--- in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.

-fun Thulium : Class ;

-fun Thulium_Class : SubClass Thulium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group 

--- 14 of the periodic table. Twenty_six isotopes are known, five of which 

--- are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine 

--- and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.

-fun Tin : Class ;

-fun Tin_Class : SubClass Tin ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- White metallic transition element. Occurs in 

--- numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion_resistant alloys. 

--- Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by 

--- Gregor in 1789.

-fun Titanium : Class ;

-fun Titanium_Class : SubClass Titanium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- White or grey metallic transition element, 

--- formerly called {wolfram}. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be 

--- oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de 

--- Elhuyer in 1783.

-fun Tungsten : Class ;

-fun Tungsten_Class : SubClass Tungsten ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Half_life of approximately 10ms. Reported in 

--- 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany.

-fun Unnildecium : Class ;

-fun Unnildecium_Class : SubClass Unnildecium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Half_life of 0.9 +/_ 0.2 s. Discovered by the 

--- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974. 

--- Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and 

--- Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.

-fun Unnilhexium : Class ;

-fun Unnilhexium_Class : SubClass Unnilhexium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive transition metal.

-fun Unniloctium : Class ;

-fun Unniloctium_Class : SubClass Unniloctium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive transactinide element. Half_life 

--- of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven 

--- isotopes have been discovered.

-fun Unnilpentium : Class ;

-fun Unnilpentium_Class : SubClass Unnilpentium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive transactinide element. Expected 

--- to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf_260 

--- was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) 

--- in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq_257 and Unq_258 in 

--- 1964.

-fun Unnilquadium : Class ;

-fun Unnilquadium_Class : SubClass Unnilquadium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Radioactive transition metal. Half_life of 

--- approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear 

--- Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists 

--- at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.

-fun Unnilseptium : Class ;

-fun Unnilseptium_Class : SubClass Unnilseptium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- White radioactive metallic element belonging to 

--- the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U_238, U_235 and U_234. 

--- Uranium_235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons. 

--- Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.

-fun Uranium : Class ;

-fun Uranium_Class : SubClass Uranium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good 

--- resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It 

--- oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes 

--- of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V_49 having the longest half_life at 337 

--- days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding 

--- titanium to steel, and vanadium_gallium tape is used to produce a 

--- superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of 

--- Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, 

--- Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was 

--- isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from 

--- {Vanadis}, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery_white metallic 

--- transition element. Vanadium is essential to {ascidian}s. Rats and 

--- chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and 

--- vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung 

--- cancer if inhaled.

-fun Vanadium : Class ;

-fun Vanadium_Class : SubClass Vanadium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on 

--- the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven 

--- radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble_gas 

--- compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found 

--- since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898.

-fun Xenon : Class ;

-fun Xenon_Class : SubClass Xenon ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. 

--- Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in 

--- certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.

-fun Ytterbium : Class ;

-fun Ytterbium_Class : SubClass Ytterbium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Silvery_grey metallic element of group 3 on the 

--- periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y_89, 

--- there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the 

--- lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in 

--- 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.

-fun Yttrium : Class ;

-fun Yttrium_Class : SubClass Yttrium ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Blue_white metallic element. Occurs in multiple 

--- compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes 

--- have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and 

--- other non_metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.

-fun Zinc : Class ;

-fun Zinc_Class : SubClass Zinc ElementalSubstance ;

-

--- Grey_white metallic transition element. Five 

--- natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear 

--- reactors for a {neutron} absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, 

--- isolated in 1824 by Berzelius.

-fun Zirconium : Class ;

-fun Zirconium_Class : SubClass Zirconium ElementalSubstance ;

-}
\ No newline at end of file