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For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ -\lyxformat 413 -\begin_document -\begin_header -\textclass article -\begin_preamble -\usepackage{times} -\end_preamble -\use_default_options true -\maintain_unincluded_children false -\language english -\language_package default -\inputencoding auto -\fontencoding global -\font_roman default -\font_sans default -\font_typewriter default -\font_default_family default -\use_non_tex_fonts false -\font_sc false -\font_osf false -\font_sf_scale 100 -\font_tt_scale 100 - -\graphics default -\default_output_format default -\output_sync 0 -\bibtex_command default -\index_command default -\paperfontsize 11 -\spacing single -\use_hyperref true -\pdf_bookmarks true -\pdf_bookmarksnumbered false -\pdf_bookmarksopen false -\pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1 -\pdf_breaklinks false -\pdf_pdfborder false -\pdf_colorlinks true -\pdf_backref false -\pdf_pdfusetitle true -\papersize a4paper -\use_geometry false -\use_amsmath 1 -\use_esint 1 -\use_mhchem 1 -\use_mathdots 1 -\cite_engine natbib_authoryear -\use_bibtopic false -\use_indices false -\paperorientation portrait -\suppress_date false -\use_refstyle 1 -\index Index -\shortcut idx -\color #008000 -\end_index -\secnumdepth 3 -\tocdepth 3 -\paragraph_separation indent -\paragraph_indentation default -\quotes_language english -\papercolumns 1 -\papersides 1 -\paperpagestyle default -\tracking_changes false -\output_changes false -\html_math_output 0 -\html_css_as_file 0 -\html_be_strict false -\end_header - -\begin_body - -\begin_layout Title -A Bilingual Treebank for the FraCaS Test Suite -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -CLT Project Report -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Author -Peter Ljunglöf and Magdalena Siverbo -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Centre for Language Technology -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -University of Gothenburg -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -E-mail: -\begin_inset Flex URL -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -peter.ljunglof@gu.se -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Date -31st October, 2011 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Abstract -\noindent -We have created a bilingual treebank for 99% of the sentences in the FraCaS - test suite. - The treebank is built together with an associated bilingual English-Swedish - lexicon written in the Grammatical Framework Resource Grammar. - The original FraCaS sentences are English, and we have tested the multilinguali -ty of the Resource Grammar by analysing the grammaticality and naturalness - of the Swedish translations. - 86% of the sentences are grammatically and semantically correct and sound - natural. - About 10% can probably be fixed by adding new lexical items or grammatical - rules, and only a small amount are considered to be difficult to cure. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -thispagestyle{empty} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Introduction -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In this project we have created a bilingual treebank for the FraCaS test - suite -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "CooperCrouchEijck1996:Using-the-Framework" - -\end_inset - -, using the Grammatical Framework Resource Grammar Library -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "Ranta2009:The-GF-Resource-Grammar-Library,Ranta2009:Grammatical-Framework:-A-Multilingual,Ranta2011:Grammatical-Framework:-Programming" - -\end_inset - -. - The project consisted of two parts that were partly interwoven. - The first aim was to construct a treebank, which involved creating a lexicon - and a limited grammar specific for the FraCaS test suite, parsing the sentences - and selecting the most representative trees. - The second aim was to build a FraCaS corpus in Swedish, using the treebank - constructed in the first part of the project. - This involved translating the English lexicon and grammar into Swedish - equivalents, generating Swedish sentences for all the trees in the treebank - and evaluate the results. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage pagebreak -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -The FraCaS Corpus -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The FraCaS textual inference problem set -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "CooperCrouchEijck1996:Using-the-Framework" - -\end_inset - - was built in the mid 1990's by the FraCaS project, a large collaboration - aimed at developing resources and theories for computational semantics. - This test set was later modified and converted to XML by Bill MacCartney: - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -\align center - -\family sans -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "http://www-nlp.stanford.edu/~wcmac/downloads/fracas.xml" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is the latter, modified version that has been used in this project. - The corpus consists of 346 problems each containing one or more statements - and one yes/no-question (except for four problems, where there is no question). - The total number of sentences in the corpus is 1220, but since some of - them are repeated in several problems, there are in total 874 unique sentences. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The FraCaS problems contain relatively simple sentences, and the premise - and hypothesis sentences are usually syntactically similar. - Despite this simplicity, the problems are intended to reflect a broad variety - of semantic and inferential phenomena. - For this reason, the FraCaS corpus has been used as a benchmark for evaluating - different computational semantics systems -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "MacCartneyManning2008:Modeling-semantic-containment" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The FraCaS corpus only contains made-up sentences, which are intended to - be grammatically correct. - Therefore we took the opportunity to correct some obvious minor mistakes, - such as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -a executive -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -does -\family typewriter -[\SpecialChar \ldots{} -] -\family default - has -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -did -\family typewriter -[\SpecialChar \ldots{} -] -\family default - delivered -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Jones's -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - In total 7 sentences were corrected. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -from MacCartney's thesis: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The FraCaS test suite -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "CooperCrouchEijck1996:Using-the-Framework" - -\end_inset - -(Cooper et al. - 1996) of NLI problems was one product of the FraCaS Consortium, a large - collaboration in the mid-1990s aimed at developing a range of resources - related to computational semantics. - The FraCaS problems contain comparatively simple sentences, and the premise - and hypothesis sentences are usu- ally quite similar, so that just a few - edits suffice to transform p into h. - Despite this simplicity, the problems are designed to reflect a broad diversity - of semantic and infer- ential phenomena. - For this reason, the FraCaS test suite has proven to be invaluable as a - developmental test bed for the NatLog system and as a yardstick for evaluating - its effectiveness. - Indeed, the test suite was created with just such an application as its - primary goal. - As the authors write: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -In light of the view expressed elsewhere in this and other FraCaS de- liverables - ... - that inferential ability is not only a central manifestation of semantic - competence but is in fact centrally constitutive of it, it shouldn’t be - a surprise that we regard inferencing tasks as the best way of testing - an NLP system’s semantic capacity.2 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -from MacCartney & Manning (2007): -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The FraCaS test suite (Cooper et al., 1996) was de- veloped as part of a - collaborative research effort in computational semantics. - It contains 346 inference problems reminiscent of a textbook on formal - se- mantics. - In the authors’ view, “inferencing tasks [are] the best way of testing - an NLP system’s se- mantic capacity.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The problems are divided into nine sections, each focused on a category - of semantic phenomena, such as quantifiers or anaphora (see table 2). - Each prob- lem consists of one or more premise sentences, fol- lowed by - a one-sentence question. - For this project, the questions were converted into declarative hy- potheses. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Each problem also has an answer, which (usually) takes one of three values: - yes (the hypoth- esis can be inferred from the premise(s)), no (the negation - of the hypothesis can be inferred), or unk (neither the hypothesis nor - its negation can be in- ferred). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -from Mac&Mann (2008): -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The FraCaS test suite (Cooper et al., 1996) con- tains 346 NLI problems, - divided into nine sec- tions, each focused on a specific category of se- - mantic phenomena (listed in table 3). - Each prob- lem consists of one or more premise sentences, a question sentence, - and one of three answers: yes, no, or unknown -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Examples from the FraCaS Corpus -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The FraCaS problems are divided into 9 broad categories which cover many - aspects of semantic inference. - The categories are called -\emph on -quantifiers -\emph default -, -\emph on -plurals -\emph default -, -\emph on -anaphora -\emph default -, -\emph on -ellipsis -\emph default -, -\emph on -adjectives -\emph default -, -\emph on -comparatives -\emph default -, -\emph on -temporal reference -\emph default -, -\emph on -verbs -\emph default -, and -\emph on -attitudes -\emph default -, and they are also sub-categorised and sub-sub-categorised in an hierarchy - of semantic phenomena. - Each problem starts with one or more premises, and a question that can - be answered with yes, no or unknown. - Here are two similar examples with different semantic inferences from the - -\emph on -anaphora -\emph default - category: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring (999) -(135) P: Every customer who owns a computer has a service contract for it. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -P: MFI is a customer that owns several computers. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Q: Does MFI have a service contract for all its computers? -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -A: Yes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring (999) -(136) P: Every executive who had a laptop computer brought it to take notes - at the meeting. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -P: Smith is an executive who owns five different laptop computers. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Q: Did Smith take five laptop computers to the meeting? -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -A: Unknown. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some of the problems are equivalent to each other, but with different answers - depending on ambiguity. - This happens for the following problem from the -\emph on -ellipsis -\emph default - category: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring (160--161) -(160--161) P: John owns a red car. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -P: Bill owns a fast one. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Q: Does Bill own a fast red car? -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -A: Yes or unknown, depending on the reading of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -one -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Grammatical Framework -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Grammatical Framework (GF) -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "Ranta2009:Grammatical-Framework:-A-Multilingual,Ranta2011:Grammatical-Framework:-Programming" - -\end_inset - - is a grammar formalism based on type theory. - The main feature is the separation of abstract and concrete syntax. - The abstract syntax of a grammar defines a set of abstract syntactic structures -, called abstract terms or trees; and the concrete syntax defines a relation - between abstract structures and concrete structures. - The concrete syntax is expressive enough to describe language-specific - linguistic features such as word order, gender and case inflection, and - discontinuous phrases. - This makes it very suitable for writing multilingual grammars, where the - abstract syntax is lifted to a more language universal level. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Simple GF Example -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As an example to show the possibilities of GF, we define adjectives as noun-modi -fying functions in the spirit of categorial grammar: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -(Abstract) -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green:CN\rightarrow CN}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This means that -\emph on -green -\emph default - is a grammatical construction that create common nouns (CN) from common - nouns (CN). - This does not say anything about the word order, which is instead defined - in the linearisation rules in the concrete syntax. - In English, the adjective comes before the noun: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\series bold -(English) -\series default - -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n="\! green"\,+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\: n}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Whereas in French the adjective comes after: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -(French) -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=n\:+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\:"\! vert"}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -But since French adjectives are inflected by number and gender, this is - only correct for singular masculine nouns. - That is why GF concrete syntax has support for inflection tables, inherent - attributes and discontinuous constituents, which makes the formalism as - expressive as Multiple Context-Free Grammars -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "Ljunglof2004:Expressivity-and-Complexity-of-GF" - -\end_inset - -. - A slightly more correct French variant of the adjective -\emph on -green -\emph default - would then be: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\series bold -(French) -\series default - -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=\mathbf{table}\left\{ \begin{array}{l} -Sg\:\Rightarrow\: n\,!\, Sg\:+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\:"\! vert"\\ -Pl\:\Rightarrow\: n\,!\, Pl\:+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\:"\! verts" -\end{array}\right\} }$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -But this still does not handle feminine nouns, which of course is possible. - Even better is to make use of the GF Resource Grammar, where all these - inflection paradigms are already defined. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -The GF Resource Grammar -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -GF has a rich module system which facilitates grammar writing as an engineering - task, by reusing common grammars. - The abstract syntax of one grammar can be used as a concrete syntax of - another grammar. - This makes it possible to implement grammar resources to be used in several - different application domains. - These points are currently exploited in the GF Resource Grammar Library - -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "Ranta2009:The-GF-Resource-Grammar-Library,Ranta2011:Grammatical-Framework:-Programming" - -\end_inset - -, which is a multilingual GF grammar with a common abstract syntax for 20 - languages, including Finnish, Persian, Russian and Urdu. - The main purpose of the Grammar Library is as a resource for writing domain-spe -cific grammars. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Now we can define the French and English linearisations for the adjective - functions using the resource grammar, which then takes care of all kinds - of inflection: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -(French) -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=AdjCN\:(PositA\:(mkA\;"\! vert"))\: n}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -(English) -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=AdjCN\:(PositA\:(mkA\;"\! green"))\: n}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here -\emph on -AdjCN -\emph default - is a function that modifies a common noun with an adjective phrase, -\emph on -PositA -\emph default - uses the positive form of an adjective, and -\emph on -mkA -\emph default - creates all possible inflections of a regular adjective. - Note that the structures of the English and French linearisations are the - same, except for the lexical entries, and this can be exploited in GF by - creating a language-independent concrete syntax. - The FraCaS treebank is language-independent in this sense, since the tree - for each sentence is the same for both English and Swedish. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The English Treebank -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -The FraCaS Grammar -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To be able to construct a GF treebank we need a grammar and a lexicon that - can describe every sentence in the corpus. - We have used the GF Resource Grammar as underlying grammar, and added lexical - items that capture the FraCaS domain. - On top of the resource grammar we have added a few new grammatical construction -s, as well as functions for handling elliptic phrases. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In total, we used 107 grammatical functions out of the 189 that are defined - in the resource grammar. - In addition we added four new grammatical constructions that were lacking, - and 7 different elliptic phrases. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -In order to construct the treebank for FraCaS, two modules were written, - one lexicon module and one grammar module. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Lexicon module -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The FraCaS lexicon module consists of an abstract and a concrete part. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -FraCaSLex Abstract lexicon for the FraCaS test suite -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -FraCaSLexEng Concrete lexicon for the FraCaS test suite -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The lexicon was built using the functions mkN, mkA, mkV etc, mainly from - the Paradigms module. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Grammar module -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The FraCaS grammar module consists of an abstract and a concrete part. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -FraCaS Abstract grammar for the FraCaS test suite -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -FraCaSEng Concrete grammar for the FraCaS test suite -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Initially, the whole Grammar module from the resource grammar was imported, - but in the end only parts of the Grammar module (namely Noun, Verb, Adjective, - Adverb, Numeral and Tense) were imported, while other parts were opened - and necessary functions used in the FraCaS module. - A few functions were added, mainly on clause and sentence level, in order - to simplify the tree structures. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Lexicon -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The lexicon has in total 531 entries, some of which are structural words - already defined in the resource grammar. - Some of the lexical items denote different meanings of the same word. - Examples of this include the word -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -than -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which can function as a preposition and as a subjunction, the verb -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -go -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which can mean -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -travel -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - or -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -walk -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, and the conjunction -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -and -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which can be a phrase initial conjunction and an ordinary conjuntion. - Other entries denote different valencies of the same meaning. - This is most common for verbs, such as the transitive verb -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -finish -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which can take a noun phrase or a verb phrase argument, and the verb -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -know -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which can take either a question or a sentence as argument. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The lexicon entries are divided into 63 adjectives, 77 adverbials, 20 conjunctio -ns/subjunctions, 34 determiners, 142 nouns, 19 numerals, 40 proper nouns, - 15 prepositions, 12 pronouns, and 109 verbs. - Out of these, 55 adverbials and 28 nouns/proper nouns are multi-word expression -s. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Multi-word Lexical Items -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Multi-word-Lexical-Items" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -83 of the lexical items denote multi-word phrases. - They were mainly divided into two types: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Modified proper nouns (A + PN) could not be parsed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “southern Europe” was defined as PN in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Compounds constructed from a proper noun and a noun (PN + N) , and hyphenated - nouns (N-N) could not be parsed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “Labour MP”, “APCOM manager”, “stock-market” etc. - were defined as N in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -(SKIP) P: Certain indefinite pronouns were not recognized as they did not - exist in the resource grammar. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “all”, “anyone”, “everyone”, “no one” and “someone” were defined as NP - in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Quantifiers -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Numbers written without spaces between the digits were not recognized. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “10”, “99”, “100”, “2500” etc. - defined as Det in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Certain longer numerical expressions could not be parsed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “one or more”, “the other 99” and “two out of ten” were defined as Det - in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Certain quantifiers were not recognized as they did not exist in the - resource grammar. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “a few”, “both”, “either”, “most of the”, “several” etc. - were defined as Det in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Conjunctions -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Sentences starting with a conjunction could not be parsed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: The functions SentencePAnd and SentencePBut were added in FraCaS. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Conjunctions preceded by comma or semicolon could not be parsed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “, and” and “; and” were defined as Conj in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Compounds Compound noun phrases such as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -southern Europe -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (adjective + proper noun), -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -APCOM manager -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (proper noun + noun) and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -university student -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (noun + noun) were problematic. - Partly because the Resource Grammar currently cannot handle all kinds of - compounding, but mostly because many of the corresponding Swedish phrases - are single compound words. - In total there were 28 wulti-word compounds, divided between nouns, proper - nouns and adjectives. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Time -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -and -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Date -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Expressions Time and date expressions were problematic for different reasons. - First, although a generic multilingual time and date resource grammar is - in the making, it is not finished yet. - Second, different languages use different syntactic constructions for times - and dates. - Especially the use prepositions differ a lot: -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in 1990 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in February -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in two years -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, are translated to Swedish as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -1990 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -i februari -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -om två år -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, respectively. - For these reasons, we have defined all time and date expressions as multi-word - adverbials. - In total we defined 55 different time and date phrases. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Grammar Additions -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Three different grammatical constructions were added to the grammar. - They consist of natural extensions to and slight modifications of existing - functions. - The intention is that they will be added to the resource grammar in the - near future. - Examples include the idiom -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -so do I -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - / -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -so did she -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, and question adverbials such as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -if Smith signed the contract, did Jones sign the contract? -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Elliptic Phrases -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The resource grammar cannot handle all kinds of conjunctions and elliptical - phrases. - In the FraCaS corpus there are 35 sentences with more advanced elliptical - constructions. - Examples include -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill did -\family typewriter -[\SpecialChar \ldots{} -] -\family default - too -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Smith saw Jones sign the contract and -\family typewriter -[\SpecialChar \ldots{} -] -\family default - his secretary make a copy -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - Our solution was to introduce empty phrases, one for each grammatical category. - E.g., in the first example, the ellipsis is an empty verb phrase, and the - longer example contains an empty ditransitive verb. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Coverage -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Of the 874 unique sentences, 812 could be parsed directly with the Resource - Grammar and the implemented lexicon, as shown in table -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "tab:coverage" - -\end_inset - -. - With the three additional grammatical constructions 14 more sentences were - parsed. - The addition of elliptical phrases increased the number of sentences by - another 34. - Of the 14 remaining sentences, we could parse 6 more by doing some minor - reformulations, such as moving a comma or adding a preposition. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Total -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -% of sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Unique sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -874 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -100% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Accepted by the RG -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -812 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -92.9% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -- with grammar extensions -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -826 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -94.5% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -- with elliptic phrases -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -860 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -98.4% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -- with slight reformulation of sentence -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -866 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -99.1% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Unable to parse -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -8 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -0.9% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The coverage of the English FraCaS grammar -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "tab:coverage" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Grammatical extensions: RelNP_nocomma, SoDoI, ExtAdvQS, ConjQS. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Note that this statistics is very strict in the sense that punctuation (in - particular commas) are included and has to be incorporated by the grammar. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -After having taken measures to solve the problems described in section 2.2, - the parsing rate was at 84,6%. - Part of these sentences could be parsed, but returned no representative - trees, which gave a lower percentage of correctly parsed sentences (83,2%). - There were various reasons why certain sentences could not be parsed, with - various degrees of severity. - The table below shows the results after changing the corpus by giving substitut -ions for problematic sentences on each of these levels. - The first number is the number of sentences out of 1220, while the percentage - is on the next line. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -These are explanations for the different levels: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -the original corpus with no changes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -substitution for simple spelling or grammar mistakes, such as double punctuation - or incorrect verb forms. - The change also involved using only uncontracted negation, for the sake - of conformity and simplicity. - There were only a few sentences of these types, so changing them did not - make a major difference to the results. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -rewriting of certain constructions that could not be handled by the parser. - These were constructions like “the people [..] all voted...”, changed to “all - the people [...] voted...”. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -filling of gaps in gap constructions, e.g. - adding “spoken to Mary” to “Bill has”, rendering “Bill has spoken to Mary”. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -FraCaS version -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Parsed -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Correctly parsed -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1. - original -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1032 84,6% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1015 83,2% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -2. - mistakes corrected; uncontracted negation -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1037 85,0% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1020 83,6% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -3. - reconstructions -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1040 85,2% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1026 84,1% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -4. - gap filling -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1045 85,7% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1043 85,5% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -As we can see, the changes made in the corpus did not cause any major increase - in the percentage of parsed sentences, and only a slightly higher increase - in the percentage of correctly parsed sentences. - It would take more radical changes for a more radical increase. - In the following section, we will look into what those changes would concern. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The following are a few examples of tree structures resulting from parsing - FraCaS sentences using this grammar. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Positive -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -declarative: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -No delegate finished the report. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentence (DeclPos TPast ASimul (PredVP (DetCN (DetQuant no_Quant NumSg) - (UseN delegate_N)) (ComplSlash (SlashV2a finish_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt - NumSg) (UseN report_N))))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Negative -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -declarative: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill did not speak to Mary on Monday. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentence (DeclNeg TPast ASimul (PredVP (UsePN bill_PN) (AdvVP (ComplSlash - (SlashV2a speak_to_V2) (UsePN mary_PN)) on_monday_Adv))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Question: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Did a Swede win a Nobel prize? -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentence (Question TPast ASimul (PredVP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) - (UseN swede_N)) (ComplSlash (SlashV2a win_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt - NumSg) (UseN nobel_prize_N))))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Clause -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -conjunction: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Smith took a machine on Tuesday, and Jones took a machine on Wednesday. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentence (DeclConj comma_and_Conj TPast ASimul (PredVP (UsePN smith_PN) - (AdvVP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a take_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) - (UseN machine_N))) on_tuesday_Adv)) (PredVP (UsePN jones_PN) (AdvVP (ComplSlash - (SlashV2a take_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN machine_N))) - on_wednesday_Adv))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Sentence-initial -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -conjunction: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -But only one woman. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -SentencePBut (UttNP (PredetNP only_Predet (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt (NumCard - (NumNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01))))))) (UseN woman_N)))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Noun -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -phrase -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -conjunction: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -John and his colleagues went to a meeting. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentence (DeclPos TPast ASimul (PredVP (ConjNP2 and_Conj (UsePN john_PN) - (DetCN (DetQuant (PossPron he_Pron) NumPl) (UseN colleague_N))) (AdvVP - (UseV go8walk_V) (PrepNP to_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN - meeting_N)))))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Three of the sentences that are encoded as synonyms have attachment ambiguities - that can be encoded in the grammar. - This means that they have different trees in different problems (169.1.p/170.1.p, - 175.1.p/176.1.p, 244.1.p/245.1.p). - But we don't count them in this statistics. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Syntactical Ambiguity -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -All trees in the FraCaS treebank are implemented in the GF grammar described - above. - This grammar can be used by itself for parsing and analysing similar sentences. - It is useful to know how ambiguous the grammar is, so we have parsed the - 866 sentences that are covered by the grammar and counted the number of - trees for each sentence. - Table -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "tab:ambiguity" - -\end_inset - - shows that the grammar is moderately ambiguous, where almost 70% of the - sentences have less than 10 different parse trees, and over 90% have less - than 100 trees. - The median is for a sentence to have 5 parse trees, and the largest number - of trees for a sentence is 33,048. - The ambiguous sentence is: -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Since APCOM bought its present office building it has been paying mortgage - interest on it for more than 10 years. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that the number of parse trees are misleading for the 34 sentences - with elliptic phrases, since ellipsis is linearised as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -[\SpecialChar \ldots{} -] -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - in the FraCaS grammar. - If we had made the elliptic phrases invisible, the number of parse trees - would increase dramatically. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -No. - parse trees -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -No. - sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1 -- 9 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -598 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -69.1% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -10 -- 99 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -203 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -23.4% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -100 -- 999 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -49 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -5.7% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\geq$ -\end_inset - - 1000 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -16 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1.8% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Ambiguity of the FraCaS treebank -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "tab:ambiguity" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Subsection -Problems remaining -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Some problems could not be solved, due to their complexity and/or the time - limitations of the project. - Remaining problems are listed below, categorised according to their nature. - Examples from the FraCaS corpus are given with the relevant parts italicized. - For each type of problem, the number of affected sentences is given in - brackets (out of the 177 sentences that were not correctly parsed). - A few sentences had more than one problem, but was only counted in one - category. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Adverbials (46) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Certain kinds and uses of adverbials were problematic. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Verb phrase adverbials (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Every executive who had a laptop computer brought it to take notes at the - meeting.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Noun phrase adverbials (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“It lasted 2 days.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Smith had been travelling the day before she arrived in Katmandu.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Sentence-initial adverbials (34) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Since 1992 ITEL has been in Birmingham.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Yesterday APCOM signed the contract.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Then she took a taxi to the station.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Two years from now Smith will have been to Florence at least four times.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -To this group also belong sentence-initial subordinate clauses. - (Subordinate clauses following the main clause are treated as adverbials, - so it is only natural to treat subordinate clauses preceding the main clause - as adverbials too.) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“If Smith and Anderson did not sign the contract, Jones signed the contract.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“When Smith arrived in Katmandu she had been travelling for three days.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Before APCOM bought its present office building, it had been paying mortgage - interest [...].” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Adverbials with copula (8) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“It is now 1996.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Today is Saturday, July 14th.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Paragraph -Verb phrase conjunctions (5) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The grammar could handle conjunction on the noun phrase and clause level, - but not verb phrase conjunctions. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“ICM is one of the companies and owns 150 computers.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“She took a taxi to the station and caught the first train to Luxembourg.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Jones graduated in March and has been employed ever since.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Auxiliary verbs (17) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Auxiliary verbs used independently could not be parsed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“John wanted to buy a car, and he did.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Bill spoke to everyone that John did.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“She finished before he did.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Complex comparisons (23) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Simple comparatives worked well, but not comparatives embedded in a noun - phrase or other complex comparisons. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“John is a fatter politician than Bill.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“ITEL won more orders than APCOM lost.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“ITEL sold 3000 more computers than APCOM.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Mary's story lasted as long as Jones's updating the program.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Relative clauses (11) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Some relative clauses could not be parsed or parsed correctly. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize --- Relative clauses using present participle (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“No one gambling seriously stops until he is broke.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize --- Relative clauses modifying a pronoun (8) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“No one who starts gambling seriously stops until he is broke.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Everyone who starts gambling seriously continues until he is broke.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Nobody who is asleep ever knows that he is asleep.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize --- Relative clauses with object gap (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“There is a representative that Smith wrote to every week.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Paragraph -Complement infinitive clauses (17) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The verb “see” as in “see someone do something”, defined as V2V, does not - work. - It requires an infinitive marker, which should not be present in this case. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Smith saw Jones sign the contract.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Smith saw Jones' heart beat.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Other (58) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Apart from the problems in the categories above, there are other problems - that are harder to classify. - Some of these could have been solved, had time permitted, while others - are of a more intricate type. - Each problem is exemplified by one sentence from the FraCaS corpus. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Mary represents her own company.” (15) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“APCOM sold exactly 2500 computers.” (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Smith spent two hours writing the report.” (12) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“No representative took less than half a day to read the report.” (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“The conference was over on July 8th, 1994.” (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Bill owns a blue one.” (6) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“That is, there was one lawyer who signed all the reports.” (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Bill is going to speak to Mary.” (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“It is the case that Jones is not and will never be allowed to write his - memoirs.” (4) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“It took the representatives more than a week to read the report.” (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Smith represents his company and so does Jones.” (13) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Tree selection -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -When having parsed the whole corpus, a selection had to be made for each - sentence to be represented by the most adequate tree structure. - Most of the time there was a clear choice, while at other times, two trees - were kept since it was not clear which one was the most suitable representation - of the sentence. - This was especially common for sentences using a copula with an indefinite - noun phrase as complement. - In these cases, both the tree with the indefinite article represented and - the one without were kept. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The Swedish Corpus -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Subsection -Modules -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -In order to build the Swedish version of the FraCaS corpus, two modules - were written, one lexicon module and one grammar module. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Lexicon module -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -FraCaSLexSwe is the Swedish concrete lexicon. - It was built in a very similar way to the English counterpart, using the - functions mkN, mkA, mkV etc, mainly from the Paradigms module. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Grammar module -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -FraCaSSwe is the Swedish concrete grammar. - Just as for the English counterpart, parts of the Grammar module (namely - Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Numeral and Tense) were imported, while - other parts were opened and necessary functions used in FraCaSSwe. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Some of the FraCaS sentences depend on lexical ambiguity that cannot be - expressed adequately in Swedish. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A long-term goal of this project is that the treebank should be truly multilingu -al for all the languages in the GF resource grammar. - Of course this is not possible in the general case, since some of the sentences - cannot even be translated without changing their semantic content. - But at least we can try to create a multlingual treebank of as many sentences - as possible. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As a first step we have created Swedish translations of the sentences, by - writing a new Swedish lexicon. - Then we evaluated the translations and iteratively made changes to the - trees to make the translations better. - Note that since we use exactly the same syntax trees for the Swedish and - English sentences, we had to make sure that the English translation was - not changed when we modified the trees. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This means the corpus was not created by manually translating the English - sentences, but instead we translated the lexicon and let the Swedish Resource - Grammar take care of the syntactical translation. - Currently, out of the 866 sentences in the treebank, 748 are translated - into grammatically correct and comprehensible Swedish sentences. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -The Swedish Lexicon -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -When creating the Swedish lexicon -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -As was the case for the parsing part of the project, certain problems were - also discovered in the process of generating into Swedish. - Often these problems had to be solved by going back to the English lexicon - and making changes so that more suitable, often more general, trees would - be constructed. - This is where the two project parts were interwoven. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Some of the problems could be solved and some remain. - The solutions are presented in this section, while remaining problems are - listed in the next section on statistics (3.3). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The problems encountered have been divided into categories as seen below. - The explanations follow P (Problem) and S (Solution). - FraCaSLex here refers to both the abstract lexicon and the two concrete - lexicons (FraCaSLexEng and FraCaSLexSwe). - In the same way, FraCaS refers to both the abstract grammar and the two - concrete grammars (FraCaSEng and FraCaSSwe). -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When we created the Swedish lexicon, we often had to go back to the English - lexicon and make changes so that more suitable trees could be constructed. - Sometimes we merged several lexical entries into one multi-word entry, - and sometimes we split one entry into different meanings. - Most of the changes consisted of the following types: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Compounds Many compound noun phrases, such as -\emph on -“company car” -\emph default -, -\emph on -“mortgage interest” -\emph default - and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -APCOM manager -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, are single words in Swedish ( -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -tjänstebil -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -hypoteksränta -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -APCOM-direktör -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, respectively). - We solved this by defining them as multi-word nouns, as described in section - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Multi-word-Lexical-Items" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Lexical -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -ambiguity Several words in English are translated into different Swedish - words, depending on the context. - Such words were split into different lexical entries. - The adjective -\emph on -“poor” -\emph default -, for example, was handled by creating two different functions, one with - the meaning -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -not good -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (Swedish -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -dålig -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -), and one with the meaning -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -not rich -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (Swedish -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -fattig -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Prepositions Prepositions are often translated differently in different - contexts. - E.g., -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -inhabitant of -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - is translated to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -invånare i -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - if the argument is a country or a town, but to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -invånare på -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - if the argument is an island. - This was solved, either by creating different lexical entries, or by making - the preposition a part of the main verb. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Adverbials Most of the multi-word adverbials are time and date expressions. - The reason for this is that many time and date expressions are translated - very differently between different languages. - E.g., the English preposition -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - is translated differently for different time and date expressions: -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in March -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - becomes -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -i mars -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in a month -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - translates to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -om en månad -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, whereas -\emph on -“in 1994” -\emph default - is best formulated as the bare word -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -1994 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - in Swedish. - As already explained, we defined all time and date expressions as multi-word - adverbials. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Coverage -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Total -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -% of sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentences in treebank -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -866 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -100% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Correct Swedish translation -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -748 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -86.4% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Problematic sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -118 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -13.6% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - --- idioms -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -31 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -3.6% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - --- agreement -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -24 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -2.8% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - --- future tense -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -12 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1.4% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - --- elliptical -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -19 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -2.2% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - --- uncomprehensible -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -32 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -3.7% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The coverage of the Swedish FraCaS grammar -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "tab:swedish-coverage" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Table -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "tab:swedish-coverage" - -\end_inset - - gives an overview of the coverage of the Swedish lexicon and grammar. - Of the 866 unique sentences in the treebank, we consider 748 to have good - Swedish translations. - The remaining 118 sentences had some problems which we divided into five - different classes -- idioms, agreement, future tense, elliptical phrases, - and more difficult errors. - Table -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "tab:swedish-problems" - -\end_inset - - gives examples of some of the encountered problems, and in the next section - are short descriptions. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="19" columns="4"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -English original -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Direct translation -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Better idiom -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Literally in English -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -idioms -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X is likely to Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X -\series bold -är trolig -\series default - att Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -det är troligt -\series default - att X Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -it is likely that X Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -members of the committee -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -medlemmar av -\series default - kommittén -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -kommitté -\series bold -medlemmar -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -committee-members -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X is asleep -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X -\series bold -är sovande -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X -\series bold -sover -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X sleeps -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -the previous one -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -den förra -\series bold -en -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -den förra -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -the previous -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -agreement -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X has the right to Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X har -\series bold -rätten -\series default - att Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X har -\series bold -rätt -\series default - att Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X has right to Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -traffic increased -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -trafik -\series default - ökade -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -trafiken -\series default - ökade -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -the traffic increased -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -one of the tenors -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -ett -\series default -av tenorerna -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -en -\series default - av tenorerna -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on ---- -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -everyone continues until he is broke -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -alla fortsätter tills -\series bold -han -\series default -är pank -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -alla fortsätter tills -\series bold -de -\series default -är panka -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -all continue until they are broke -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -clients at the demonstration -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -klienter -\series default -på presentationen -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -klienterna -\series default - på presentationen -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -the clients at the demonstration -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -future tense -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X will make a poor stock market trader -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X -\series bold -ska -\series default - bli en dålig aktiehandlare -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X -\series bold -kommer att -\series default - bli en dålig aktiehandlare -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on ---- -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -elliptical phrases -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X wanted to buy a car, and he did -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X ville köpa en bil, och han gjorde -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X ville köpa en bil, och han gjorde -\series bold -det -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X wanted to buy a car, and he did it -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X did too -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X gjorde också -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X gjorde -\series bold -det -\series default -också -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X did it too -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -more difficult -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X took less than half a day to Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X tog mindre än en halv dag att Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X tog mindre än en halv dag -\series bold - på sig för -\series default - att Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout ---- -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Examples of encountered problems with the Swedish translation -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "tab:swedish-problems" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Types of translation problems -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Idioms We encountered 10 problematic idioms in 31 sentences, where the direct - translation of a phrase is not the most natural, but instead we should - use a different syntactical construction. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Agreement There were 7 different noun phrase agreement problems in 24 of - the sentences, where the Swedish translation would be more natural if we - could change the number, definiteness or gender of the noun phrase. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Future -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -tense Swedish future tense takes two different forms, either -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -ska -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - or -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -kommer att -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - The resource grammar defaults to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -ska -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, but -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -kommer att -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - is the more natural translation for all 12 FraCaS sentences using future - tense. - This is the case for 12 sentences, one example is -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill will talk to Mary -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, which should be translated to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill kommer att prata med Mary -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Elliptical -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -phrases 19 sentences has problems with elliptical phrases in Swedish. - 15 of them has to do with the auxiliary verb -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -do/does/did -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, which sounds very awkward when it is translated to the Swedish verb -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -gör/gjorde -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - E.g., -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill did too -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - is translated as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill gjorde också -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - In Swedish we also need an object -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -det -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (lit. - -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -it -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -), so a better translation is -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill gjorde det också -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (lit. - -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill did it too -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -). - The remaining four problematic elliptical sentences are more difficult - to analyse. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Serious 32 of the sentences had more serious problems in Swedish. - Some of them did not translate at all, since one of the grammatical constructio -ns had not been implemented for Swedish yet. - Others translated, but with a very strange word order or inflection, since - the corresponding grammatical construction did not function as expected. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -All in all, out of the 118 problematic Swedish sentences we believe than - more than two thirds of them should be possible to correct without too - much trouble. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Idioms -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in business -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -i affärsverksamhet -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -? (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill is likely to [..] -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -är sannolik/trolig att -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -? [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -det är troligt att Bill [..] -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Mary is female -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Mary är kvinnlig -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -? [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Mary är kvinna -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -members of the committee -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -medlemmar av kommittén -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -kommittémedlem -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -had his paper accepted -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -hade sin uppsats godkänd -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -fick sin uppsats godkänd -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -made a loss -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -gjorde en förlust -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -gick med förlust -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (4) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -a chain of businesses -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en kedja av affärsverksamheter -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en affärskedja -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (7) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -be sleeping -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -är sovande -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -sover -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (4) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -no one stops until -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -eveyone continues until -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => [ -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -ingen slutar förrän -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -alla fortsätter tills -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -a blue one -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en blå en -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en blå -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -the previous one -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => ?? / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -den förra -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -OK -\series default -: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -comes cheap -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -fås billigt -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -? [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -är billig -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -OK -\series default -: (group_N2) -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -a group of people -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en grupp av människor -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [ -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en grupp människor -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -OK: Passive form -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -was blamed -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -blev beskyllda -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -beskylldes -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -was used -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -blev använd -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -användes -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Agreement -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -16 of these contained variations of the definite noun phrase -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\emph on -the right -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (used in the context -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\emph default -X -\emph on - has the right to live in -\emph default -Y -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -), which is translated to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\emph on -rätten -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - But in Swedish it sounds more natural to say -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -rätt -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (lit. - -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -right -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -), at least in this context. - In other cases, English indefinite noun phrases are better translated to - definite form, such as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -traffic -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which should translate to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -trafiken -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (lit. - -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -the traffic -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -). - Another example is gender problems, since Swedish has two genders, such - as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -one of the tenors -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - where the gender of -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -one -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - should depend on the gender of -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -tenor -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - Problems with number were mostly due to the singular pronoun -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -everyone -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which was translated to the plural pronoun -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -alla -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Agreement examples -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -one of the tenors -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -ett av tenorerna -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en av tenorerna -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -everyone continues until he is broke -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -alla fortsätter tills han är pank -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -\SpecialChar \ldots{} - tills de är panka -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -clients at the demonstration -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -klienter på presentationen -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -klienterna \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -traffic increased -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -trafik ökade -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -trafiken ökade -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -is the chairman of ITEL -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -är ordföranden för ITEL -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -ordförande -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -every customer who owns a computer has a service contract for it -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -varje kund som äger en dator har ett servicekontrakt för det -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -\SpecialChar \ldots{} - för den -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -the right to \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -rätten att \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -rätt att \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (16) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -OK: (ta bort ProgrVP på svenska) Progressive -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Smith was writing a report -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Smith höll på att skriva en rapport -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -skrev en rapport -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (24) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -APCOM has been paying mortgage -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -APCOM har hållit på att betala hypoteksränta -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -betalat -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Reflexive pronouns -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -OK -\series default -: (lägg till refl_Pron) -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -his/her/their -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -hans/hennes/deras -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -sin -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -/ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -sitt -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -/ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -sina -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (~30) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -himself -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -sig -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -sig själv -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (but not always) (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Uncomprehensible -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -prepositions/subjunctions: 2 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -twice as many than \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -dubbelt så många än \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -som -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill suggested to Frank's boss that \SpecialChar \ldots{} -, and Carl to Alan's wife -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill föreslog för Franks chef att \SpecialChar \ldots{} -, och Carl till Alans fru -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -för Alans fru -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -OK -\series default -: (arrive_in_V2) -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -arrived in Katmandu -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -anlände i Katmandu -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -till -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Uncomprehensible/difficult to fix: 6 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -No linearisation: 24 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Subsection -Statistics -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Out of 1220 original sentences, 1043 could eventually be correctly parsed - and their tree representations be used for generating the equivalent Swedish - sentences. - Also, the changes listed in section 3.2 were performed, resulting in better - linearizations. - The generated Swedish sentences were checked for accuracy and divided into - a few different groups. - The number of sentences in each group is given in the left-most column. - Descriptions and examples for each group are given on the right and can - be viewed as a list of remaining problems to be solved. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -unique sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -874 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -(som förut) -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -599 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -(skiljer sig) -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -89 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -(hade inte förut) -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -150 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -no linearisation -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -36 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Number Type Description Result Desired result -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -811 correct & natural -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -120 considered correct but could be more natural -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -“each” / “every”: “varje europé” “alla européer” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -proper inclusion -- indefinite article: “Mary är en student” “Mary är student” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -infinitive marker desired: “John sade Bill hade skadat sig” “John sade att - Bill hade skadat sig” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -infinitive marker not desired: “lyckades att vinna” “lyckades vinna” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -passive constructions: “blev använd” “användes” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -gender of pronoun referring to previous sentence: “Bill äger ett också” - (referring to “bil”) “Bill äger en också” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -definite form: “ordföranden för” “ordförande för” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -meaning of “female”: “Mary är kvinnlig” “Mary är kvinna” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -28 requiring changes in the FraCaS lexicon -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -“of” constructions: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -“medlemmar av kommittén” “medlemmar i kommittén” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“kedja av affärsverksamhet” “affärskedja” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“grupp av människor” “grupp människor” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“alla av dem” “alla” / “allihop” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -translation of “should”: “föreslog [...] att de borde” “föreslog [...] att de - skulle” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -translation of “make a loss”: “gjorde en förlust” “gick med förlust” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -translation of “have been to”: “har varit till” “har varit i” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -translation of “be asleep”: “har varit sovande” “har sovit” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -30 requiring changes in the English and/or Swedish general grammar(s) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -gender: “ett av de ledande tenorerna” “en av de ledande tenorerna” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -translation of “come cheap”: “fås billigt” “vara billig (att anlita)” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“both” with adjective -- definite article: “båda ledande tenorerna” “båda - de ledande tenorerna” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“will” -- difference in modality: “ska bli” “kommer att bli” (sometimes) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -AdV position of “also”: “hon gav också dem en faktura” “hon gav dem också - en faktura” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -translation of “awarded himself”: “tilldelade sig” “tilldelade sig själv” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -translation of “used to be”: “brukade att vara” e.g. - “var tidigare” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -54 difficult to correct -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“were blamed for” (non-human subject): “blev anklagade för” [difficult to - find Swedish equivalent] -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -reflexive possessive: “skrev hans första roman” “skrev sin första roman” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -progressive aspect: “höll på att” (sometimes meaning “nearly”) [difficult - to find Swedish equivalent] -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -singular / plural: “alla italienska män vill vara en framstående tenor” - “alla italienska män vill vara framstående tenorer” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“be likely to”: “Smith är sannolik att bli” “det är sannolikt att Smith - blir” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“some”: “snabbare än någon ITEL-dator” “snabbare än någon viss ITEL-dator” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“lose one's temper”: “Smith förlorade hans humör” “Smith tappade humöret” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“have something accepted”: “John hade hans uppsats godkänd” “John fick sin - uppsats godkänd” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Discussion -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The FraCaS treebank was a small project financed by the Centre for Language - Technology (CLT) at the University of Gothenburg. - The project used less than three person months to create a treebank for - the FraCaS test suite, together with a bilingual GF grammar for the trees. - The coverage of the English grammar is 95--99%, depending on whether you - include elliptic phrases or not. - The Swedish grammar is not as developed yet and has a coverage of 86% of - the FraCaS sentences. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The treebank is released under an open-source license, and can be downloaded - as a part of the Gothenburg CLT Toolkit: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -\align center - -\family sans -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "http://www.clt.gu.se/clt-toolkit" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Implications for the FraCaS Test Suite -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -From the corpus point of view, the FraCaS test suite is not very interesting. - It is a small corpus (less than 1000 sentences), with non-natural, made - up sentences. - Furthermore it uses a fairly standard syntax and is monolingual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -However, the main value of FraCaS is as a resource for testing semantic - inference algorithms -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "MacCartneyManning2007:Natural-logic-for-textual,MacCartneyManning2008:Modeling-semantic-containment" - -\end_inset - -. - This project adds syntactic structures to the test sentences, which we - hope can be beneficial since the semantics of a sentence has a close dependence - on syntax. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Furthermore, we have added a new language to the test set, albeit not perfect - yet. - And since we are using the multilingual GF resource grammar, more languages - should be relatively easy to add. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Implications for GF -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The making of this treebank has been a strees test, both for GF and for - the resource grammar. - The main work in this project has been by a person who is an experienced - computational linguist, but had never used GF before. - This means that the project has been a test of how easy it is to learn - and start using GF and its resource grammar. - Furthermore, the project was a test of the coverage of the existing grammatical - constructions in the resource grammar. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Future Work -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are several remaining problems and interesting extension possible - with the FraCaS treebank; the following are some examples: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -First and most important is to get most of the remaining Swedish sentences - to work, by factoring out idioms and other constructions from the treebank - and put them in the grammars instead. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -A good treatment of elliptical phrases, by implementing more coordination - constructions in the resource grammar. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -We would like to add new languages from the resource grammar to the multilingual - FraCaS grammar. - Hopefully this will also benefit the existing two languages, by requiring - us to abstract away from language-specific details, thus making the grammar - more abstract. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -A long-term goal would be to make the treebank and the associated grammar - more -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -semantic -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - by factoring out even more syntactic constructions and put them in a semantic - resource grammar. - That it is possible to formulate classic Montague semantics in GF has already - been shown -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "Ranta2001:Computational-Semantics" - -\end_inset - -, but here we need to handle many more semantic and pragmatic phenomena. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Subsection -Related work -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Converting the Penn Treebank to GF, Swedish Talbanken to GF -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex -LatexCommand bibtex -bibfiles "FraCaSBank" -options "apalike" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_body -\end_document |