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diff --git a/examples/fracas/doc/FraCaSBank.bib b/examples/fracas/doc/FraCaSBank.bib deleted file mode 100644 index 4c575f998..000000000 --- a/examples/fracas/doc/FraCaSBank.bib +++ /dev/null @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ -%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk. -%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/ - - -%% Created for peter ljunglöf at 2012-01-26 13:51:49 +0100 - - -%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) - - - -@techreport{CooperCrouchEijck1996:Using-the-Framework, - Author = {Cooper, Robin and Crouch, Dick and van Eijck, Jan and Fox, Chris and van Genabith, Josef and Jan, Jaspars and Kamp, Hans and Milward, David and Pinkal, Manfred and Poesio, Massimo and Pulman, Steve and Briscoe, Ted and Maier, Holger and Konrad, Karsten}, - Institution = {FraCaS Project}, - Number = {D16}, - Title = {Using the Framework}, - Type = {Deliverable}, - Year = {1996}} - -@phdthesis{Ljunglof2004:Expressivity-and-Complexity-of-GF, - Address = {Gothenburg, Sweden}, - Author = {Ljungl{\"o}f, Peter}, - School = {University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology}, - Title = {Expressivity and Complexity of the Grammatical Framework}, - Year = {2004}} - -@inproceedings{MacCartneyManning2007:Natural-logic-for-textual, - Address = {Prague}, - Author = {MacCartney, Bill and Manning, Christopher D.}, - Booktitle = {ACL'07 Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing}, - Title = {Natural logic for textual inference}, - Year = {2007}} - -@inproceedings{MacCartneyManning2008:Modeling-semantic-containment, - Address = {Manchester, UK}, - Author = {MacCartney, Bill and Manning, Christopher D.}, - Booktitle = {COLING'08, 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics}, - Title = {Modeling semantic containment and exclusion in natural language inference}, - Year = {2008}} - -@article{Ranta2001:Computational-Semantics, - Author = {Ranta, Aarne}, - Journal = {Mathematics and Social Sciences}, - Pages = {31--57}, - Title = {Computational Semantics in Type Theory}, - Volume = {165}, - Year = {2004}} - -@article{Ranta2009:The-GF-Resource-Grammar-Library, - Author = {Ranta, Aarne}, - Journal = {Linguistic Issues in Language Technology}, - Title = {The {GF} Resource Grammar Library}, - Volume = {2}, - Year = {2009}} - -@article{Ranta2009:Grammatical-Framework:-A-Multilingual, - Author = {Ranta, Aarne}, - Journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass}, - Number = {5}, - Pages = {1242--1265}, - Title = {Grammatical {Framework}: A Multilingual Grammar Formalism}, - Volume = {3}, - Year = {2009}} - -@book{Ranta2011:Grammatical-Framework:-Programming, - Address = {Stanford}, - Author = {Ranta, Aarne}, - Publisher = {CSLI Publications}, - Title = {Grammatical Framework: Programming with Multilingual Grammars}, - Year = {2011}} diff --git a/examples/fracas/doc/FraCaSBank.lyx b/examples/fracas/doc/FraCaSBank.lyx deleted file mode 100644 index 197c69ed7..000000000 --- a/examples/fracas/doc/FraCaSBank.lyx +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6246 +0,0 @@ -#LyX 2.0 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ -\lyxformat 413 -\begin_document -\begin_header -\textclass article -\begin_preamble -\usepackage{times} -\end_preamble -\use_default_options true -\maintain_unincluded_children false -\language english -\language_package default -\inputencoding auto -\fontencoding global -\font_roman default -\font_sans default -\font_typewriter default -\font_default_family default -\use_non_tex_fonts false -\font_sc false -\font_osf false -\font_sf_scale 100 -\font_tt_scale 100 - -\graphics default -\default_output_format default -\output_sync 0 -\bibtex_command default -\index_command default -\paperfontsize 11 -\spacing single -\use_hyperref true -\pdf_bookmarks true -\pdf_bookmarksnumbered false -\pdf_bookmarksopen false -\pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1 -\pdf_breaklinks false -\pdf_pdfborder false -\pdf_colorlinks true -\pdf_backref false -\pdf_pdfusetitle true -\papersize a4paper -\use_geometry false -\use_amsmath 1 -\use_esint 1 -\use_mhchem 1 -\use_mathdots 1 -\cite_engine natbib_authoryear -\use_bibtopic false -\use_indices false -\paperorientation portrait -\suppress_date false -\use_refstyle 1 -\index Index -\shortcut idx -\color #008000 -\end_index -\secnumdepth 3 -\tocdepth 3 -\paragraph_separation indent -\paragraph_indentation default -\quotes_language english -\papercolumns 1 -\papersides 1 -\paperpagestyle default -\tracking_changes false -\output_changes false -\html_math_output 0 -\html_css_as_file 0 -\html_be_strict false -\end_header - -\begin_body - -\begin_layout Title -A Bilingual Treebank for the FraCaS Test Suite -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -CLT Project Report -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Author -Peter Ljunglöf and Magdalena Siverbo -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Centre for Language Technology -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -University of Gothenburg -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -E-mail: -\begin_inset Flex URL -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -peter.ljunglof@gu.se -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Date -31st October, 2011 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Abstract -\noindent -We have created a bilingual treebank for 99% of the sentences in the FraCaS - test suite. - The treebank is built together with an associated bilingual English-Swedish - lexicon written in the Grammatical Framework Resource Grammar. - The original FraCaS sentences are English, and we have tested the multilinguali -ty of the Resource Grammar by analysing the grammaticality and naturalness - of the Swedish translations. - 86% of the sentences are grammatically and semantically correct and sound - natural. - About 10% can probably be fixed by adding new lexical items or grammatical - rules, and only a small amount are considered to be difficult to cure. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset ERT -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - - -\backslash -thispagestyle{empty} -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Introduction -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In this project we have created a bilingual treebank for the FraCaS test - suite -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "CooperCrouchEijck1996:Using-the-Framework" - -\end_inset - -, using the Grammatical Framework Resource Grammar Library -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "Ranta2009:The-GF-Resource-Grammar-Library,Ranta2009:Grammatical-Framework:-A-Multilingual,Ranta2011:Grammatical-Framework:-Programming" - -\end_inset - -. - The project consisted of two parts that were partly interwoven. - The first aim was to construct a treebank, which involved creating a lexicon - and a limited grammar specific for the FraCaS test suite, parsing the sentences - and selecting the most representative trees. - The second aim was to build a FraCaS corpus in Swedish, using the treebank - constructed in the first part of the project. - This involved translating the English lexicon and grammar into Swedish - equivalents, generating Swedish sentences for all the trees in the treebank - and evaluate the results. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Newpage pagebreak -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -The FraCaS Corpus -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The FraCaS textual inference problem set -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "CooperCrouchEijck1996:Using-the-Framework" - -\end_inset - - was built in the mid 1990's by the FraCaS project, a large collaboration - aimed at developing resources and theories for computational semantics. - This test set was later modified and converted to XML by Bill MacCartney: - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -\align center - -\family sans -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "http://www-nlp.stanford.edu/~wcmac/downloads/fracas.xml" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -It is the latter, modified version that has been used in this project. - The corpus consists of 346 problems each containing one or more statements - and one yes/no-question (except for four problems, where there is no question). - The total number of sentences in the corpus is 1220, but since some of - them are repeated in several problems, there are in total 874 unique sentences. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The FraCaS problems contain relatively simple sentences, and the premise - and hypothesis sentences are usually syntactically similar. - Despite this simplicity, the problems are intended to reflect a broad variety - of semantic and inferential phenomena. - For this reason, the FraCaS corpus has been used as a benchmark for evaluating - different computational semantics systems -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "MacCartneyManning2008:Modeling-semantic-containment" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The FraCaS corpus only contains made-up sentences, which are intended to - be grammatically correct. - Therefore we took the opportunity to correct some obvious minor mistakes, - such as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -a executive -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -does -\family typewriter -[\SpecialChar \ldots{} -] -\family default - has -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -did -\family typewriter -[\SpecialChar \ldots{} -] -\family default - delivered -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Jones's -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - In total 7 sentences were corrected. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -from MacCartney's thesis: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The FraCaS test suite -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand cite -key "CooperCrouchEijck1996:Using-the-Framework" - -\end_inset - -(Cooper et al. - 1996) of NLI problems was one product of the FraCaS Consortium, a large - collaboration in the mid-1990s aimed at developing a range of resources - related to computational semantics. - The FraCaS problems contain comparatively simple sentences, and the premise - and hypothesis sentences are usu- ally quite similar, so that just a few - edits suffice to transform p into h. - Despite this simplicity, the problems are designed to reflect a broad diversity - of semantic and infer- ential phenomena. - For this reason, the FraCaS test suite has proven to be invaluable as a - developmental test bed for the NatLog system and as a yardstick for evaluating - its effectiveness. - Indeed, the test suite was created with just such an application as its - primary goal. - As the authors write: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Quote -In light of the view expressed elsewhere in this and other FraCaS de- liverables - ... - that inferential ability is not only a central manifestation of semantic - competence but is in fact centrally constitutive of it, it shouldn’t be - a surprise that we regard inferencing tasks as the best way of testing - an NLP system’s semantic capacity.2 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -from MacCartney & Manning (2007): -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The FraCaS test suite (Cooper et al., 1996) was de- veloped as part of a - collaborative research effort in computational semantics. - It contains 346 inference problems reminiscent of a textbook on formal - se- mantics. - In the authors’ view, “inferencing tasks [are] the best way of testing - an NLP system’s se- mantic capacity.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The problems are divided into nine sections, each focused on a category - of semantic phenomena, such as quantifiers or anaphora (see table 2). - Each prob- lem consists of one or more premise sentences, fol- lowed by - a one-sentence question. - For this project, the questions were converted into declarative hy- potheses. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Each problem also has an answer, which (usually) takes one of three values: - yes (the hypoth- esis can be inferred from the premise(s)), no (the negation - of the hypothesis can be inferred), or unk (neither the hypothesis nor - its negation can be in- ferred). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -from Mac&Mann (2008): -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The FraCaS test suite (Cooper et al., 1996) con- tains 346 NLI problems, - divided into nine sec- tions, each focused on a specific category of se- - mantic phenomena (listed in table 3). - Each prob- lem consists of one or more premise sentences, a question sentence, - and one of three answers: yes, no, or unknown -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Examples from the FraCaS Corpus -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The FraCaS problems are divided into 9 broad categories which cover many - aspects of semantic inference. - The categories are called -\emph on -quantifiers -\emph default -, -\emph on -plurals -\emph default -, -\emph on -anaphora -\emph default -, -\emph on -ellipsis -\emph default -, -\emph on -adjectives -\emph default -, -\emph on -comparatives -\emph default -, -\emph on -temporal reference -\emph default -, -\emph on -verbs -\emph default -, and -\emph on -attitudes -\emph default -, and they are also sub-categorised and sub-sub-categorised in an hierarchy - of semantic phenomena. - Each problem starts with one or more premises, and a question that can - be answered with yes, no or unknown. - Here are two similar examples with different semantic inferences from the - -\emph on -anaphora -\emph default - category: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring (999) -(135) P: Every customer who owns a computer has a service contract for it. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -P: MFI is a customer that owns several computers. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Q: Does MFI have a service contract for all its computers? -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -A: Yes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring (999) -(136) P: Every executive who had a laptop computer brought it to take notes - at the meeting. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -P: Smith is an executive who owns five different laptop computers. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Q: Did Smith take five laptop computers to the meeting? -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -A: Unknown. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Some of the problems are equivalent to each other, but with different answers - depending on ambiguity. - This happens for the following problem from the -\emph on -ellipsis -\emph default - category: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Labeling -\labelwidthstring (160--161) -(160--161) P: John owns a red car. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -P: Bill owns a fast one. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -Q: Does Bill own a fast red car? -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -A: Yes or unknown, depending on the reading of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -one -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Grammatical Framework -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Grammatical Framework (GF) -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "Ranta2009:Grammatical-Framework:-A-Multilingual,Ranta2011:Grammatical-Framework:-Programming" - -\end_inset - - is a grammar formalism based on type theory. - The main feature is the separation of abstract and concrete syntax. - The abstract syntax of a grammar defines a set of abstract syntactic structures -, called abstract terms or trees; and the concrete syntax defines a relation - between abstract structures and concrete structures. - The concrete syntax is expressive enough to describe language-specific - linguistic features such as word order, gender and case inflection, and - discontinuous phrases. - This makes it very suitable for writing multilingual grammars, where the - abstract syntax is lifted to a more language universal level. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Simple GF Example -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As an example to show the possibilities of GF, we define adjectives as noun-modi -fying functions in the spirit of categorial grammar: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -(Abstract) -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green:CN\rightarrow CN}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This means that -\emph on -green -\emph default - is a grammatical construction that create common nouns (CN) from common - nouns (CN). - This does not say anything about the word order, which is instead defined - in the linearisation rules in the concrete syntax. - In English, the adjective comes before the noun: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\series bold -(English) -\series default - -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n="\! green"\,+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\: n}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Whereas in French the adjective comes after: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -(French) -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=n\:+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\:"\! vert"}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -But since French adjectives are inflected by number and gender, this is - only correct for singular masculine nouns. - That is why GF concrete syntax has support for inflection tables, inherent - attributes and discontinuous constituents, which makes the formalism as - expressive as Multiple Context-Free Grammars -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "Ljunglof2004:Expressivity-and-Complexity-of-GF" - -\end_inset - -. - A slightly more correct French variant of the adjective -\emph on -green -\emph default - would then be: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description - -\series bold -(French) -\series default - -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=\mathbf{table}\left\{ \begin{array}{l} -Sg\:\Rightarrow\: n\,!\, Sg\:+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\:"\! vert"\\ -Pl\:\Rightarrow\: n\,!\, Pl\:+\negmedspace\negmedspace+\:\:"\! verts" -\end{array}\right\} }$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -But this still does not handle feminine nouns, which of course is possible. - Even better is to make use of the GF Resource Grammar, where all these - inflection paradigms are already defined. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -The GF Resource Grammar -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -GF has a rich module system which facilitates grammar writing as an engineering - task, by reusing common grammars. - The abstract syntax of one grammar can be used as a concrete syntax of - another grammar. - This makes it possible to implement grammar resources to be used in several - different application domains. - These points are currently exploited in the GF Resource Grammar Library - -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "Ranta2009:The-GF-Resource-Grammar-Library,Ranta2011:Grammatical-Framework:-Programming" - -\end_inset - -, which is a multilingual GF grammar with a common abstract syntax for 20 - languages, including Finnish, Persian, Russian and Urdu. - The main purpose of the Grammar Library is as a resource for writing domain-spe -cific grammars. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Now we can define the French and English linearisations for the adjective - functions using the resource grammar, which then takes care of all kinds - of inflection: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -(French) -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=AdjCN\:(PositA\:(mkA\;"\! vert"))\: n}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -(English) -\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{green\; n=AdjCN\:(PositA\:(mkA\;"\! green"))\: n}$ -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Here -\emph on -AdjCN -\emph default - is a function that modifies a common noun with an adjective phrase, -\emph on -PositA -\emph default - uses the positive form of an adjective, and -\emph on -mkA -\emph default - creates all possible inflections of a regular adjective. - Note that the structures of the English and French linearisations are the - same, except for the lexical entries, and this can be exploited in GF by - creating a language-independent concrete syntax. - The FraCaS treebank is language-independent in this sense, since the tree - for each sentence is the same for both English and Swedish. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The English Treebank -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -The FraCaS Grammar -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -To be able to construct a GF treebank we need a grammar and a lexicon that - can describe every sentence in the corpus. - We have used the GF Resource Grammar as underlying grammar, and added lexical - items that capture the FraCaS domain. - On top of the resource grammar we have added a few new grammatical construction -s, as well as functions for handling elliptic phrases. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -In total, we used 107 grammatical functions out of the 189 that are defined - in the resource grammar. - In addition we added four new grammatical constructions that were lacking, - and 7 different elliptic phrases. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -In order to construct the treebank for FraCaS, two modules were written, - one lexicon module and one grammar module. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Lexicon module -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The FraCaS lexicon module consists of an abstract and a concrete part. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -FraCaSLex Abstract lexicon for the FraCaS test suite -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -FraCaSLexEng Concrete lexicon for the FraCaS test suite -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The lexicon was built using the functions mkN, mkA, mkV etc, mainly from - the Paradigms module. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Grammar module -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The FraCaS grammar module consists of an abstract and a concrete part. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -FraCaS Abstract grammar for the FraCaS test suite -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -FraCaSEng Concrete grammar for the FraCaS test suite -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Initially, the whole Grammar module from the resource grammar was imported, - but in the end only parts of the Grammar module (namely Noun, Verb, Adjective, - Adverb, Numeral and Tense) were imported, while other parts were opened - and necessary functions used in the FraCaS module. - A few functions were added, mainly on clause and sentence level, in order - to simplify the tree structures. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Lexicon -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The lexicon has in total 531 entries, some of which are structural words - already defined in the resource grammar. - Some of the lexical items denote different meanings of the same word. - Examples of this include the word -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -than -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which can function as a preposition and as a subjunction, the verb -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -go -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which can mean -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -travel -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - or -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -walk -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, and the conjunction -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -and -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which can be a phrase initial conjunction and an ordinary conjuntion. - Other entries denote different valencies of the same meaning. - This is most common for verbs, such as the transitive verb -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -finish -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which can take a noun phrase or a verb phrase argument, and the verb -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -know -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which can take either a question or a sentence as argument. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The lexicon entries are divided into 63 adjectives, 77 adverbials, 20 conjunctio -ns/subjunctions, 34 determiners, 142 nouns, 19 numerals, 40 proper nouns, - 15 prepositions, 12 pronouns, and 109 verbs. - Out of these, 55 adverbials and 28 nouns/proper nouns are multi-word expression -s. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Multi-word Lexical Items -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "sub:Multi-word-Lexical-Items" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -83 of the lexical items denote multi-word phrases. - They were mainly divided into two types: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Modified proper nouns (A + PN) could not be parsed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “southern Europe” was defined as PN in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Compounds constructed from a proper noun and a noun (PN + N) , and hyphenated - nouns (N-N) could not be parsed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “Labour MP”, “APCOM manager”, “stock-market” etc. - were defined as N in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -(SKIP) P: Certain indefinite pronouns were not recognized as they did not - exist in the resource grammar. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “all”, “anyone”, “everyone”, “no one” and “someone” were defined as NP - in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Quantifiers -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Numbers written without spaces between the digits were not recognized. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “10”, “99”, “100”, “2500” etc. - defined as Det in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Certain longer numerical expressions could not be parsed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “one or more”, “the other 99” and “two out of ten” were defined as Det - in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Certain quantifiers were not recognized as they did not exist in the - resource grammar. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “a few”, “both”, “either”, “most of the”, “several” etc. - were defined as Det in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Conjunctions -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Sentences starting with a conjunction could not be parsed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: The functions SentencePAnd and SentencePBut were added in FraCaS. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -P: Conjunctions preceded by comma or semicolon could not be parsed. -\begin_inset Newline newline -\end_inset - -S: “, and” and “; and” were defined as Conj in FraCaSLex. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Compounds Compound noun phrases such as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -southern Europe -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (adjective + proper noun), -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -APCOM manager -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (proper noun + noun) and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -university student -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (noun + noun) were problematic. - Partly because the Resource Grammar currently cannot handle all kinds of - compounding, but mostly because many of the corresponding Swedish phrases - are single compound words. - In total there were 28 wulti-word compounds, divided between nouns, proper - nouns and adjectives. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Time -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -and -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Date -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -Expressions Time and date expressions were problematic for different reasons. - First, although a generic multilingual time and date resource grammar is - in the making, it is not finished yet. - Second, different languages use different syntactic constructions for times - and dates. - Especially the use prepositions differ a lot: -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in 1990 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in February -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in two years -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, are translated to Swedish as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -1990 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -i februari -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -om två år -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, respectively. - For these reasons, we have defined all time and date expressions as multi-word - adverbials. - In total we defined 55 different time and date phrases. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Grammar Additions -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Three different grammatical constructions were added to the grammar. - They consist of natural extensions to and slight modifications of existing - functions. - The intention is that they will be added to the resource grammar in the - near future. - Examples include the idiom -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -so do I -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - / -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -so did she -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, and question adverbials such as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -if Smith signed the contract, did Jones sign the contract? -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Elliptic Phrases -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The resource grammar cannot handle all kinds of conjunctions and elliptical - phrases. - In the FraCaS corpus there are 35 sentences with more advanced elliptical - constructions. - Examples include -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill did -\family typewriter -[\SpecialChar \ldots{} -] -\family default - too -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Smith saw Jones sign the contract and -\family typewriter -[\SpecialChar \ldots{} -] -\family default - his secretary make a copy -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - Our solution was to introduce empty phrases, one for each grammatical category. - E.g., in the first example, the ellipsis is an empty verb phrase, and the - longer example contains an empty ditransitive verb. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Coverage -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Of the 874 unique sentences, 812 could be parsed directly with the Resource - Grammar and the implemented lexicon, as shown in table -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "tab:coverage" - -\end_inset - -. - With the three additional grammatical constructions 14 more sentences were - parsed. - The addition of elliptical phrases increased the number of sentences by - another 34. - Of the 14 remaining sentences, we could parse 6 more by doing some minor - reformulations, such as moving a comma or adding a preposition. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Total -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -% of sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Unique sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -874 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -100% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Accepted by the RG -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -812 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -92.9% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -- with grammar extensions -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -826 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -94.5% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -- with elliptic phrases -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -860 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -98.4% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -- with slight reformulation of sentence -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -866 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -99.1% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Unable to parse -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -8 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -0.9% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The coverage of the English FraCaS grammar -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "tab:coverage" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Grammatical extensions: RelNP_nocomma, SoDoI, ExtAdvQS, ConjQS. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Note that this statistics is very strict in the sense that punctuation (in - particular commas) are included and has to be incorporated by the grammar. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -After having taken measures to solve the problems described in section 2.2, - the parsing rate was at 84,6%. - Part of these sentences could be parsed, but returned no representative - trees, which gave a lower percentage of correctly parsed sentences (83,2%). - There were various reasons why certain sentences could not be parsed, with - various degrees of severity. - The table below shows the results after changing the corpus by giving substitut -ions for problematic sentences on each of these levels. - The first number is the number of sentences out of 1220, while the percentage - is on the next line. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -These are explanations for the different levels: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -the original corpus with no changes. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -substitution for simple spelling or grammar mistakes, such as double punctuation - or incorrect verb forms. - The change also involved using only uncontracted negation, for the sake - of conformity and simplicity. - There were only a few sentences of these types, so changing them did not - make a major difference to the results. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -rewriting of certain constructions that could not be handled by the parser. - These were constructions like “the people [..] all voted...”, changed to “all - the people [...] voted...”. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -filling of gaps in gap constructions, e.g. - adding “spoken to Mary” to “Bill has”, rendering “Bill has spoken to Mary”. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -FraCaS version -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Parsed -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Correctly parsed -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1. - original -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1032 84,6% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1015 83,2% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -2. - mistakes corrected; uncontracted negation -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1037 85,0% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1020 83,6% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -3. - reconstructions -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1040 85,2% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1026 84,1% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -4. - gap filling -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1045 85,7% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1043 85,5% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -As we can see, the changes made in the corpus did not cause any major increase - in the percentage of parsed sentences, and only a slightly higher increase - in the percentage of correctly parsed sentences. - It would take more radical changes for a more radical increase. - In the following section, we will look into what those changes would concern. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The following are a few examples of tree structures resulting from parsing - FraCaS sentences using this grammar. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Positive -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -declarative: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -No delegate finished the report. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentence (DeclPos TPast ASimul (PredVP (DetCN (DetQuant no_Quant NumSg) - (UseN delegate_N)) (ComplSlash (SlashV2a finish_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant DefArt - NumSg) (UseN report_N))))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Negative -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -declarative: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill did not speak to Mary on Monday. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentence (DeclNeg TPast ASimul (PredVP (UsePN bill_PN) (AdvVP (ComplSlash - (SlashV2a speak_to_V2) (UsePN mary_PN)) on_monday_Adv))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Question: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Did a Swede win a Nobel prize? -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentence (Question TPast ASimul (PredVP (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) - (UseN swede_N)) (ComplSlash (SlashV2a win_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt - NumSg) (UseN nobel_prize_N))))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Clause -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -conjunction: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Smith took a machine on Tuesday, and Jones took a machine on Wednesday. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentence (DeclConj comma_and_Conj TPast ASimul (PredVP (UsePN smith_PN) - (AdvVP (ComplSlash (SlashV2a take_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) - (UseN machine_N))) on_tuesday_Adv)) (PredVP (UsePN jones_PN) (AdvVP (ComplSlash - (SlashV2a take_V2) (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN machine_N))) - on_wednesday_Adv))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Sentence-initial -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -conjunction: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -But only one woman. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -SentencePBut (UttNP (PredetNP only_Predet (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt (NumCard - (NumNumeral (num (pot2as3 (pot1as2 (pot0as1 pot01))))))) (UseN woman_N)))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Description -Noun -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -phrase -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -conjunction: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -John and his colleagues went to a meeting. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentence (DeclPos TPast ASimul (PredVP (ConjNP2 and_Conj (UsePN john_PN) - (DetCN (DetQuant (PossPron he_Pron) NumPl) (UseN colleague_N))) (AdvVP - (UseV go8walk_V) (PrepNP to_Prep (DetCN (DetQuant IndefArt NumSg) (UseN - meeting_N)))))) -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Three of the sentences that are encoded as synonyms have attachment ambiguities - that can be encoded in the grammar. - This means that they have different trees in different problems (169.1.p/170.1.p, - 175.1.p/176.1.p, 244.1.p/245.1.p). - But we don't count them in this statistics. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Syntactical Ambiguity -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -All trees in the FraCaS treebank are implemented in the GF grammar described - above. - This grammar can be used by itself for parsing and analysing similar sentences. - It is useful to know how ambiguous the grammar is, so we have parsed the - 866 sentences that are covered by the grammar and counted the number of - trees for each sentence. - Table -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "tab:ambiguity" - -\end_inset - - shows that the grammar is moderately ambiguous, where almost 70% of the - sentences have less than 10 different parse trees, and over 90% have less - than 100 trees. - The median is for a sentence to have 5 parse trees, and the largest number - of trees for a sentence is 33,048. - The ambiguous sentence is: -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Since APCOM bought its present office building it has been paying mortgage - interest on it for more than 10 years. -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Note that the number of parse trees are misleading for the 34 sentences - with elliptic phrases, since ellipsis is linearised as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\family typewriter -[\SpecialChar \ldots{} -] -\family default - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - in the FraCaS grammar. - If we had made the elliptic phrases invisible, the number of parse trees - would increase dramatically. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -No. - parse trees -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -No. - sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1 -- 9 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -598 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -69.1% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -10 -- 99 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -203 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -23.4% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -100 -- 999 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -49 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -5.7% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Formula $\geq$ -\end_inset - - 1000 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -16 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1.8% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Ambiguity of the FraCaS treebank -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "tab:ambiguity" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Subsection -Problems remaining -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Some problems could not be solved, due to their complexity and/or the time - limitations of the project. - Remaining problems are listed below, categorised according to their nature. - Examples from the FraCaS corpus are given with the relevant parts italicized. - For each type of problem, the number of affected sentences is given in - brackets (out of the 177 sentences that were not correctly parsed). - A few sentences had more than one problem, but was only counted in one - category. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Adverbials (46) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Certain kinds and uses of adverbials were problematic. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Verb phrase adverbials (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Every executive who had a laptop computer brought it to take notes at the - meeting.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Noun phrase adverbials (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“It lasted 2 days.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Smith had been travelling the day before she arrived in Katmandu.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Sentence-initial adverbials (34) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Since 1992 ITEL has been in Birmingham.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Yesterday APCOM signed the contract.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Then she took a taxi to the station.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Two years from now Smith will have been to Florence at least four times.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -To this group also belong sentence-initial subordinate clauses. - (Subordinate clauses following the main clause are treated as adverbials, - so it is only natural to treat subordinate clauses preceding the main clause - as adverbials too.) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“If Smith and Anderson did not sign the contract, Jones signed the contract.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“When Smith arrived in Katmandu she had been travelling for three days.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Before APCOM bought its present office building, it had been paying mortgage - interest [...].” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -Adverbials with copula (8) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“It is now 1996.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Today is Saturday, July 14th.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Paragraph -Verb phrase conjunctions (5) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The grammar could handle conjunction on the noun phrase and clause level, - but not verb phrase conjunctions. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“ICM is one of the companies and owns 150 computers.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“She took a taxi to the station and caught the first train to Luxembourg.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Jones graduated in March and has been employed ever since.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Auxiliary verbs (17) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Auxiliary verbs used independently could not be parsed. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“John wanted to buy a car, and he did.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Bill spoke to everyone that John did.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“She finished before he did.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Complex comparisons (23) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Simple comparatives worked well, but not comparatives embedded in a noun - phrase or other complex comparisons. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“John is a fatter politician than Bill.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“ITEL won more orders than APCOM lost.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“ITEL sold 3000 more computers than APCOM.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Mary's story lasted as long as Jones's updating the program.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Relative clauses (11) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Some relative clauses could not be parsed or parsed correctly. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize --- Relative clauses using present participle (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“No one gambling seriously stops until he is broke.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize --- Relative clauses modifying a pronoun (8) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“No one who starts gambling seriously stops until he is broke.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Everyone who starts gambling seriously continues until he is broke.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Nobody who is asleep ever knows that he is asleep.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize --- Relative clauses with object gap (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“There is a representative that Smith wrote to every week.” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Paragraph -Complement infinitive clauses (17) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The verb “see” as in “see someone do something”, defined as V2V, does not - work. - It requires an infinitive marker, which should not be present in this case. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Smith saw Jones sign the contract.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Smith saw Jones' heart beat.” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Other (58) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Apart from the problems in the categories above, there are other problems - that are harder to classify. - Some of these could have been solved, had time permitted, while others - are of a more intricate type. - Each problem is exemplified by one sentence from the FraCaS corpus. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Mary represents her own company.” (15) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“APCOM sold exactly 2500 computers.” (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Smith spent two hours writing the report.” (12) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“No representative took less than half a day to read the report.” (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“The conference was over on July 8th, 1994.” (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Bill owns a blue one.” (6) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“That is, there was one lawyer who signed all the reports.” (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Bill is going to speak to Mary.” (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“It is the case that Jones is not and will never be allowed to write his - memoirs.” (4) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“It took the representatives more than a week to read the report.” (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“Smith represents his company and so does Jones.” (13) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Tree selection -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -When having parsed the whole corpus, a selection had to be made for each - sentence to be represented by the most adequate tree structure. - Most of the time there was a clear choice, while at other times, two trees - were kept since it was not clear which one was the most suitable representation - of the sentence. - This was especially common for sentences using a copula with an indefinite - noun phrase as complement. - In these cases, both the tree with the indefinite article represented and - the one without were kept. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -The Swedish Corpus -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Subsection -Modules -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -In order to build the Swedish version of the FraCaS corpus, two modules - were written, one lexicon module and one grammar module. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Lexicon module -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -FraCaSLexSwe is the Swedish concrete lexicon. - It was built in a very similar way to the English counterpart, using the - functions mkN, mkA, mkV etc, mainly from the Paradigms module. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Grammar module -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -FraCaSSwe is the Swedish concrete grammar. - Just as for the English counterpart, parts of the Grammar module (namely - Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Numeral and Tense) were imported, while - other parts were opened and necessary functions used in FraCaSSwe. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Some of the FraCaS sentences depend on lexical ambiguity that cannot be - expressed adequately in Swedish. -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -A long-term goal of this project is that the treebank should be truly multilingu -al for all the languages in the GF resource grammar. - Of course this is not possible in the general case, since some of the sentences - cannot even be translated without changing their semantic content. - But at least we can try to create a multlingual treebank of as many sentences - as possible. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -As a first step we have created Swedish translations of the sentences, by - writing a new Swedish lexicon. - Then we evaluated the translations and iteratively made changes to the - trees to make the translations better. - Note that since we use exactly the same syntax trees for the Swedish and - English sentences, we had to make sure that the English translation was - not changed when we modified the trees. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -This means the corpus was not created by manually translating the English - sentences, but instead we translated the lexicon and let the Swedish Resource - Grammar take care of the syntactical translation. - Currently, out of the 866 sentences in the treebank, 748 are translated - into grammatically correct and comprehensible Swedish sentences. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -The Swedish Lexicon -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -When creating the Swedish lexicon -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -As was the case for the parsing part of the project, certain problems were - also discovered in the process of generating into Swedish. - Often these problems had to be solved by going back to the English lexicon - and making changes so that more suitable, often more general, trees would - be constructed. - This is where the two project parts were interwoven. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Some of the problems could be solved and some remain. - The solutions are presented in this section, while remaining problems are - listed in the next section on statistics (3.3). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The problems encountered have been divided into categories as seen below. - The explanations follow P (Problem) and S (Solution). - FraCaSLex here refers to both the abstract lexicon and the two concrete - lexicons (FraCaSLexEng and FraCaSLexSwe). - In the same way, FraCaS refers to both the abstract grammar and the two - concrete grammars (FraCaSEng and FraCaSSwe). -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -When we created the Swedish lexicon, we often had to go back to the English - lexicon and make changes so that more suitable trees could be constructed. - Sometimes we merged several lexical entries into one multi-word entry, - and sometimes we split one entry into different meanings. - Most of the changes consisted of the following types: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Compounds Many compound noun phrases, such as -\emph on -“company car” -\emph default -, -\emph on -“mortgage interest” -\emph default - and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -APCOM manager -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, are single words in Swedish ( -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -tjänstebil -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -hypoteksränta -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -APCOM-direktör -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, respectively). - We solved this by defining them as multi-word nouns, as described in section - -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "sub:Multi-word-Lexical-Items" - -\end_inset - -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Lexical -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -ambiguity Several words in English are translated into different Swedish - words, depending on the context. - Such words were split into different lexical entries. - The adjective -\emph on -“poor” -\emph default -, for example, was handled by creating two different functions, one with - the meaning -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -not good -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (Swedish -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -dålig -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -), and one with the meaning -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -not rich -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (Swedish -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -fattig -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -). -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Prepositions Prepositions are often translated differently in different - contexts. - E.g., -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -inhabitant of -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - is translated to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -invånare i -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - if the argument is a country or a town, but to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -invånare på -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - if the argument is an island. - This was solved, either by creating different lexical entries, or by making - the preposition a part of the main verb. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Adverbials Most of the multi-word adverbials are time and date expressions. - The reason for this is that many time and date expressions are translated - very differently between different languages. - E.g., the English preposition -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - is translated differently for different time and date expressions: -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in March -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - becomes -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -i mars -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - and -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in a month -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - translates to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -om en månad -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, whereas -\emph on -“in 1994” -\emph default - is best formulated as the bare word -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -1994 -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - in Swedish. - As already explained, we defined all time and date expressions as multi-word - adverbials. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Coverage -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Total -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -% of sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Sentences in treebank -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -866 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -100% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Correct Swedish translation -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -748 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -86.4% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Problematic sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -118 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -13.6% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - --- idioms -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -31 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -3.6% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - --- agreement -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -24 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -2.8% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - --- future tense -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -12 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -1.4% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - --- elliptical -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -19 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -2.2% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - - -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - --- uncomprehensible -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -32 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -3.7% -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -The coverage of the Swedish FraCaS grammar -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "tab:swedish-coverage" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Table -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "tab:swedish-coverage" - -\end_inset - - gives an overview of the coverage of the Swedish lexicon and grammar. - Of the 866 unique sentences in the treebank, we consider 748 to have good - Swedish translations. - The remaining 118 sentences had some problems which we divided into five - different classes -- idioms, agreement, future tense, elliptical phrases, - and more difficult errors. - Table -\begin_inset CommandInset ref -LatexCommand ref -reference "tab:swedish-problems" - -\end_inset - - gives examples of some of the encountered problems, and in the next section - are short descriptions. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Float table -wide false -sideways false -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\align center -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="19" columns="4"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="25col%"> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -English original -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Direct translation -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Better idiom -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Literally in English -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -idioms -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X is likely to Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X -\series bold -är trolig -\series default - att Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -det är troligt -\series default - att X Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -it is likely that X Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -members of the committee -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -medlemmar av -\series default - kommittén -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -kommitté -\series bold -medlemmar -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -committee-members -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X is asleep -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X -\series bold -är sovande -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X -\series bold -sover -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X sleeps -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -the previous one -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -den förra -\series bold -en -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -den förra -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -the previous -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -agreement -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X has the right to Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X har -\series bold -rätten -\series default - att Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X har -\series bold -rätt -\series default - att Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X has right to Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -traffic increased -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -trafik -\series default - ökade -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -trafiken -\series default - ökade -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -the traffic increased -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -one of the tenors -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -ett -\series default -av tenorerna -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -en -\series default - av tenorerna -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on ---- -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -everyone continues until he is broke -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -alla fortsätter tills -\series bold -han -\series default -är pank -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -alla fortsätter tills -\series bold -de -\series default -är panka -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -all continue until they are broke -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -clients at the demonstration -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -klienter -\series default -på presentationen -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -\emph on -klienterna -\series default - på presentationen -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -the clients at the demonstration -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -future tense -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X will make a poor stock market trader -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X -\series bold -ska -\series default - bli en dålig aktiehandlare -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X -\series bold -kommer att -\series default - bli en dålig aktiehandlare -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on ---- -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -elliptical phrases -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X wanted to buy a car, and he did -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X ville köpa en bil, och han gjorde -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X ville köpa en bil, och han gjorde -\series bold -det -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X wanted to buy a car, and he did it -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X did too -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X gjorde också -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X gjorde -\series bold -det -\series default -också -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X did it too -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -more difficult -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X took less than half a day to Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X tog mindre än en halv dag att Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\emph on -X tog mindre än en halv dag -\series bold - på sig för -\series default - att Y -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout ---- -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Caption - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Examples of encountered problems with the Swedish translation -\begin_inset CommandInset label -LatexCommand label -name "tab:swedish-problems" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsubsection -Types of translation problems -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Idioms We encountered 10 problematic idioms in 31 sentences, where the direct - translation of a phrase is not the most natural, but instead we should - use a different syntactical construction. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Agreement There were 7 different noun phrase agreement problems in 24 of - the sentences, where the Swedish translation would be more natural if we - could change the number, definiteness or gender of the noun phrase. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Future -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -tense Swedish future tense takes two different forms, either -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -ska -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - or -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -kommer att -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - The resource grammar defaults to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -ska -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, but -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -kommer att -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - is the more natural translation for all 12 FraCaS sentences using future - tense. - This is the case for 12 sentences, one example is -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill will talk to Mary -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, which should be translated to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill kommer att prata med Mary -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Elliptical -\begin_inset space ~ -\end_inset - -phrases 19 sentences has problems with elliptical phrases in Swedish. - 15 of them has to do with the auxiliary verb -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -do/does/did -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -, which sounds very awkward when it is translated to the Swedish verb -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -gör/gjorde -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - E.g., -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill did too -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - is translated as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill gjorde också -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - In Swedish we also need an object -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -det -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (lit. - -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -it -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -), so a better translation is -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill gjorde det också -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (lit. - -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill did it too -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -). - The remaining four problematic elliptical sentences are more difficult - to analyse. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Description -Serious 32 of the sentences had more serious problems in Swedish. - Some of them did not translate at all, since one of the grammatical constructio -ns had not been implemented for Swedish yet. - Others translated, but with a very strange word order or inflection, since - the corresponding grammatical construction did not function as expected. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -All in all, out of the 118 problematic Swedish sentences we believe than - more than two thirds of them should be possible to correct without too - much trouble. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Idioms -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -in business -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -i affärsverksamhet -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -? (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill is likely to [..] -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -är sannolik/trolig att -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -? [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -det är troligt att Bill [..] -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Mary is female -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Mary är kvinnlig -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -? [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Mary är kvinna -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -members of the committee -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -medlemmar av kommittén -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -kommittémedlem -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -had his paper accepted -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -hade sin uppsats godkänd -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -fick sin uppsats godkänd -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -made a loss -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -gjorde en förlust -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -gick med förlust -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (4) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -a chain of businesses -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en kedja av affärsverksamheter -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en affärskedja -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (7) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -be sleeping -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -är sovande -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -sover -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (4) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -no one stops until -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -eveyone continues until -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => [ -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -ingen slutar förrän -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -alla fortsätter tills -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -a blue one -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en blå en -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en blå -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -the previous one -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => ?? / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -den förra -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -OK -\series default -: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -comes cheap -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -fås billigt -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -? [bättre: -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -är billig -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -OK -\series default -: (group_N2) -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -a group of people -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en grupp av människor -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - [ -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en grupp människor -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -] (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -OK: Passive form -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -was blamed -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -blev beskyllda -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -beskylldes -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (3) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -was used -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -blev använd -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -användes -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Agreement -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -16 of these contained variations of the definite noun phrase -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\emph on -the right -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (used in the context -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\emph default -X -\emph on - has the right to live in -\emph default -Y -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -), which is translated to -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - - -\emph on -rätten -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - But in Swedish it sounds more natural to say -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -rätt -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (lit. - -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -right -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -), at least in this context. - In other cases, English indefinite noun phrases are better translated to - definite form, such as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -traffic -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which should translate to -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -trafiken -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - (lit. - -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -the traffic -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -). - Another example is gender problems, since Swedish has two genders, such - as -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -one of the tenors -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - where the gender of -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -one -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - should depend on the gender of -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -tenor -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. - Problems with number were mostly due to the singular pronoun -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -everyone -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default - which was translated to the plural pronoun -\emph on - -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -alla -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\emph default -. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Agreement examples -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -one of the tenors -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -ett av tenorerna -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -en av tenorerna -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -everyone continues until he is broke -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -alla fortsätter tills han är pank -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -\SpecialChar \ldots{} - tills de är panka -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -clients at the demonstration -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -klienter på presentationen -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -klienterna \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -traffic increased -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -trafik ökade -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -trafiken ökade -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -is the chairman of ITEL -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -är ordföranden för ITEL -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -ordförande -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -every customer who owns a computer has a service contract for it -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -varje kund som äger en dator har ett servicekontrakt för det -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -\SpecialChar \ldots{} - för den -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -the right to \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -rätten att \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -rätt att \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (16) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -OK: (ta bort ProgrVP på svenska) Progressive -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Smith was writing a report -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Smith höll på att skriva en rapport -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -skrev en rapport -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (24) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -APCOM has been paying mortgage -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -APCOM har hållit på att betala hypoteksränta -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -betalat -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Reflexive pronouns -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -OK -\series default -: (lägg till refl_Pron) -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -his/her/their -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -hans/hennes/deras -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -sin -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -/ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -sitt -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -/ -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - -sina -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (~30) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -himself -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -sig -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -sig själv -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (but not always) (1) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Uncomprehensible -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -prepositions/subjunctions: 2 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -twice as many than \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -dubbelt så många än \SpecialChar \ldots{} - -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -som -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill suggested to Frank's boss that \SpecialChar \ldots{} -, and Carl to Alan's wife -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -Bill föreslog för Franks chef att \SpecialChar \ldots{} -, och Carl till Alans fru -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -för Alans fru -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\series bold -OK -\series default -: (arrive_in_V2) -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -arrived in Katmandu -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - => -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -anlände i Katmandu -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - / -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -till -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (2) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Uncomprehensible/difficult to fix: 6 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -No linearisation: 24 -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Note Note -status collapsed - -\begin_layout Subsection -Statistics -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Out of 1220 original sentences, 1043 could eventually be correctly parsed - and their tree representations be used for generating the equivalent Swedish - sentences. - Also, the changes listed in section 3.2 were performed, resulting in better - linearizations. - The generated Swedish sentences were checked for accuracy and divided into - a few different groups. - The number of sentences in each group is given in the left-most column. - Descriptions and examples for each group are given on the right and can - be viewed as a list of remaining problems to be solved. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -\begin_inset Tabular -<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3"> -<features tabularvalignment="middle"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0"> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -unique sentences -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -874 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -(som förut) -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -599 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -(skiljer sig) -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -89 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -(hade inte förut) -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -150 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -<row> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -no linearisation -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -36 -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> -\begin_inset Text - -\begin_layout Plain Layout - -\end_layout - -\end_inset -</cell> -</row> -</lyxtabular> - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Number Type Description Result Desired result -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -811 correct & natural -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -120 considered correct but could be more natural -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -“each” / “every”: “varje europé” “alla européer” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -proper inclusion -- indefinite article: “Mary är en student” “Mary är student” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -infinitive marker desired: “John sade Bill hade skadat sig” “John sade att - Bill hade skadat sig” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -infinitive marker not desired: “lyckades att vinna” “lyckades vinna” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -passive constructions: “blev använd” “användes” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -gender of pronoun referring to previous sentence: “Bill äger ett också” - (referring to “bil”) “Bill äger en också” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -definite form: “ordföranden för” “ordförande för” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -meaning of “female”: “Mary är kvinnlig” “Mary är kvinna” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -28 requiring changes in the FraCaS lexicon -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -“of” constructions: -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -“medlemmar av kommittén” “medlemmar i kommittén” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“kedja av affärsverksamhet” “affärskedja” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“grupp av människor” “grupp människor” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“alla av dem” “alla” / “allihop” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -translation of “should”: “föreslog [...] att de borde” “föreslog [...] att de - skulle” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -translation of “make a loss”: “gjorde en förlust” “gick med förlust” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -translation of “have been to”: “har varit till” “har varit i” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -translation of “be asleep”: “har varit sovande” “har sovit” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -30 requiring changes in the English and/or Swedish general grammar(s) -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -gender: “ett av de ledande tenorerna” “en av de ledande tenorerna” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -translation of “come cheap”: “fås billigt” “vara billig (att anlita)” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“both” with adjective -- definite article: “båda ledande tenorerna” “båda - de ledande tenorerna” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“will” -- difference in modality: “ska bli” “kommer att bli” (sometimes) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -AdV position of “also”: “hon gav också dem en faktura” “hon gav dem också - en faktura” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -translation of “awarded himself”: “tilldelade sig” “tilldelade sig själv” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -translation of “used to be”: “brukade att vara” e.g. - “var tidigare” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -54 difficult to correct -\end_layout - -\begin_deeper -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“were blamed for” (non-human subject): “blev anklagade för” [difficult to - find Swedish equivalent] -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -reflexive possessive: “skrev hans första roman” “skrev sin första roman” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -progressive aspect: “höll på att” (sometimes meaning “nearly”) [difficult - to find Swedish equivalent] -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -singular / plural: “alla italienska män vill vara en framstående tenor” - “alla italienska män vill vara framstående tenorer” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“be likely to”: “Smith är sannolik att bli” “det är sannolikt att Smith - blir” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -“some”: “snabbare än någon ITEL-dator” “snabbare än någon viss ITEL-dator” -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“lose one's temper”: “Smith förlorade hans humör” “Smith tappade humöret” -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -“have something accepted”: “John hade hans uppsats godkänd” “John fick sin - uppsats godkänd” -\end_layout - -\end_deeper -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Discussion -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The FraCaS treebank was a small project financed by the Centre for Language - Technology (CLT) at the University of Gothenburg. - The project used less than three person months to create a treebank for - the FraCaS test suite, together with a bilingual GF grammar for the trees. - The coverage of the English grammar is 95--99%, depending on whether you - include elliptic phrases or not. - The Swedish grammar is not as developed yet and has a coverage of 86% of - the FraCaS sentences. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The treebank is released under an open-source license, and can be downloaded - as a part of the Gothenburg CLT Toolkit: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\noindent -\align center - -\family sans -\begin_inset CommandInset href -LatexCommand href -target "http://www.clt.gu.se/clt-toolkit" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Implications for the FraCaS Test Suite -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -From the corpus point of view, the FraCaS test suite is not very interesting. - It is a small corpus (less than 1000 sentences), with non-natural, made - up sentences. - Furthermore it uses a fairly standard syntax and is monolingual. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -However, the main value of FraCaS is as a resource for testing semantic - inference algorithms -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "MacCartneyManning2007:Natural-logic-for-textual,MacCartneyManning2008:Modeling-semantic-containment" - -\end_inset - -. - This project adds syntactic structures to the test sentences, which we - hope can be beneficial since the semantics of a sentence has a close dependence - on syntax. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Furthermore, we have added a new language to the test set, albeit not perfect - yet. - And since we are using the multilingual GF resource grammar, more languages - should be relatively easy to add. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Implications for GF -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The making of this treebank has been a strees test, both for GF and for - the resource grammar. - The main work in this project has been by a person who is an experienced - computational linguist, but had never used GF before. - This means that the project has been a test of how easy it is to learn - and start using GF and its resource grammar. - Furthermore, the project was a test of the coverage of the existing grammatical - constructions in the resource grammar. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Subsection -Future Work -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -There are several remaining problems and interesting extension possible - with the FraCaS treebank; the following are some examples: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -First and most important is to get most of the remaining Swedish sentences - to work, by factoring out idioms and other constructions from the treebank - and put them in the grammars instead. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -A good treatment of elliptical phrases, by implementing more coordination - constructions in the resource grammar. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -We would like to add new languages from the resource grammar to the multilingual - FraCaS grammar. - Hopefully this will also benefit the existing two languages, by requiring - us to abstract away from language-specific details, thus making the grammar - more abstract. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -A long-term goal would be to make the treebank and the associated grammar - more -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -semantic -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - by factoring out even more syntactic constructions and put them in a semantic - resource grammar. - That it is possible to formulate classic Montague semantics in GF has already - been shown -\begin_inset CommandInset citation -LatexCommand citep -key "Ranta2001:Computational-Semantics" - -\end_inset - -, but here we need to handle many more semantic and pragmatic phenomena. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset Note Note -status open - -\begin_layout Subsection -Related work -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Plain Layout -Converting the Penn Treebank to GF, Swedish Talbanken to GF -\end_layout - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex -LatexCommand bibtex -bibfiles "FraCaSBank" -options "apalike" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_body -\end_document diff --git a/examples/fracas/doc/FraCaSBank.pdf b/examples/fracas/doc/FraCaSBank.pdf Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 56dda42ee..000000000 --- a/examples/fracas/doc/FraCaSBank.pdf +++ /dev/null |