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authoraarne <aarne@chalmers.se>2010-06-02 08:27:48 +0000
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="http://txt2tags.sf.net">
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<TITLE>MOLTO Multilingual Phrasebook</TITLE>
+</HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="white" TEXT="black">
+<P ALIGN="center"><CENTER><H1>MOLTO Multilingual Phrasebook</H1>
+<FONT SIZE="4">
+<I>Krasimir Angelov, Olga Caprotti, Ramona Enache, Thomas Hallgren, Inari Listenmaa, Aarne Ranta, Jordi Saludes, Adam Slaski</I><BR>
+Showcase for project FP7-ICT-247914, Deliverable D10.2.
+</FONT></CENTER>
+
+<P></P>
+<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
+<P></P>
+ <UL>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc1">Purpose</A>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc2">Points illustrated</A>
+ <UL>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc3">From the user perspective</A>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc4">From the programmer's perspective</A>
+ </UL>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc5">Ontology</A>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc6">Files</A>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc7">Effort and cost</A>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc8">Example-based grammar writing prototype</A>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc9">To Do</A>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc10">How to contribute</A>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc11">Conclusions (tentative)</A>
+ <LI><A HREF="#toc12">Acknowledgements</A>
+ </UL>
+
+<P></P>
+<HR NOSHADE SIZE=1>
+<P></P>
+<P>
+<HR>
+<font size=-1>
+</P>
+<P>
+History
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>2 June. Version 1.0 released!
+<LI>29 May. Link to Google translate with the current language pair and phrase.
+<LI>27 May. Polish added.
+<LI>26 May. Version 0.9:
+ Catalan added, mass/count noun distinction to reduce overgeneration,
+ improved web interface.
+<LI>20 May. Version 0.8:
+ Spanish added, Bulgarian complete.
+<LI>9 May. Version 0.7:
+ Danish and Norwegian added (preliminary versions induced from statistical models
+ and resource grammars).
+<LI>3 May. Version 0.6:
+ Extended API (now final for release), Dutch added; new user interface with text
+ input enabled.
+<LI>10 April. Some additions in API, comments in implementation; regenerated clones.
+<LI>8 April. Added German.
+<LI>7 April. Added the Clone script, applied to initiate the rest of MOLTO languages.
+<LI>6 April. Version 0.4: weekdays, nationalities
+<LI>30 March. Version 0.3: disambiguation grammar for English
+<LI>28 March. Version 0.2: Swe, Ita; cat Action; small phrases.
+<LI>26 March 2010. Version 0.1: Eng, Fin, Fre, Ron; dedicated minibar UI.
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+<A HREF="missing.txt">Missing constructs</A>
+</P>
+<P>
+<A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/demos/phrasebook/">Back to the phrasebook</A>
+</P>
+<P>
+</font>
+<HR>
+</P>
+<A NAME="toc1"></A>
+<H1>Purpose</H1>
+<P>
+This phrasebook is a program for translating touristic phrases
+between 14 European languages included in the
+<A HREF="http://www.molto-project.eu">MOLTO</A> project
+(Multilingual On-Line Translation):
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>Bulgarian, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, English,
+ Finnish, French, German, Italian, Norwegian,
+ Polish, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+A Russian version is not yet finished but is projected later. Also other languages may be added.
+</P>
+<P>
+The phrasebook is implemented by using the GF programming language
+(<A HREF="http://grammaticalframework.org">Grammatical Framework</A>).
+It is the first demo for the MOLTO project, released in the third month (by June 2010).
+The first version is a very small system, but it will extended in the course of the project.
+</P>
+<P>
+The phrasebook has the following requirement specification:
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>high quality: reliable translations to express yourself in any of the languages
+<LI>translation between all pairs of languages
+<LI>runnable in web browsers
+<LI>runnable on mobile phones (via web browser; Android stand-alone forthcoming)
+<LI>easily extensible by new words (forthcoming: semi-automatic extensions by users)
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+The phrasebook is available as open-source software, licensed under GNU LGPL.
+The source code resides in
+<A HREF="http://code.haskell.org/gf/examples/phrasebook/"><CODE>code.haskell.org/gf/examples/phrasebook/</CODE></A>
+</P>
+<A NAME="toc2"></A>
+<H1>Points illustrated</H1>
+<A NAME="toc3"></A>
+<H2>From the user perspective</H2>
+<P>
+Interlingua-based translation
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>we translate meanings, rather than words
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+Incremental parsing
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>the user is at every point guided by the list of possible next words
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+Mixed modalities
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>selection of words ("fridge magnets") combined with text input
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+Quasi-incremental translation: many basic types are also used as phrases
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>one can translate both words and complete sentences, and get intermediate results
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+Disambiguation, esp. of politeness distinctions
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>if a phrase has many translations, each of them is shown and given an explanation
+ (currently just in English, later in any source language)
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+Fall-back to statistical translation
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>currently just a link to Google translate (forthcoming: tailor-made statistical models)
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+Feed-back from users
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>users are welcomed to send comments, bug reports, and better translation suggestions
+</UL>
+
+<A NAME="toc4"></A>
+<H2>From the programmer's perspective</H2>
+<P>
+The use of resource grammars and functors
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>the translator was implemented on top of an earlier linguistic knowledge base,
+ the <A HREF="http://grammaticalframework.com/lib">GF Resource Grammar Library</A>
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+Example-based grammar writing and grammar induction from statistical models
+(<A HREF="http://translate.google.com">Google translate</A>)
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>many of the grammars were created semi-automatically by generalization from
+ examples
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+Compile-time transfer: especially, in Action in Words
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>the structural differences between languages are treated at compile time,
+ for maximal run-time efficiency
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+The level of skills involved in grammar development
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>testing different configurations (see table below)
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+Grammar testing
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>use of treebanks with guided random generation for initial evaluation and regression testing
+</UL>
+
+<A NAME="toc5"></A>
+<H1>Ontology</H1>
+<P>
+The abstract syntax defines the <B>ontology</B> behind the phrasebook.
+Some explanations can be found in the
+<A HREF="Ontology.html">ontology document</A>, which is produced from the
+abstract syntax files
+<A HREF="http://code.haskell.org/gf/examples/phrasebook/Sentences.gf"><CODE>Sentences.gf</CODE></A>
+and
+<A HREF="http://code.haskell.org/gf/examples/phrasebook/Words.gf"><CODE>Words.gf</CODE></A>
+by <CODE>make doc</CODE>.
+</P>
+<A NAME="toc6"></A>
+<H1>Files</H1>
+<P>
+<CODE>Sentences</CODE>: general syntactic structures implementable in a uniform way.
+Concrete syntax via the functor <CODE>SencencesI</CODE>.
+</P>
+<P>
+<CODE>Words</CODE>: words and predicates, typically language-dependent.
+Separate concrete syntaxes.
+</P>
+<P>
+<CODE>Greetings</CODE>: idiomatic phrases, string-based.
+Separate concrete syntaxes.
+</P>
+<P>
+<CODE>Phrasebook</CODE>: the top module putting everything together.
+Separate concrete syntaxes.
+</P>
+<P>
+<CODE>DisambPhrasebook</CODE>: disambiguation grammars generating feedback phrases if
+the input language is ambiguous.
+</P>
+<P>
+<CODE>Numeral</CODE>: resource grammar module directly inherited from the library.
+</P>
+<P>
+Here is the module structure as produced in GF by
+</P>
+<PRE>
+ &gt; i -retain DisambPhrasebookEng.gf
+ &gt; dg -only=Phrasebook*,Sentences*,Words*,Greetings*,Numeral,NumeralEng,DisambPhrasebookEng
+ &gt; ! dot -Tpng _gfdepgraph.dot &gt;pgraph.png
+</PRE>
+<P></P>
+<P>
+<IMG ALIGN="middle" SRC="npgraph.png" BORDER="0" ALT="">
+</P>
+<A NAME="toc7"></A>
+<H1>Effort and cost</H1>
+<TABLE CELLPADDING="4" BORDER="1">
+<TR>
+<TH>Language</TH>
+<TH>Grammarian's language skills</TH>
+<TH>Grammarian's GF skills</TH>
+<TH>Informant used for development</TH>
+<TH>Informant used for testing</TH>
+<TH>Use of external tools</TH>
+<TH>Impact of external tools</TH>
+<TH>Changes on the resource grammar</TH>
+<TH COLSPAN="2">Development time</TH>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>Bulgarian</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">?</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>Catalan</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">?</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>Danish</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>Dutch</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>English</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">_</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>Finnish</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">?</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>French</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">?</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>German</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>Italian</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">?</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>Norwegian</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>Polish</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>Romanian</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>Spanish</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">#</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">?</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">_</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+</TR>
+<TR>
+<TD>Swedish</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">###</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">+</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">?</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">-</TD>
+<TD ALIGN="center">##</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+
+<P>
+Explanation on scores
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>Grammarian's language skills
+ <UL>
+ <LI>- : no skills
+ <LI># : passive knowledge
+ <LI>## : fluent non-native
+ <LI>### : native speaker
+ </UL>
+</UL>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Grammarian's GF skills
+ <UL>
+ <LI>- : no skills
+ <LI># : basic skills (2-day GF tutorial)
+ <LI>## : medium skills (previous experience of similar task)
+ <LI>### : advanced skills (resource grammar writer/substantial contributor)
+ </UL>
+</UL>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Informant used for development/Informant needed for testing/Use of external tools
+ <UL>
+ <LI>- : no
+ <LI>+ : yes
+ </UL>
+</UL>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Impact of external tools
+ <UL>
+ <LI>? : not investigated
+ <LI>- : no effect on the Phrasebook
+ <LI># : small impact (literal translation, simple idioms)
+ <LI>## : medium effect (translation of more forms of words, contextual preposition)
+ <LI>### : great effect (no extra work needed, translations are correct)
+ </UL>
+</UL>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Changes on the resource grammars
+ <UL>
+ <LI>- : no changes
+ <LI># : 1-3 minor changes
+ <LI>## : 4-10 minor changes, 1-3 medium changes
+ <LI>### : &gt;10 changes of any kind
+ </UL>
+</UL>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Overall effort (including extra work on resource grammars)
+ <UL>
+ <LI># : less than 8 person hours
+ <LI>## : 8-24 person hours
+ <LI>### : &gt;24 person hours
+ </UL>
+</UL>
+
+<A NAME="toc8"></A>
+<H1>Example-based grammar writing prototype</H1>
+<P>
+The figure presents the process of creating a Phrasebook using an example-based
+approach for the language X, where X = {Danish, Dutch, German, Norwegian}.
+</P>
+<P>
+<IMG ALIGN="middle" SRC="picpic.jpg" BORDER="0" ALT="">
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>the first step assumes an analysis of the resource grammar and extracts the necessary
+ information that functions that build new lexical entries would need.
+ A model is built so that the proper forms of the word can be rendered,
+ and additional information, such as gender, can be inferred. The script applies
+ these rules to each entry that we want to translate into the target language, and
+ one obtains a set of constructions.
+<LI>they are furthermore given to an external translator tool (Google translate)
+ or a native speaker for translation. One needs the configuration file even if the
+ translator is human, because formal knowledge of grammar is not assumed.
+<LI>the translations into the target language are further more processed in order to
+ build the linearizations of the categories first, decoding the information received.
+ Furthermore, having the words in the lexicon, one can parse the translations of
+ functions with the GF parser and generalize from that.
+<LI>the resulting grammar is tested with the aid of a script that generates
+ constructions covering all the functions and categories from the grammar, along
+ with some other constructions that proved to be problematic in some language.
+ The result of the script contains for each construction in the target language
+ its English correspondent and the abstract syntax tree. A native speaker
+ evaluates the results and if corrections are needed, the algorithm runs again
+ with the new examples. Depending on the language skills of the grammar writer,
+ the changes can be made directly into the GF files, and the correct examples
+ given by the native informant are just kept for validating the results.
+ The algorithm is repeated as long as corrections are needed.
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+The time needed for preparing the configuration files for a grammar will not be needed
+in the future, since the files are reusable for other applications.
+The time for the second step can be saved if automatic tools, like Google translate
+are used. This is only possible in languages with a simpler morphology and syntax
+and large corpora available.
+Good results were obtained for German and Dutch with Google translate, but for
+languages like Romanian or Polish, which are both complex and lack enough resources,
+the results are discouraging.
+</P>
+<P>
+If the statistical oracle works well, the only step where the presence of a human
+translator is needed is the evaluation and feedback step. An average of 4 hours per
+round and 2 rounds were needed in average for the languages for which we performed
+the experiment. It is possible that more effort is needed for more complex languages.
+</P>
+<A NAME="toc9"></A>
+<H1>To Do</H1>
+<P>
+Disambiguation grammars for other languages than English
+</P>
+<P>
+Extend the abstract lexicon in <CODE>Words</CODE> by hand or (semi)automatically for
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>food stuff
+<LI>places
+<LI>actions
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+Customizable phone distribution: make your own selection of the 2^15 language subsets
+when downloading the phrasebook to a phone
+</P>
+<A NAME="toc10"></A>
+<H1>How to contribute</H1>
+<P>
+The basic things "everyone" can do is
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>complete <A HREF="missing.txt">missing words</A> in concrete syntaxes
+<LI>add new abstract words in <CODE>Words</CODE> and greetings in <CODE>Greetings</CODE>
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+The missing concrete syntax entries are added to the <CODE>Words</CODE><I>L</I><CODE>.gf</CODE>
+files for each language <I>L</I>. The
+<A HREF="http://code.haskell.org/gf/lib/doc/synopsis.html#toc78">morphological paradigms</A>
+of the GF resource library should be used. Actions (prefixed with <CODE>A</CODE>, as <CODE>AWant</CODE>) are
+a little more demanding, since they also require syntax constructors. Greetings (prefixed
+with <CODE>G</CODE>) are pure strings.
+</P>
+<P>
+Some explanations can be found in the
+<A HREF="Implementation.html">implementation document</A>, which is produced from the
+concrete syntax files
+<A HREF="http://code.haskell.org/gf/examples/phrasebook/SentencesI.gf"><CODE>SentencesI.gf</CODE></A>
+and
+<A HREF="http://code.haskell.org/gf/examples/phrasebook/WordsEng.gf"><CODE>WordsEng.gf</CODE></A>
+by <CODE>make doc</CODE>.
+</P>
+<P>
+Here are the steps to follow for contributors:
+</P>
+<OL>
+<LI>Make sure you have the latest sources
+ from <A HREF="http://www.grammaticalframework.org/doc/gf-developers.html">GF Darcs</A>,
+ using <CODE>darcs pull</CODE>.
+<LI>Also make sure that you have compiled the library by <CODE>make present</CODE> in <CODE>gf/lib/src/</CODE>.
+<LI>Work in the directory
+ <A HREF="http://code.haskell.org/gf/examples/phrasebook/"><CODE>gf/examples/phrasebook/</CODE></A>.
+<LI>After you've finished your contribution, recompile the phrasebook by <CODE>make pgf</CODE>.
+<LI>Save your changes in <CODE>darcs record .</CODE> (in the <CODE>phrasebook</CODE> subdirectory).
+<LI>Make a patch file with <CODE>darcs send -o my_phrasebook_patch</CODE>, which you can
+ send to GF maintainers.
+<LI>(Recommended:) Test the phrasebook on your local server:
+ <OL>
+ <LI>Go to <CODE>gf/src/server/</CODE> and follow the instructions in the
+ <A HREF="http://code.google.com/p/grammatical-framework/wiki/LaunchWebDemos">project Wiki</A>.
+ <LI>Make sure that <CODE>Phrasebook.pgf</CODE> is available to you GF server (see project wiki).
+ <LI>Launch <CODE>lighttpd</CODE> (see project wiki).
+ <LI>How you can open <CODE>gf/examples/phrasebook/www/phrasebook.html</CODE> and use your phrasebook!
+ </OL>
+</OL>
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Don't delete anything! But you are free to correct incorrect forms.
+<LI>Don't change the module structure!
+<LI>Don't compromise quality to gain coverage: <I>non multa sed multum!</I>
+</UL>
+
+<A NAME="toc11"></A>
+<H1>Conclusions (tentative)</H1>
+<P>
+The grammarian need not be a native speaker of the language.
+</P>
+<P>
+For many languages, the grammarian need not even know the language - native informants are
+enough.
+</P>
+<P>
+However, evaluation by native speakers is necessary.
+</P>
+<P>
+Correct and idiomatic translations are possible.
+</P>
+<P>
+A typical development time was 2-3 person working days per language.
+</P>
+<P>
+Google translate helps in bootstrapping grammars, but must be checked.
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>in particular, unreliable for morphologically rich languages
+</UL>
+
+<P>
+Resource grammars should give some more support
+</P>
+<UL>
+<LI>higher-level access to constructions like negative expressions
+<LI>large-scale morphological lexica
+</UL>
+
+<A NAME="toc12"></A>
+<H1>Acknowledgements</H1>
+<P>
+The Phrasebook has been built in the MOLTO project funded by the European Commission.
+</P>
+<P>
+The authors are grateful to their native speaker informants helping to bootstrap and evaluate
+the grammars:
+Richard Bubel,
+Grégoire Détrez,
+Karin Keijzer,
+Michał Pałka,
+Willard Rafnsson,
+Nick Smallbone.
+</P>
+
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