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---1 A Small Romance Resource Syntax
---
--- Aarne Ranta 2002
---
--- This resource grammar contains definitions needed to construct 
--- indicative, interrogative, and imperative sentences in Romance languages.
--- We try to share as much as possible. Even if the definitions of certain
--- operations are different in $syntax.Fra.gf$ and $syntax.Ita.gf$, we can
--- often give their type signatures in this file.
---
--- The following files are presupposed:
-
-interface SyntaxRomance = TypesRomance ** open Prelude, (CO=Coordination) in {
-
---2 Common Nouns
---
--- Common nouns are defined as number-dependent strings with a gender.
--- Complex common noun ($CommNounPhrase$)  have the same type as simple ones.
--- (The distinction is made just because of uniformity with other languages.)
-
-oper
-  CommNoun : Type = {s : Number => Str ; g : Gender} ;
-  CommNounPhrase = CommNoun ;
-  noun2CommNounPhrase : CommNounPhrase -> CommNoun = \x -> x ;
-
-  commonNounComp : CommNoun -> Str -> CommNoun = \numero, detelephone -> 
-    {s = \\n => numero.s ! n ++ detelephone ;
-     g = numero.g
-    } ;
-
-
---2 Noun phrase
---
--- The worst case is pronouns, which have inflection in the possessive
--- forms. Other noun phrases express all possessive forms with the genitive case.
--- Proper names are the simples example.
-
-  ProperName : Type = {s : Str ; g : Gender} ;
-
-  NounPhrase : Type = Pronoun ; -- the worst case
-
-  nameNounPhrase : ProperName -> NounPhrase ;
-
-  mkProperName : Str -> Gender -> ProperName = \jean,m ->
-    {s = jean ; g = m} ;
-
-  mkNameNounPhrase : Str -> Gender -> NounPhrase = \jean,m ->
-    nameNounPhrase (mkProperName jean m) ;
-
-  normalNounPhrase : (CaseA => Str) -> Gender -> Number -> NounPhrase = \cs,g,n ->
-    {s = \\p => cs ! (pform2case p) ;
-     g = PGen g ;
-     n = n ;
-     p = P3 ;    -- third person
-     c = Clit0   -- not clitic
-    } ;
-
-  pronNounPhrase : Pronoun -> NounPhrase = \pro -> pro ;
-
-
---2 Determiners
---
--- Determiners are inflected according to the gender of the nouns they determine.
--- The determiner determines the number of the argument noun.
-
-  Determiner : Type = {s : Gender => Str ; n : Number} ;
-
-  detNounPhrase : Determiner -> CommNoun -> NounPhrase = \tout, homme -> 
-    normalNounPhrase
-      (\\c => prepCase c ++ tout.s ! homme.g ++ homme.s ! tout.n)
-      homme.g 
-      tout.n ;
-
--- The following macros are sufficient to define most determiners,
--- as shown by the examples that follow.
-
-  mkDeterminer : Number -> Str -> Str -> Determiner = \n,tous,toutes -> 
-    {s = genForms tous toutes ; n = n} ;
-
-  mkDeterminer1 : Number -> Str -> Determiner = \n,chaque -> 
-    mkDeterminer n chaque chaque ;
-
-
--- Indefinite and definite noun phrases are treated separately,
--- which strictly speaking is not necessary in Romance languages, since
--- articles could be treated as determiners.
-
-  indefNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,mec -> 
-    normalNounPhrase 
-      (\\c => artIndef mec.g n c ++ mec.s ! n)
-      mec.g 
-      n ; 
-
-  defNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,mec -> 
-    normalNounPhrase 
-      (\\c => artDef mec.g n c ++ mec.s ! n)
-      mec.g
-      n ; 
-
--- We often need indefinite noun phrases synacategorematically.
-
-  indefNoun : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> Str = \n,mec -> 
-    (indefNounPhrase n mec).s ! case2pform nominative ;
-
--- Genitives of noun phrases can be used like determiners, to build noun phrases.
--- The number argument makes the difference between "ma maison" - "mes maisons".
--- The clitic type of the NP decides between "ma maison" and "la maison de Jean".
-
-  npGenDet : Number -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,jeanne,mec ->
-    let {str : CaseA => Str = case jeanne.c of {
-          Clit0 => npGenDe   n jeanne mec ;
-          _     => npGenPoss n jeanne mec
-          }
-        } in
-    normalNounPhrase str mec.g n ; 
-
--- These auxiliary rules define the genitive with "de" and with the possessive.
--- Here there is a difference between French and Italian: Italian has a definite
--- article before possessives (with certain exceptions).
-
-  npGenDe : Number -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> CaseA => Str = 
-    \n,jeanne,mec ->
-    \\c => artDef mec.g n c ++ mec.s ! n ++ jeanne.s ! case2pform genitive ;
-
-  npGenPoss : Number -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> CaseA => Str ;
-
---2 Adjectives
---
--- Adjectives have a parameter $p$ telling if postposition is 
--- allowed (complex APs). There is no real need in Romance languages to distinguish
--- between simple adjectives and adjectival phrases.
-
-  Adjective : Type = Adj ** {p : Bool} ;
-
-  adjPre = True ; adjPost = False ;
-  
-  AdjPhrase : Type = Adjective ;
-  
-  adj2adjPhrase : Adjective -> AdjPhrase = \x -> x ;
-
-  mkAdjective : Adj -> Bool -> Adjective = \adj,p -> adj ** {p = p} ;
-
-
---3 Comparison adjectives
---
--- The type is defined in $types.Romance.gf$. Syntax adds to lexicon the position
--- information.
-
-  AdjDegr = AdjComp  ** {p : Bool} ;
-
-  mkAdjDegr : AdjComp -> Bool -> AdjDegr = \adj,p ->
-    adj ** {p = p} ;
-
-  mkAdjDegrLong : Adj -> Bool -> AdjDegr = \adj,p ->
-    adjCompLong adj ** {p = p} ;
-
-
--- Each of the comparison forms has a characteristic use:
---
--- Positive forms are used alone, as adjectival phrases ("bon").
-
-  positAdjPhrase : AdjDegr -> AdjPhrase = \bon -> 
-    {s = bon.s ! Pos ; 
-     p = bon.p
-    } ;
-
--- Comparative forms are used with an object of comparison, as
--- adjectival phrases ("meilleur que toi"). The comparing conjunction
--- is of course language-dependent; Italian moreover has the free
--- variants "che" and "di".
-
-  comparAdjPhrase : AdjDegr -> NounPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \bon, toi ->
-    {s = \\g,n => bon.s ! Comp ! g ! n ++ comparConj ++ 
-         toi.s ! stressed accusative ; 
-     p = False
-    } ;
-
-  comparConj : Str ;
-
--- Superlative forms are used with a common noun, picking out the
--- maximal representative of a domain 
--- ("le meilleur mec", "le mec le plus intelligent").
-
-  superlNounPhrase : AdjDegr -> CommNoun -> NounPhrase = \bon, mec ->
-    normalNounPhrase 
-      (\\c => artDef mec.g Sg c ++ if_then_else Str bon.p 
-           (bon.s ! Sup ! mec.g ! Sg ++ mec.s ! Sg)
-           (mec.s ! Sg ++ artDef mec.g Sg nominative ++ bon.s ! Sup ! mec.g ! Sg)
-      )
-      mec.g 
-      Sg ; 
-
-
---3 Prepositions and complements
---
--- Most prepositions are just strings. But "à" and "de" are treated as cases in
--- French. In Italian, there are more prepositions treated in this way:
--- "a", "di", "da", "in", "su", "con".
--- An invariant is that, if the preposition is not empty ($[]$), then the case
--- is $Acc$.
-
-  Preposition = Str ;
-
-  Complement =  {s2 : Preposition ; c : CaseA} ;
-
-  complement : Str -> Complement = \par ->
-    {s2 = par ; c = nominative} ;
-
-  complementDir : Complement = complement [] ;
-
-  complementCas : CaseA -> Complement = \c ->
-    {s2 = [] ; c = c} ;
-
-
---3 Two-place adjectives
---
--- A two-place adjective is an adjective with a preposition used before
--- the complement, and the complement case.
-
-  AdjCompl = AdjPhrase ** Complement ; 
-
-  mkAdjCompl : Adj -> Bool -> Complement -> AdjCompl = \adj,p,c ->
-    mkAdjective adj p ** c ;
-
-  complAdj : AdjCompl -> NounPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \relie,jean ->
-    {s = \\g,n => relie.s ! g ! n ++ relie.s2 ++ jean.s ! case2pform relie.c ; 
-     p = False
-    } ;
-
-
---3 Modification of common nouns
---
--- The two main functions of adjective are in predication ("Jean est jeune")
--- and in modification ("un jeune homme"). Predication will be defined
--- later, in the chapter on verbs.
---
--- Modification must pay attention to pre- and post-noun
--- adjectives: "jeune homme"; "homme intelligent".
-
-  modCommNounPhrase : AdjPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase = \bon,mec -> 
-    {s = \\n => if_then_else Str bon.p 
-           (bon.s ! mec.g ! n ++ mec.s ! n)
-           (mec.s ! n ++ bon.s ! mec.g ! n) ;
-     g = mec.g
-    } ;
-
---2 Function expressions
-
--- A function expression is a common noun together with the
--- preposition prefixed to its argument ("mère de x").
--- The type is analogous to two-place adjectives and transitive verbs.
-
-  Function : Type = CommNounPhrase ** Complement ;
-
--- The application of a function gives, in the first place, a common noun:
--- "mor/mödrar till Johan". From this, other rules of the resource grammar 
--- give noun phrases, such as "la mère de Jean", "les mères de Jean",
--- "les mères de Jean et de Marie", and "la mère de Jean et de Marie" (the
--- latter two corresponding to distributive and collective functions,
--- respectively). Semantics will eventually tell when each
--- of the readings is meaningful.
-
-  appFunComm : Function -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase = \mere,jean -> 
-    noun2CommNounPhrase
-      {s = \\n => mere.s ! n ++ mere.s2 ++ jean.s ! case2pform mere.c ;
-       g = mere.g
-      } ;
-
--- It is possible to use a function word as a common noun; the semantics is
--- often existential or indexical.
-
-  funAsCommNounPhrase : Function -> CommNounPhrase = 
-    noun2CommNounPhrase ;
-
--- The following is an aggregate corresponding to the original function application
--- producing "ma mère" and "la mère de Jean". It does not appear in the
--- resource grammar API any longer.
-
-  appFun : Bool -> Function -> NounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \coll, mere, jean ->
-    let {n = jean.n ; g = mere.g ; nf = if_then_else Number coll Sg n} in 
-    variants {
-      defNounPhrase nf (appFunComm mere jean) ;
-      npGenDet nf jean mere
-      } ;
-
-
---2 Verbs
---
---3 Verb phrases
---
--- Unlike many other languages, verb phrases in Romance languages
--- are not discontinuous.
--- We use clitic parameters instead. 
---
--- (It is not quite sure, though, whether this
--- will suffice in French for examples like "je n'*y* vais pas": one may want to
--- add "y" to "ne vais pas" instead of "ne - pas" to "y vais".)
---
--- So far we restrict the syntax to present-tense verbs, even though
--- morphology has complete conjugations.
-
-  VerbPhrase = {s : Gender => VF => Str} ;
-
-  Verb = VerbPres ;
-
--- Predication is language-dependent in the negative case.
-
-  predVerb : Bool -> VerbPres -> VerbPhrase = \b,aller ->
-    if_then_else VerbPhrase b 
-      {s = \\_ => aller.s}
-      {s = \\_,v => negVerb (aller.s ! v)} ;
-
-  negVerb : Str -> Str ;
-
--- Verb phrases can also be formed from adjectives ("est bon"),
--- common nouns ("est un homme"), and noun phrases ("est Jean").
--- We need a copula, which is of course language-dependent.
-
-  copula : Bool -> VF => Str ;
-
--- The third rule is overgenerating: "est chaque homme" has to be ruled out
--- on semantic grounds.
-
-  predAdjective : Bool -> AdjPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,bon ->
-    {s = \\g,v => copula b ! v ++ bon.s ! g ! nombreVerb v} ; 
-
-  predCommNoun : Bool -> CommNounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,homme ->
-    {s = \\g,v => copula b ! v ++ indefNoun (nombreVerb v) homme} ; 
-
-  predNounPhrase : Bool -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,jean ->
-    {s = \\g,v => copula b ! v ++ jean.s ! stressed nominative} ; 
-
-
--- complement a verb with noun phrase and optional preposition
-
-  TransVerb : Type = VerbPres ** Complement ;
-
-  verbOfTransVerb       : TransVerb -> VerbPres   = \v -> {s = v.s} ;
-  complementOfTransVerb : TransVerb -> Complement = \v -> {s2 = v.s2 ; c = v.c} ;
-
-  isNounPhraseClit : NounPhrase -> Bool = \n -> case n.c of {
-     Clit0 => False ;
-     _  => True
-     } ;
-
--- This function is language-dependent, because it uses the language-dependent
--- type of case.
-
-  isTransVerbClit : TransVerb -> Bool ;
-
-
---3 Transitive verbs
---
--- Transitive verbs are verbs with a preposition for the complement,
--- in analogy with two-place adjectives and functions.
--- One might prefer to use the term "2-place verb", since
--- "transitive" traditionally means that the inherent preposition is empty.
--- Such a verb is one with a *direct object* - which may still be accusative,
--- dative, or genitive.
---
--- In complementation, we do need some dispatching of clitic types:
--- "aime Jean" ; "n'aime pas Jean" ; "l'aime" ; "ne l'aime pas".
--- More will be needed when we add ditransitive verbs.
-
-  complTransVerb : Bool -> TransVerb -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,aime,jean ->
-    {s = \\g,w =>  ---- BUG: v gives stack overflow
-       let {Jean = jean.s ! (case2pform aime.c) ; Aime = aime.s ! w} in 
-       if_then_else Str (andB (isNounPhraseClit jean) (isTransVerbClit aime))
-         (posNeg b (Jean ++ Aime) [])
-         (posNeg b Aime           Jean)
-    } ;
-
-  mkTransVerb : Verb -> Preposition -> CaseA -> TransVerb = \v,p,c -> 
-    v ** {s2 = p ; c = c} ;
-
-  mkTransVerbPrep : Verb -> Preposition -> TransVerb = \passer,par -> 
-    mkTransVerb passer par accusative ;
-
-  mkTransVerbCas : Verb -> CaseA -> TransVerb = \penser,a -> 
-    mkTransVerb penser [] a ;
-
-  mkTransVerbDir : Verb -> TransVerb = \aimer -> 
-    mkTransVerbCas aimer accusative ;
-
--- The following macro builds the "ne - pas" or "non" negation. The second
--- string argument is used for the complement of a verb phrase. In Italian,
--- one string argument would actually be enough.
-
-  posNeg : Bool -> (verb, compl : Str) -> Str ;
-
-
---2 Adverbials
---
--- Adverbials are not inflected (we ignore comparison, and treat
--- compared adverbials as separate expressions; this could be done another way).
---
--- (We should also take into account clitic ones, like "y",
--- as well as the position: "est toujours heureux" / "est heureux à Paris".) 
-
-  Adverb : Type = SS ;
-
-  adVerbPhrase : VerbPhrase -> Adverb -> VerbPhrase = \chante, bien ->
-    {s = \\g,v => chante.s ! g ! v ++ bien.s} ;
-
--- Adverbials are typically generated by prefixing prepositions.
--- The rule for creating locative noun phrases by the preposition "dans"
--- in French and "in" in Italian. This is of course shaky, since other 
--- prepositions may be preferred ("en", "à" ; "a", "su").
-
-  locativeNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> Adverb ;
-
--- This is a source of the "homme avec un téléscope" ambiguity, and may produce
--- strange things, like "les voitures toujours".
--- Semantics will have to make finer distinctions among adverbials.
--- French moreover says "les voitures d'hier" rather than "les voitures hier".
-
-  advCommNounPhrase : CommNounPhrase -> Adverb -> CommNounPhrase = \mec,aparis ->
-    {s = \\n => mec.s ! n ++ aparis.s ;
-     g = mec.g
-    } ;
-
---2 Sentences
---
--- Sentences depend on a *mode parameter* selecting between 
--- indicative and subjunctive forms.
-
-  Sentence : Type = SS1 Mode ;
-
--- This is the traditional $S -> NP VP$ rule. It takes care of both
--- mode and agreement.
-
-  predVerbPhrase : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Sentence = \jean,dort ->
-    {s = \\m => jean.s ! unstressed nominative ++ 
-                dort.s ! pgen2gen jean.g ! VFin m jean.n jean.p
-    } ;
-
-
---3 Sentence-complement verbs
---
--- Sentence-complement verbs take sentences as complements.
--- The mode of the complement depends on the verb, and can be different
--- for positive and negative uses of the verb 
--- ("je crois qu'elle vient" -"je ne crois pas qu'elle vienne"),
-
-  SentenceVerb : Type = VerbPres ** {mp, mn : Mode} ;
-
-  complSentVerb : Bool -> SentenceVerb -> Sentence -> VerbPhrase = 
-    \b,croire,jeanboit ->
-    let {m = if_then_else Mode b croire.mp croire.mn} in
-    {s = \\_,w => posNeg b (croire.s ! w) (embedConj ++ jeanboit.s ! m)} ; ----w
-
-  verbSent : Verb -> Mode -> Mode -> SentenceVerb = \v,mp,mn ->
-    v ** {mp = mp ; mn = mn} ;
-
--- The embedding conjunction is language dependent.
-
-  embedConj : Str ;
-
-
---2 Sentences missing noun phrases
---
--- This is one instance of Gazdar's *slash categories*, corresponding to his
--- $S/NP$.
--- We cannot have - nor would we want to have - a productive slash-category former.
--- Perhaps a handful more will be needed.
---
--- Notice that the slash category has the same relation to sentences as
--- transitive verbs have to verbs: it's like a *sentence taking a complement*.
-
-  SentenceSlashNounPhrase = Sentence ** Complement ;
-
-  slashTransVerb : Bool -> NounPhrase -> TransVerb -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase = 
-    \b,jean,aimer ->
-    predVerbPhrase jean (predVerb b (verbOfTransVerb aimer)) ** 
-    complementOfTransVerb aimer ;
-
-
---2 Relative pronouns and relative clauses
---
--- Relative pronouns are inflected in
--- gender, number, and case. They can also have an inherent case,
--- but this case if 'variable' in the sense that it
--- is sometimes just mediated from the correlate
--- ("homme qui est bon"), sometimes inherent to the
--- pronominal phrase itself ("homme dont la mère est bonne").
-
-oper
-
-  RelPron   : Type = {s : RelFormA => Str ; g : RelGen} ;
-  RelClause : Type = {s : Mode => Gender => Number => Str} ;
-
-  mkGenRel : RelGen -> Gender -> Gender = \rg,g -> case rg of {
-    RG gen => gen ;
-    _      => g
-    } ;
-
--- Simple relative pronouns ("qui", "dont", "par laquelle")
--- have no inherent gender.
-
-  identRelPron : RelPron ;
-
-  composRelPron : Gender -> Number -> CaseA -> Str ;
-
--- Complex relative pronouns ("dont la mère") do have an inherent gender.
-
-  funRelPron : Function -> RelPron -> RelPron ;
-
--- There are often variants, i.e. short and long forms
--- ("que" - "lequel", "dont" -"duquel"), etc.
-
-  allRelForms : RelPron -> Gender -> Number -> CaseA -> Str ;
-
--- Relative clauses can be formed from both verb phrases ("qui dort") and
--- slash expressions ("que je vois", "dont je parle"). 
-
-  relVerbPhrase : RelPron -> VerbPhrase -> RelClause = \qui,dort ->
-    {s = \\m,g,n => allRelForms qui g n nominative ++ dort.s ! g ! VFin m n P3 
-    } ;
-
-  relSlash : RelPron -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase -> RelClause = \dont,jeparle ->
-    {s = \\m,g,n => jeparle.s2 ++ allRelForms dont g n jeparle.c ++ jeparle.s ! m
-    } ;
-
--- A 'degenerate' relative clause is the one often used in mathematics, e.g.
--- "nombre x tel que x soit pair".
-
-  relSuch : Sentence -> RelClause = \A ->
-    {s = \\m,g,n => suchPron g n ++ embedConj ++ A.s ! m
-    } ;
-
-  suchPron : Gender -> Number -> Str ;
-
--- The main use of relative clauses is to modify common nouns.
--- The result is a common noun, out of which noun phrases can be formed
--- by determiners. A comma is used before the relative clause.
---
--- N.B. subjunctive relative clauses 
--- ("je cherche un mec qui sache chanter") must have another structure
--- (unless common noun phrases are given a mode parameter...).
-
-  modRelClause : CommNounPhrase -> RelClause -> CommNounPhrase = \mec,quidort ->
-    {s = \\n => mec.s ! n ++ quidort.s ! Ind ! mec.g ! n ;
-     g = mec.g
-    } ;
-
---2 Interrogative pronouns
---
--- If relative pronouns are adjective-like, interrogative pronouns are
--- noun-phrase-like. We use a simplified type, since we don't need the possessive
--- forms.
---
--- N.B. "est-ce que", etc, will be added below 
--- when pronouns are used in direct questions.
-
-  IntPron : Type = {s : CaseA => Str ; g : Gender ; n : Number} ; 
-
--- In analogy with relative pronouns, we have a rule for applying a function
--- to a relative pronoun to create a new one. 
-
-  funIntPron : Function -> IntPron -> IntPron = \mere,qui -> 
-    {s = \\c => 
-           artDef mere.g qui.n c ++ mere.s ! qui.n ++ mere.s2 ++ qui.s ! mere.c ;
-     g = mere.g ;
-     n = qui.n
-    } ;
-
--- There is a variety of simple interrogative pronouns:
--- "quelle maison", "qui", "quoi". Their definitions are language-dependent.
-
-  nounIntPron : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> IntPron ;
-  intPronWho  : Number -> IntPron ;
-  intPronWhat : Number -> IntPron ;
-
---2 Utterances
-
--- By utterances we mean whole phrases, such as 
--- 'can be used as moves in a language game': indicatives, questions, imperative,
--- and one-word utterances. The rules are far from complete.
---
--- N.B. we have not included rules for texts, which we find we cannot say much
--- about on this level. In semantically rich GF grammars, texts, dialogues, etc, 
--- will of course play an important role as categories not reducible to utterances.
--- An example is proof texts, whose semantics show a dependence between premises
--- and conclusions. Another example is intersentential anaphora.
-
-  Utterance = SS ;
-  
-  indicUtt : Sentence -> Utterance = \x -> ss (x.s ! Ind ++ ".") ;
-  interrogUtt : Question -> Utterance = \x -> ss (x.s ! DirQ ++ "?") ;
-
---2 Questions
---
--- Questions are either direct ("qui a pris la voiture") or indirect 
--- ("ce qui a pris la voiture").
-
-param 
-  QuestForm = DirQ | IndirQ ;
-
-oper
-  Question = SS1 QuestForm ;
-
-
---3 Yes-no questions 
---
--- Yes-no questions are used both independently ("Tu es fatigué?")
--- and after interrogative adverbials ("Pourquoi tu es fatigué?").
--- It is economical to handle with these two cases by the one
--- rule, $questVerbPhrase'$. The only difference is if "si" appears
--- in the indirect form.
---
--- N.B. the inversion variant ("Es-tu fatigué?") is missing, mainly because our
--- verb morphology does not support the intervening "t" ("Marche-t-il?").
--- The leading "est-ce que" is recognized as a variant, and requires
--- direct word order.
-
-  questVerbPhrase : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Question ;
-
---3 Wh-questions
---
--- Wh-questions are of two kinds: ones that are like $NP - VP$ sentences,
--- others that are line $S/NP - NP$ sentences.
---
--- N.B. inversion variants and "est-ce que" are treated as above.
-
-  intVerbPhrase : IntPron -> VerbPhrase -> Question ;
-
-  intSlash : IntPron -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase -> Question ;
-
-
---3 Interrogative adverbials
---
--- These adverbials will be defined in the lexicon: they include
--- "quand", "où", "comment", "pourquoi", etc, which are all invariant one-word
--- expressions. In addition, they can be formed by adding prepositions
--- to interrogative pronouns, in the same way as adverbials are formed
--- from noun phrases. 
---
--- N.B. inversion variants and "est-ce que" are treated as above.
-
-  IntAdverb = SS ;
-
-  questAdverbial : IntAdverb -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Question ;
-
-
---2 Imperatives
---
--- We only consider second-person imperatives. 
--- 
--- N.B. following the API, we don't distinguish between 
--- singular and plural "vous", nor between masculine and feminine.
--- when forming utterances.
---
--- TODO: clitics, Italian negated imperative.
-
-  Imperative = {s : Gender => Number => Str} ;
-
-  imperVerbPhrase : VerbPhrase -> Imperative = \dormir -> 
-    {s = \\g,n => dormir.s ! g ! vImper n P2
-    } ;
-
-  imperUtterance : Number -> Imperative -> Utterance = \n,I ->
-    ss (I.s ! Masc ! n ++ "!") ;
-
-
-
---2 Coordination
---
--- Coordination is to some extent orthogonal to the rest of syntax, and
--- has been treated in a generic way in the module $CO$ in the file
--- $coordination.gf$. The overall structure is independent of category,
--- but there can be differences in parameter dependencies.
---
---3 Conjunctions
---
--- Coordinated phrases are built by using conjunctions, which are either
--- simple ("et", "ou") or distributed ("et - et", "pu - ou").
-
-  Conjunction = CO.Conjunction ** {n : Number} ;
-  ConjunctionDistr = CO.ConjunctionDistr ** {n : Number} ;
-
---3 Coordinating sentences
---
--- We need a category of lists of sentences. It is a discontinuous
--- category, the parts corresponding to 'init' and 'last' segments
--- (rather than 'head' and 'tail', because we have to keep track of the slot between
--- the last two elements of the list). A list has at least two elements.
---
--- N.B. we don't have repetion of "que" in subordinate coordinated sentences.
-
-  ListSentence : Type = {s1,s2 : Mode => Str} ; 
-
-  twoSentence : (_,_ : Sentence) -> ListSentence = 
-    CO.twoTable Mode ;
-
-  consSentence : ListSentence -> Sentence -> ListSentence = 
-    CO.consTable Mode CO.comma ;
-
--- To coordinate a list of sentences by a simple conjunction, we place
--- it between the last two elements; commas are put in the other slots,
--- e.g. "Pierre fume, Jean boit et les autres regardsnt".
-
-  conjunctSentence : Conjunction -> ListSentence -> Sentence = 
-    CO.conjunctTable Mode ;
-
--- To coordinate a list of sentences by a distributed conjunction, we place
--- the first part in front of the first element, the second
--- part between the last two elements, and commas in the other slots.
--- For sentences this is really not used.
-
-  conjunctDistrSentence : ConjunctionDistr -> ListSentence -> Sentence = 
-    CO.conjunctDistrTable Mode ;
-
---3 Coordinating adjective phrases
---
--- The structure is the same as for sentences. The result is a prefix adjective
--- if and only if all elements are prefix.
-
-  ListAdjPhrase : Type = 
-    {s1,s2 : Gender => Number => Str ; p : Bool} ;
-
-  twoAdjPhrase : (_,_ : AdjPhrase) -> ListAdjPhrase = \x,y ->
-    CO.twoTable2 Gender Number x y ** {p = andB x.p y.p} ;
-
-  consAdjPhrase : ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase -> ListAdjPhrase =  \xs,x ->
-    CO.consTable2 Gender Number CO.comma xs x ** {p = andB xs.p x.p} ;
-
-  conjunctAdjPhrase : Conjunction -> ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \c,xs ->
-    CO.conjunctTable2 Gender Number c xs ** {p = xs.p} ;
-
-  conjunctDistrAdjPhrase : ConjunctionDistr -> ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \c,xs ->
-    CO.conjunctDistrTable2 Gender Number c xs ** {p = xs.p} ;
-
-
---3 Coordinating noun phrases
---
--- The structure is the same as for sentences. The result is either always plural
--- or plural if any of the components is, depending on the conjunction.
--- The gender is masculine if any of the components is. A coordinated noun phrase
--- cannot be clitic.
-
-  ListNounPhrase : Type = 
-    {s1,s2 : CaseA => Str ; g : PronGen ; n : Number ; p : Person} ;
-
-  twoNounPhrase : (_,_ : NounPhrase) -> ListNounPhrase = \x,y ->
-    {s1 = \\c => x.s ! stressed c ; s2 = \\c => y.s ! stressed c} ** 
-    {n = conjNumber x.n y.n ; g = conjGender x.g y.g ; p = conjPers x.p y.p} ;
-
-  consNounPhrase : ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase -> ListNounPhrase =  \xs,x ->
-    {s1 = \\c => xs.s1 ! c ++ CO.comma ++ xs.s2 ! c ; 
-     s2 = \\c => x.s ! stressed c} ** 
-    {n = conjNumber xs.n x.n ; g = conjGender xs.g x.g ; p =conjPers xs.p x.p} ;
-
-  conjunctNounPhrase : Conjunction -> ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \co,xs ->
-    {s = \\c => xs.s1 ! pform2case c ++ co.s ++ xs.s2 ! pform2case c} ** 
-    {n = conjNumber co.n xs.n ; g = xs.g ; p = xs.p ; c = Clit0 } ;
-
-  conjunctDistrNounPhrase : ConjunctionDistr -> ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = 
-    \co,xs ->
-    {s = \\c => co.s1++ xs.s1 ! pform2case c ++ co.s2 ++ xs.s2 ! pform2case c} ** 
-    {n = conjNumber co.n xs.n ; g = xs.g ; p = xs.p ; c = Clit0} ;
-
--- We have to define a calculus of numbers of genders. For numbers,
--- it is like the conjunction with $Pl$ corresponding to $False$. For genders,
--- $Masc$ corresponds to $False$.
-
-  conjNumber : Number -> Number -> Number = \m,n -> case <m,n> of {
-    <Sg,Sg> => Sg ;
-    _ => Pl 
-    } ;
-
-  conjGen : Gender -> Gender -> Gender = \m,n -> case <m,n> of {
-    <Fem,Fem> => Fem ;
-    _ => Masc 
-    } ;
-
-  conjGender : PronGen -> PronGen -> PronGen = \m,n -> case <m,n> of {
-    <PGen Fem, PGen Fem> => PGen Fem ;
-    _ => PNoGen
-    } ;
-
--- For persons, we go in the descending order:
--- "moi et toi sommes forts", "lui ou toi es fort".
--- This is not always quite clear.
-
-  conjPers : Person -> Person -> Person = \p,q -> case <p,q> of {
-    <P3,P3> => P3 ;
-    <P1,_>  => P1 ;
-    <_,P1>  => P1 ;
-    _       => P2
-    } ;
-
-
-
---2 Subjunction
---
--- Subjunctions ("si", "quand", etc) 
--- are a different way to combine sentences than conjunctions.
--- The main clause can be a sentences, an imperatives, or a question,
--- but the subjoined clause must be a sentence.
-
-  Subjunction = SS ;
-
-  subjunctSentence : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Sentence -> Sentence = \si,A,B ->
-    {s = \\m => subjunctVariants si A (B.s ! m)
-     } ;
-
-  subjunctImperative : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Imperative -> Imperative = 
-    \si,A,B -> 
-    {s = \\g,n => subjunctVariants si A (B.s ! g ! n)
-    } ;
-
-  subjunctQuestion : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Question -> Question = \si,A,B ->
-    {s = \\q => subjunctVariants si A (B.s ! q)
-    } ;
-
--- There are uniformly two variant word orders, e.g. 
--- "si tu fume je m'en vais"
--- and "je m'en vais si tu fume".
-
-  subjunctVariants : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Str -> Str = \si,A,B ->
-    let {As = A.s ! Ind} in 
-    variants {
-      si.s ++ As ++ B ; 
-      B ++ si.s ++ As
-      } ;
-
---2 One-word utterances
--- 
--- An utterance can consist of one phrase of almost any category, 
--- the limiting case being one-word utterances. These
--- utterances are often (but not always) in what can be called the
--- default form of a category, e.g. the nominative.
--- This list is far from exhaustive.
-
-  useNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> Utterance = \jean ->
-    postfixSS "." (defaultNounPhrase jean) ;
-  useCommonNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> Utterance = \n,mec -> 
-    useNounPhrase (indefNounPhrase n mec) ;
-
-
--- one-form variants
-
-  defaultNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> SS = \jean -> 
-    ss (jean.s ! stressed nominative) ;
-
-  defaultQuestion : Question -> SS = \quiesttu ->
-    ss (quiesttu.s ! DirQ) ;
-
-  defaultSentence : Sentence -> SS = \x -> ss (x.s ! Ind) ;
-
------ moved from Types
-
-  artDef : Gender -> Number -> CaseA -> Str ;
-  artIndef : Gender -> Number -> CaseA -> Str ;
-  genForms : Str -> Str -> Gender => Str ;
-
------ moved from Res
-
-  pronJe, pronTu, pronIl, pronElle, pronNous, pronVous, pronIls, pronElles : 
-    Pronoun ;
-  chaqueDet, tousDet, quelDet, plupartDet : Determiner ;
-
-  commentAdv, quandAdv, ouAdv, pourquoiAdv : Adverb ;
-
-  etConj, ouConj : Conjunction ;
-  etetConj, ououConj : ConjunctionDistr ;
-  siSubj, quandSubj : Subjunction ;
-
-  ouiPhr, noPhr : Utterance ;
-    
-}