Remove the grammars directory. It was full of old grammars that don't compile these days. See the old source distributions if you want them.

10 files changed, 0 insertions, 2993 deletions

diff --git a/grammars/resource/russian/DatabaseRus.gf b/grammars/resource/russian/DatabaseRus.gf
deleted file mode 100644
index 289e002a1..000000000
--- a/grammars/resource/russian/DatabaseRus.gf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-concrete DatabaseRus of Database = open Prelude,Syntax,English,Predication,Paradigms in {

-

-flags lexer=text ; unlexer=text ; coding=utf8 ;

-

-lincat 

-  Phras      = SS1 Bool ;            -- long or short form

-  Subject    = NP ;

-  Noun       = CN ;  

-  Property   = AP ;

-  Comparison = AdjDeg ;

-  Relation   = Adj2 ;

-  Feature    = Fun ;

-  Value      = NP ;

-  Name       = ProperName ;

-

-lin

-  LongForm  sent = ss (sent.s ! True ++ "?") ;

-  ShortForm sent = ss (sent.s ! False ++ "?") ;

-

-oper

-  mkSent : SS -> SS -> SS1 Bool = \long, short -> 

-    {s = table {b => if_then_else Str b long.s short.s}} ;

-

-  mkSentPrel : Str -> SS -> SS1 Bool = \prel, matter -> 

-    mkSent (ss (prel ++ matter.s)) matter ;

-

-  mkSentSame : SS -> SS1 Bool = \s -> 

-    mkSent s s ;

-

-lin

-  WhichAre A B = mkSent (defaultQuestion (IntVP (NounIPMany A) (PosA B)))

-                        (defaultNounPhrase (IndefManyNP (ModAdj B A))) ;

-

-  IsIt Q A   = mkSentSame (defaultQuestion (QuestVP Q (PosA A))) ;

-

-  MoreThan   = ComparAdjP ;

-  TheMost    = SuperlNP ;

-  Relatively C _  = PositAdjP C ; 

-

-  RelatedTo  = ComplAdj ;

-

-  FeatureOf = appFun1 ;

-  ValueOf F V = appFun1 F (UsePN V) ;

-

-  WithProperty A B = ModAdj B A ;

-

-  Individual = UsePN ;

-

-  AllN = DetNP AllDet ;

-  MostN = DetNP MostDet ;

-  EveryN = DetNP EveryDet ;

-

--- only these are language-dependent

-

-  Any = detNounPhrase anyPlDet ; --- in the sense "some", not "all"

-

-  IsThere A  = mkSentPrel ["есть ли"]  (defaultNounPhrase (IndefOneNP A)) ;

-  AreThere A = mkSentPrel ["есть ли"] (defaultNounPhrase (IndefManyNP A)) ;

-

-  WhatIs V   = mkSentPrel ["какой"] (defaultNounPhrase V) ;

-};

diff --git a/grammars/resource/russian/Morpho.gf b/grammars/resource/russian/Morpho.gf
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e48e86e6..000000000
--- a/grammars/resource/russian/Morpho.gf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1027 +0,0 @@
---1 A Simple Russian Resource Morphology 

---

--- Aarne Ranta, Janna Khegai 2003

---

--- This resource morphology contains definitions of the lexical entries 

--- needed in the resource syntax. 

--- It moreover contains copies of the most usual inflectional patterns.

---

--- We use the parameter types and word classes defined for morphology.

---

--- Note: mkPassive operation is at the moment incorrect. Low-level ending-analysis

--- is needed to fix the operation. 

-

-resource Morpho = Types ** open (Predef=Predef), Prelude in {

-flags  coding=utf8 ;

-

---2 Personal (together with possesive) pronouns.

-oper pronYa: Pronoun = 

-  { s = table {

-    PF Nom _ NonPoss  => "я"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ NonPoss => "меня" ;

-    PF Dat _  NonPoss => "мне" ; 

-    PF Acc _  NonPoss => "меня" ; 

-    PF Inst _ NonPoss => "мной" ;

-    PF Prepos _ NonPoss => "мне" ;

-    PF Nom _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "мой"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "моего" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "моему" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "моего" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "моим" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "моём" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "моя"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "моей" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "моей" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "мою" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "моею" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "моей" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "моё"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "моего" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "моему" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "моё" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "моим" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "моём" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss APl)  => "мои"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss APl)=> "моих" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss APl)  => "моим" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss APl)  => "моих" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss APl) => "моими" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss APl) => "моих"  

-    } ;

-    g = PNoGen ;

-    n = Sg ;

-    p = P1  ;

-    pron = True

-  } ;

-

-oper pronTu: Pronoun = 

-  { s = table {

-    PF Nom _ NonPoss  => "ты" ; 

-    PF Gen _ NonPoss  => "тебя" ;

-    PF Dat _ NonPoss  => "тебе" ; 

-    PF Acc _ NonPoss  => "тебя"  ; 

-    PF Inst _ NonPoss  => "тобой" ;

-    PF Prepos _ NonPoss  => ["о тебе"]  ;

-    PF Nom _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "твой"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss (ASg Masc)) => "твоего" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "твоему" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "твоего" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss (ASg Masc)) => "твоим" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss (ASg Masc)) => "твоём" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "твоя"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "твоей" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "твоей" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "твою" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "твоею" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "твоей" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "твоё"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "твоего" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "твоему" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "твоё" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "твоим" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "твоём" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss APl)  => "твои"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss APl)=> "твоих" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss APl)  => "твоим" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss APl)  => "твоих" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss APl) => "твоими" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss APl) => "твоих"

-    } ;

-    g = PNoGen ;

-    n = Sg ;

-    p = P2 ;

-    pron = True 

-  } ;

-

-oper pronOn: Pronoun = 

-  { s = table {

-    PF Nom _ NonPoss  => "он" ; 

-    PF Gen No NonPoss  => "его" ; 

-    PF Gen Yes NonPoss => "него"  ;

-    PF Dat No NonPoss => "ему" ;

-    PF Dat Yes NonPoss => "нему" ; 

-    PF Acc No NonPoss => "его" ; 

-    PF Acc Yes NonPoss => "него" ; 

-    PF Inst No NonPoss => "им" ; 

-    PF Inst Yes NonPoss => "ним" ;

-    PF Prepos _ NonPoss => ["о нем"] ;

-    PF _ _ (Poss  _) => "его"  

-    } ;

-    g = PGen Masc ;

-    n = Sg ;

-    p = P3 ;

-    pron = True 

-  } ;

-

-oper pronOna: Pronoun = 

-  { s = table {

-    PF Nom _ NonPoss => "она" ; 

-    PF Gen No  NonPoss => "её" ; 

-    PF Gen Yes NonPoss => "неё"  ;

-    PF Dat No NonPoss => "ей" ; 

-    PF Dat Yes NonPoss => "ней" ; 

-    PF Acc No NonPoss => "её" ;

-    PF Acc Yes NonPoss => "неё" ; 

-    PF Inst No NonPoss => "ей" ;

-    PF Inst Yes NonPoss => "ней" ;

-    PF Prepos _ NonPoss => ["о ней"] ;

-    PF _ _ (Poss  _ ) => "её"  

-

-    } ;

-    g = PGen Fem ;

-    n = Sg ;

-    p = P3 ;

-    pron = True 

-  } ;

-

-oper pronMu: Pronoun = 

-  { s = table {

-    PF Nom _ NonPoss => "мы"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ NonPoss => "нас" ;

-    PF Dat _ NonPoss => "нам" ; 

-    PF Acc _ NonPoss => "нас" ; 

-    PF Inst _ NonPoss => "нами" ;

-    PF Prepos _ NonPoss => ["о нас"] ;

-    PF Nom _ ((Poss  (ASg Masc))) => "наш"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss (ASg Masc)) => "нашего" ;

-    PF Dat _  ((Poss  (ASg Masc))) => "нашему" ; 

-    PF Acc _ ((Poss  (ASg Masc))) => "нашего" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss (ASg Masc)) => "нашим" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss (ASg Masc)) => "нашем" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "наша"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "нашей" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "нашей" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "нашу" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "нашею" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "нашей" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "наше"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "нашего" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "нашему" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "наше" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "нашим" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "нашем" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss APl)  => "наши"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss APl)=> "наших" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss APl)  => "нашим" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss APl)  => "наших" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss APl) => "нашими" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss APl) => "наших"

-    };

-    g = PNoGen ;

-    n = Pl ;

-    p = P1 ;

-    pron = True 

-  } ;

-

-oper pronVu: Pronoun = 

-  { s = table {

-    PF Nom _ NonPoss => "вы" ; 

-    PF Gen _ NonPoss => "вас" ;

-    PF Dat _ NonPoss => "вам" ; 

-    PF Acc _ NonPoss => "вас" ; 

-    PF Inst _ NonPoss => "вами" ;

-    PF Prepos _ NonPoss => "вас" ;

-    PF Nom _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "ваш"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "вашего" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "вашему" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "вашего" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "вашим" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss  (ASg Masc)) => "вашем" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "ваша"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "вашей" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "вашей" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss  (ASg Fem)) => "вашу" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "вашею" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss (ASg Fem)) => "вашей" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "ваше"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "вашего" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "вашему" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "ваше" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "вашим" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss  (ASg Neut)) => "вашем" ; 

-    PF Nom _ (Poss APl)  => "ваши"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ (Poss APl)=> "ваших" ;

-    PF Dat _  (Poss APl)  => "вашим" ; 

-    PF Acc _ (Poss APl)  => "ваших" ; 

-    PF Inst _ (Poss APl) => "вашими" ;

-    PF Prepos _ (Poss APl) => "ваших"

-    };

-    g = PNoGen ;

-    n = Pl ;

-    p = P2 ;

-    pron = True 

-  } ;

-

-oper pronOni: Pronoun = 

-  { s = table {

-    PF Nom _ NonPoss => "они" ; 

-    PF Gen No NonPoss => "их" ; 

-    PF Gen Yes NonPoss => "них" ;

-    PF Dat No NonPoss => "им" ; 

-    PF Dat Yes NonPoss => "ним" ; 

-    PF Acc No NonPoss => "их" ; 

-    PF Acc Yes NonPoss => "них" ; 

-    PF Inst No NonPoss => "ими" ;

-    PF Inst Yes NonPoss => "ними" ;

-    PF Prepos _ NonPoss => ["о них"]  ;

-    PF _ _ (Poss  _) => "их"

-    } ;

-    g = PNoGen ;

-    n = Pl ;

-    p = P3 ;

-    pron = True 

-  } ;

-

---2 Nouns

-

--- Help type SubstFormDecl is introduced to reduce repetition in 

--- the declination definitions. It allows us to define a declination type,

--- namely, the String component "s" of the CommNoun type

--- without any reference to the Gender parameter "g".

-

-oper SubstFormDecl = SS1 SubstForm ;

-

-oper muzhchina : CommNoun = (aEndAnimateDecl "мужчин") ** { g = Masc ; anim = Animate } ;

-oper zhenchina : CommNoun = (aEndAnimateDecl "женщин") ** { g = Fem ; anim = Animate } ;

-oper mama : CommNoun = (aEndAnimateDecl "мам")**{ g = Fem ; anim = Animate } ;

-oper cena : CommNoun = (aEndAnimateDecl "цен") ** { g = Fem ; anim = Inanimate } ;

-

-oper aEndAnimateDecl: Str -> SubstFormDecl =  \muzhchin ->

-{s = table {

-    SF Sg Nom =>  muzhchin+"а" ;

-    SF Sg Gen => muzhchin+"ы" ;

-    SF Sg Dat => muzhchin+"е" ;

-    SF Sg Acc => muzhchin+"у" ;

-    SF Sg Inst => muzhchin+"ой" ;

-    SF Sg Prepos => muzhchin +"е" ;

-    SF Pl Nom => muzhchin +"ы" ;

-
    SF Pl Gen => muzhchin ;

-    SF Pl Dat => muzhchin+"ам" ;

-    SF Pl Acc => muzhchin ;

-    SF Pl Inst => muzhchin+"ами" ;

-    SF Pl Prepos => muzhchin+"ах" } 

-  } ;

-

-oper stomatolog : CommNoun = nullEndAnimateDecl "стоматолог" ;

-oper nullEndAnimateDecl: Str -> CommNoun =  \stomatolog ->

-  {s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg Nom =>  stomatolog ; 

-        SF Sg Gen => stomatolog+"а" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => stomatolog+"у" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => stomatolog +"а" ; 

-        SF Sg Inst => stomatolog+"ом" ;

-        SF Sg Prepos => stomatolog+"е" ; 

-        SF Pl  Nom => stomatolog+"и" ; 

-        SF Pl Gen => stomatolog+"ов" ;

-        SF Pl Dat => stomatolog+"ам" ; 


-        SF Pl Acc => stomatolog+"ов" ; 

-        SF Pl Inst => stomatolog+"ами" ;

-        SF Pl Prepos => stomatolog+"ах"    } ;

-    g = Masc  ; anim = Animate 

-  } ;

-

-oper gripp : CommNoun = nullEndInAnimateDecl1 "грипп" ; 

-oper bar : CommNoun = nullEndInAnimateDecl1 "бар" ;

-oper telefon: CommNoun = nullEndInAnimateDecl1 "телефон" ;

-oper restoran : CommNoun = nullEndInAnimateDecl1 "ресторан" ;

-

--- Note: Plural form of the "грипп" (influenza) is a bit doubious

--- However, according to http://starling.rinet.ru/morph.htm it exists.

--- so we also keep it.

-oper nullEndInAnimateDecl1: Str -> CommNoun =  \gripp ->

-  {s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg Nom =>  gripp ; 

-        SF Sg Gen => gripp+"а" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => gripp+"у" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => gripp ; 

-        SF Sg Inst => gripp+"ом" ;

-        SF Sg Prepos => gripp+"е" ; 

-        SF Pl Nom => gripp+"ы" ; 

-        SF Pl Gen => gripp+"ов" ;

-        SF Pl Dat => gripp+"ам" ; 

-        SF Pl Acc => gripp +"ы"; 

-        SF Pl Inst => gripp+"ами" ;

-        SF Pl Prepos => gripp+"ах"

-    } ;


-    g = Masc   ; anim = Inanimate 

-

-  } ;

-

-oper adres: CommNoun = nullEndInAnimateDecl2 "адрес" ;

-oper  dom : CommNoun = nullEndInAnimateDecl2 "дом" ;

-oper  svet : CommNoun = nullEndInAnimateDecl2 "свет" ;

-oper nullEndInAnimateDecl2: Str -> CommNoun =  \gripp ->

-  {s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg Nom =>  gripp ; 


-        SF Sg Gen => gripp+"а" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => gripp+"у" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => gripp ; 

-        SF Sg Inst => gripp+"ом" ;

-        SF Sg Prepos => gripp+"е" ; 

-        SF Pl Nom => gripp+"а" ; 

-        SF Pl Gen => gripp+"ов" ;

-        SF Pl Dat => gripp+"ам" ; 

-        SF Pl Acc => gripp +"а"; 

-        SF Pl Inst => gripp+"ами" ;

-        SF Pl Prepos => gripp+"ах"

-    } ;

-    g = Masc   ; anim = Inanimate 

-  } ;

-

-oper obezbolivauchee : CommNoun = eeEndInAnimateDecl "обезболивающ" ;

-oper eeEndInAnimateDecl: Str -> CommNoun =  \obezbolivauch ->

-  {  s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg Nom =>  obezbolivauch +"ее"; 

-        SF Sg Gen => obezbolivauch+"его" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => obezbolivauch+"ему" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => obezbolivauch +"ее"; 

-        SF Sg Inst => obezbolivauch+"им" ;

-        SF Sg Prepos => obezbolivauch+"ем" ; 

-        SF Pl Nom => obezbolivauch+"ие" ; 

-        SF Pl Gen => obezbolivauch+"их" ;

-        SF Pl Dat => obezbolivauch+"им" ; 

-        SF Pl Acc => obezbolivauch+"ие" ; 

-        SF Pl Inst => obezbolivauch+"ими" ;

-        SF Pl Prepos => obezbolivauch+"их"

-    } ;

-    g = Neut  ; anim = Inanimate 

-  } ; 

-

-oper proizvedenie : CommNoun = eEndInAnimateDecl "произведени" ;

-oper eEndInAnimateDecl: Str -> CommNoun =  \proizvedeni ->

-  {  s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg Nom =>  proizvedeni +"е"; 

-        SF Sg Gen => proizvedeni+"я" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => proizvedeni+"ю" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => proizvedeni +"е"; 

-        SF Sg Inst => proizvedeni+"ем" ;

-        SF Sg Prepos => proizvedeni+"и" ; 

-        SF Pl Nom => proizvedeni+"я" ; 

-        SF Pl Gen => proizvedeni+"й" ;

-        SF Pl Dat => proizvedeni+"ям" ; 

-        SF Pl Acc => proizvedeni+"я" ; 

-        SF Pl Inst => proizvedeni+"ями" ;

-        SF Pl Prepos => proizvedeni+"ях"

-    } ;

-    g = Neut  ; anim = Inanimate 

-  } ;

-oper chislo : CommNoun = oEndInAnimateDecl "числ"  ;

-oper oEndInAnimateDecl: Str -> CommNoun = \chisl ->

-  let { chis = Predef.tk 1 chisl ; ending = Predef.dp 3 chisl } in 

-    oEndInAnimateDecl3  chisl (chis+"e"+ending) ;

-oper oEndInAnimateDecl3: Str -> Str -> CommNoun =  \chisl, chisel ->

-  {  s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg Nom =>  chisl +"о"; 

-        SF Sg Gen => chisl+"а" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => chisl+"у" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => chisl +"о"; 

-        SF Sg Inst => chisl+"ом" ;

-        SF Sg Prepos => chisl+"е" ; 

-        SF Pl Nom => chisl+"а" ; 

-        SF Pl Gen => chisel;

-        SF Pl Dat => chisl+"ам" ; 

-        SF Pl Acc => chisl+"а" ; 

-        SF Pl Inst => chisl+"ами" ;

-        SF Pl Prepos => chisl+"ах"

-    } ;

-    g = Neut  ; anim = Inanimate 

-  } ;

-

-oper malaria : CommNoun = i_yaEndDecl "маляри" ;

-oper i_yaEndDecl: Str -> CommNoun =  \malar ->

-  { s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg Nom =>  malar+"я" ; 

-        SF Sg Gen => malar+"и" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => malar+"и" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => malar+"ю" ; 

-        SF Sg Inst => malar+"ей" ;



-        SF Sg Prepos => malar+"и" ; 

-        SF Pl  Nom => malar+"и" ; 

-        SF Pl  Gen => malar+"й" ;

-        SF Pl  Dat => malar+"ям" ; 

-        SF Pl  Acc => malar+"и" ; 

-        SF Pl  Inst => malar+"ями" ;

-        SF Pl  Prepos => malar+"ях"


-    } ;

-    g = Fem   ; anim = Inanimate 

-  } ;

-

-oper bol : CommNoun = softSignEndDeclFem "бол" ;

-oper nol : CommNoun = softSignEndDeclMasc "нол" ;

-oper uroven : CommNoun = EN_softSignEndDeclMasc "уровен" ;

-oper softSignEndDeclFem: Str -> CommNoun =  \bol ->

-  {s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg  Nom =>  bol+"ь" ; 

-        SF Sg Gen => bol+"и" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => bol+"и" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => bol+"ь" ;

-


-        SF Sg Inst => bol+"ью" ;

-        SF Sg Prepos => bol+"и" ; 

-        SF Pl  Nom => bol+"и" ; 

-        SF Pl Gen => bol+"ей" ;

-        SF Pl Dat => bol+"ям" ; 

-        SF Pl Acc => bol+"и" ; 

-        SF Pl Inst => bol+"ями" ;

-
        SF Pl Prepos => bol+"ях"           

-       } ;

-    g = Fem   ; anim = Inanimate 

-  } ;

-oper softSignEndDeclMasc: Str -> CommNoun =  \nol ->

-  {s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg  Nom =>  nol+"ь" ; 

-        SF Sg Gen => nol+"я" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => nol+"ю" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => nol+"ь" ; 

-        SF Sg Inst => nol+"ем" ;

-        SF Sg Prepos => nol+"е" ; 

-        SF Pl  Nom => nol+"и" ; 

-        SF Pl Gen => nol+"ей" ;

-        SF Pl Dat => nol+"ям" ; 

-        SF Pl Acc => nol+"и" ; 

-        SF Pl Inst => nol+"ями" ;

-        SF Pl Prepos => nol+"ях"           

-       } ;

-    g = Masc ; anim = Inanimate 

-  } ;

-

-oper EN_softSignEndDeclMasc: Str -> CommNoun =  \rem ->

-  {s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg  Nom =>  rem+"ень" ; 

-        SF Sg Gen => rem+"ня" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => rem+"ню" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => rem+"ень" ; 

-        SF Sg Inst => rem+"нем" ;


-        SF Sg Prepos => rem+"не" ; 

-        SF Pl  Nom => rem+"ни" ; 

-        SF Pl Gen => rem+"ней" ;

-        SF Pl Dat => rem+"ням" ; 

-        SF Pl Acc => rem+"ни" ; 

-        SF Pl Inst => rem+"нями" ;

-        SF Pl Prepos => rem+"нях"           

-       } ;

-    g = Masc ; anim = Inanimate

-  } ;

-

-oper noga : CommNoun = aEndG_K_KH_Decl "ног" ;

-oper dvojka : CommNoun = aEndG_K_KH_Decl "двойк" ;

-oper aEndG_K_KH_Decl: Str -> CommNoun =  \nog ->

-{ s  =  table  {

-      SF Sg Nom =>  nog+"а" ; 

-      SF Sg Gen => nog+"и" ;

-      SF Sg Dat => nog+"е" ; 

-      SF Sg Acc => nog+"у" ; 

-      SF Sg Inst => nog+"ой" ;

-      SF Sg Prepos => nog+"е" ;

-      SF Pl Nom => nog+"и" ; 

-      SF Pl Gen => nog ;

-      SF Pl Dat => nog+"ам" ; 

-      SF Pl  Acc => nog+ "и" ; 

-      SF Pl Inst => nog+"ами" ;


-      SF Pl Prepos => nog+"ах"

-    } ;

-    g = Fem  ; anim = Inanimate 

-} ;

-

-oper golova : CommNoun = aEndInanimateDecl "голов" ; 

-oper mashina : CommNoun = aEndInanimateDecl "машин" ;

-oper temperatura : CommNoun = aEndInanimateDecl "температур" ;

-oper  edinica : CommNoun = ej_aEndInanimateDecl "единиц" ;

-

-oper aEndInanimateDecl: Str -> CommNoun =  \golov ->

-  { s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg Nom =>  golov+"а" ; 

-        SF Sg Gen => golov+"ы" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => golov+"е" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => golov+"у" ; 

-        SF Sg Inst => golov+"ой" ;


-        SF Sg Prepos => golov+"е" ;

-        SF Pl Nom => golov+"ы" ; 

-        SF Pl Gen => golov ;

-        SF Pl Dat => golov+"ам" ; 

-        SF Pl Acc => golov+ "ы" ; 

-        SF Pl Inst => golov+"ами" ;

-        SF Pl Prepos => golov+"ах"

-      } ;

-    g = Fem    ; anim = Inanimate

-  } ;

-oper ej_aEndInanimateDecl: Str -> CommNoun =  \ediniz ->

-  { s  =  table  

-      { SF Sg Nom =>  ediniz+"а" ; 

-        SF Sg Gen => ediniz+"ы" ;

-        SF Sg Dat => ediniz+"е" ; 

-        SF Sg Acc => ediniz+"у" ; 

-        SF Sg Inst => ediniz+"ей" ;


-        SF Sg Prepos => ediniz+"е" ;

-        SF Pl Nom => ediniz+"ы" ; 

-        SF Pl Gen => ediniz ;

-        SF Pl Dat => ediniz+"ам" ; 

-        SF Pl Acc => ediniz+ "ы" ; 

-        SF Pl Inst => ediniz+"ами" ;

-        SF Pl Prepos => ediniz+"ах"

-      } ;

-    g = Fem    ; anim = Inanimate

-  } ;

-

-

-oper dyadya : CommNoun = (yaEndAnimateDecl "дяд") ** {g = Masc; anim = Animate}  ;

-oper yaEndAnimateDecl: Str -> SubstFormDecl =  \nyan ->

-{s = table {

-    SF Sg Nom => nyan + "я" ;
    

-    SF Sg Gen => nyan + "и" ;

-    SF Sg Dat => nyan + "е" ;

-    SF Sg Acc => nyan + "ю" ;

-    SF Sg Inst => nyan + "ей" ;

-    SF Sg Prepos => nyan + "е" ;

-    SF Pl Nom => nyan + "и" ;

-    SF Pl Gen => nyan + "ей" ;

-    SF Pl Inst => nyan + "ями" ;

-    SF Pl Prepos => nyan + "ях" ;

-    SF Pl Dat => nyan + "ям" ;


-    SF Pl Acc => nyan + "ей" 

-    } 

-  } ;

-

-oper oEnd_Decl: Str -> CommNoun =  \bolshinstv ->

-{ s  =  table  {

-      SF Sg Nom =>  bolshinstv+"о" ; 

-      SF Sg Gen => bolshinstv+"а" ;

-      SF Sg Dat => bolshinstv+"у" ; 

-      SF Sg Acc => bolshinstv+"о" ; 

-      SF Sg Inst => bolshinstv+"ом" ;

-      SF Sg Prepos => bolshinstv+"е" ;

-      SF Pl Nom => bolshinstv+"а" ; 

-      SF Pl Gen => bolshinstv ;

-      SF Pl Dat => bolshinstv+"ам" ; 

-      SF Pl  Acc => bolshinstv+ "а" ; 

-      SF Pl Inst => bolshinstv+"ами" ;


-      SF Pl Prepos => bolshinstv+"ах"

-    } ;

-    g = Neut   ; anim = Inanimate

-} ;

-

-oper oEnd_SgDecl: Str -> CommNoun =  \bolshinstv ->

-{ s  =  table  {

-      SF _ Nom =>  bolshinstv+"о" ; 

-      SF _ Gen => bolshinstv+"а" ;

-      SF _ Dat => bolshinstv+"у" ; 

-      SF _ Acc => bolshinstv+"о" ; 

-      SF _ Inst => bolshinstv+"ом" ;

-      SF _ Prepos => bolshinstv+"е" 

-    } ;

-    g = Neut   ; anim = Inanimate

-} ;

-

--- Note: Now we consider only the plural form of the pronoun "все" (all)

--- treated as an adjective (see AllDetPl definition).

--- The meaning "entire" is not considered, which allows us to form 

--- the pronoun-adjective from the substantive form below:

-

-oper eEnd_Decl: Str -> CommNoun =  \vs ->

-{ s  =  table  {

-      SF Sg Nom =>  vs+"е" ; 


-      SF Sg Gen => vs+"ех" ;

-      SF Sg Dat => vs+"ем" ; 

-      SF Sg Acc => vs+"ех" ; 

-      SF Sg Inst => vs+"еми" ;

-      SF Sg Prepos => vs+"ех" ;

-      SF Pl Nom => vs+"е" ; 

-      SF Pl Gen => vs +"ех";


-      SF Pl Dat => vs+"ем" ; 

-      SF Pl  Acc => vs+ "ех" ; 

-      SF Pl Inst => vs+"еми" ;


-      SF Pl Prepos => vs+"ех"

-    } ;

-    g = Neut  ; anim = Inanimate 

-} ;

-  

---2 Adjectives

-

--- Type Adjective only has positive degree while AdjDegr type 

--- includes also comparative and superlative forms.

--- The later entries can be converted into the former using 

--- "extAdjective" operation defined in the syntax module

--- and vice verca using "mkAdjDeg" operation.

- 

-oper 

-   kazhdujDet: Adjective = uy_j_EndDecl "кажд" ;

-   samuj: Adjective = uy_j_EndDecl "сам" ;

-   lubojDet: Adjective = uy_oj_EndDecl "люб" ;

-   kotorujDet: Adjective = uy_j_EndDecl "котор"; 

-   takoj: Adjective = i_oj_EndDecl "так" []; 

-   kakojNibudDet: Adjective = i_oj_EndDecl "как" "-нибудь";

-   kakojDet: Adjective = i_oj_EndDecl "как" []; 

-   bolshinstvoDet: Adjective  = extAdjFromSubst (oEnd_SgDecl "большинств");

-   vseDetPl: Adjective   =  extAdjFromSubst (eEnd_Decl "вс") ;

-   extAdjFromSubst: CommNoun -> Adjective = \ vse ->

-    {s = \\af => vse.s ! SF (numAF af) (caseAF af) } ;

-

-                                     

-oper mkAdjDeg: Adjective -> Str -> AdjDegr = \adj, s -> 

-  {  s = table 

-           { 

-              Pos => adj.s ;

-              Comp => \\af => s ;

-              Super => \\af =>  samuj.s !af ++ adj.s ! af 

-           }

-  }; 

-oper uzhasnuj: AdjDegr = mkAdjDeg (uy_j_EndDecl "ужасн") "ужаснее";     

-oper deshevuj: AdjDegr = mkAdjDeg (uy_j_EndDecl "дешев") "дешевле";     

-oper staruj: AdjDegr = mkAdjDeg (uy_j_EndDecl "стар") "старше";     

-oper uy_j_EndDecl : Str -> Adjective = \s ->{s = table {

-      AF Nom _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ый"; 

-      AF Nom _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ая"; 

-      AF Nom _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ое";

-      AF Nom _ APl => s+"ые";

-      AF Acc  Inanimate (ASg Masc) => s+"ый"; 

-      AF Acc  Animate (ASg Masc) => s+"ого"; 

-      AF Acc  _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ую"; 

-      AF Acc  _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ое";

-      AF Acc  Inanimate APl => s+"ые";

-      AF Acc  Animate APl => s+"ых";

-      AF Gen  _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ого"; 

-      AF Gen  _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-      AF Gen  _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ого";

-      AF Gen  _ APl => s+"ых";

-      AF Inst _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ым"; 

-      AF Inst _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-      AF Inst _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ым";

-      AF Inst _ APl => s+"ыми";

-      AF Dat  _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ому"; 

-      AF Dat  _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-      AF Dat  _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ому";

-      AF Dat  _ APl => s+"ым";

-      AF Prepos _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ом"; 

-      AF Prepos _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-      AF Prepos _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ом";

-      AF Prepos _ APl => s+"ых" 

-      } 

-  } ;

-oper indijskij: Adjective = ij_EndK_G_KH_Decl "индийск" ;

-oper francuzskij: Adjective = ij_EndK_G_KH_Decl "французск" ;

-oper russkij: Adjective = ij_EndK_G_KH_Decl "русск" ;

-oper italyanskij: Adjective = ij_EndK_G_KH_Decl "итальянск" ;

-oper yaponskij: Adjective = ij_EndK_G_KH_Decl "японск" ;

-oper malenkij: AdjDegr = mkAdjDeg  (ij_EndK_G_KH_Decl "маленьк") "меньше" ;

-oper vusokij: AdjDegr = mkAdjDeg (ij_EndK_G_KH_Decl "высок") "выше";

-oper ij_EndK_G_KH_Decl : Str -> Adjective = \s ->{s = table {

-    AF Nom _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ий"; 

-    AF Nom _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ая"; 


-    AF Nom _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ое";

-    AF Nom _ APl => s+"ие";

-    AF Acc Animate (ASg Masc) => s+"ого"; 

-    AF Acc Inanimate (ASg Masc) => s+"ий"; 

-    AF Acc  _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ую"; 

-    AF Acc  _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ое";

-    AF Acc  Animate APl => s+"их";

-    AF Acc  Inanimate APl => s+"ие";

-    AF Gen  _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ого"; 

-    AF Gen  _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-    AF Gen  _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ого";

-    AF Gen  _ APl => s+"их";

-    AF Inst _ (ASg Masc) => s+"им"; 

-    AF Inst _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-    AF Inst _ (ASg Neut) => s+"им";

-    AF Inst _ APl => s+"ими";

-    AF Dat  _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ому"; 

-    AF Dat  _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-    AF Dat  _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ому";

-    AF Dat  _ APl => s+"им";

-    AF Prepos _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ом"; 

-    AF Prepos _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-    AF Prepos _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ом";

-    AF Prepos _ APl => s+"их" 

-    }

-  } ;

-

-oper bolshoj: AdjDegr = mkAdjDeg  (i_oj_EndDecl "больш" []) "больше";


-oper dorogoj: AdjDegr = mkAdjDeg  (i_oj_EndDecl "дорог" []) "дороже";

-oper i_oj_EndDecl : Str -> Str -> Adjective = \s, chastica ->{s = table {

-    AF Nom _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ой" + chastica ;

-    AF Nom _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ая"+ chastica ; 

-    AF Nom _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ое"+ chastica ;

-    AF Nom _ APl => s+"ие"+ chastica ;

-    AF Acc  Animate (ASg Masc) => s+"ого"+ chastica ; 

-    AF Acc  Inanimate (ASg Masc) => s+"ое"+ chastica ; 

-    AF Acc  _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ую"+ chastica ; 

-    AF Acc  _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ое"+ chastica ;

-    AF Acc Animate APl => s+"их"+ chastica ;    

-    AF Acc Inanimate APl => s+"ие"+ chastica ;

-    AF Gen _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ого"+ chastica ; 

-    AF Gen _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"+ chastica ; 

-    AF Gen _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ого"+ chastica ;

-    AF Gen _ APl => s+"их"+ chastica ;

-
    AF Inst _ (ASg Masc) => s+"им"+ chastica ; 

-    AF Inst _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"+ chastica ; 

-    AF Inst _ (ASg Neut) => s+"им"+ chastica ;

-    AF Inst _ APl => s+"ими"+ chastica ;

-    AF Dat _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ому"+ chastica ; 


-    AF Dat _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"+ chastica ; 

-    AF Dat _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ому"+ chastica ;

-    AF Dat _ APl => s+"им"+ chastica ;

-    AF Prepos _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ом"+ chastica ; 

-    AF Prepos _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"+ chastica ; 

-    AF Prepos _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ом"+ chastica ;

-    AF Prepos _ APl => s+"их" + chastica

-    }

-  } ;

-oper molodoj: AdjDegr = mkAdjDeg (uy_oj_EndDecl "молод") "моложе";

-oper uy_oj_EndDecl : Str -> Adjective = \s ->{s = table {

-    AF Nom _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ой"; 

-    AF Nom _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ая"; 

-    AF Nom _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ое";

-    AF Nom _ APl => s+"ые";

-    AF Acc Animate (ASg Masc) => s+"ого";    

-    AF Acc Inanimate (ASg Masc) => s+"ой"; 

-    AF Acc _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ую"; 


-    AF Acc _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ое";

-    AF Acc Animate APl => s+"ых";

-    AF Acc Inanimate APl => s+"ые";

-    AF Gen _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ого"; 

-    AF Gen _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-    AF Gen _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ого";

-    AF Gen _ APl => s+"ых";

-    AF Inst _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ым"; 

-    AF Inst _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-    AF Inst _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ым";

-    AF Inst _ APl => s+"ыми";

-    AF Dat _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ому"; 

-    AF Dat _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-    AF Dat _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ому";

-    AF Dat _ APl => s+"ым";

-    AF Prepos _ (ASg Masc) => s+"ом"; 

-    AF Prepos _ (ASg Fem) => s+"ой"; 

-    AF Prepos _ (ASg Neut) => s+"ом";

-    AF Prepos _ APl => s+"ых"

-    }

-  } ;

-oper prostuzhen: Adjective = shortDecl1 "простужен" ;     

-oper beremenen: Adjective = shortDecl "беремен" ;     

-oper need: Adjective = shortDecl "нуж" ;

-oper shortDecl1 : Str -> Adjective = \s ->{s = table {

-    AF _ _ (ASg Masc) => s; 

-    AF _ _ (ASg Fem) => s+"а"; 

-    AF _ _ (ASg Neut) => s+"о";

-    AF _ _ APl => s+"ы" 

-    }

-  } ;

-oper shortDecl : Str -> Adjective = \s ->{s = table {

-    AF _ _ (ASg Masc) => s +"ен"; 

-    AF _ _ (ASg Fem) => s+"на"; 

-    AF _ _ (ASg Neut) => s+"но";

-    AF _ _ APl => s+"ны" 

-    }
  } ;

-


--- 2 Adverbs

-

-oper vsegda: Adverb = { s = "всегда" } ;

-oper chorosho: Adverb =  { s = "хорошо" } ;

-

---  2 Verbs

-


--- Dummy verbum "have" that corresponds to the phrases like

--- "I have a headache" in English. The corresponding sentence

--- in Russian doesn't contain a verb:

-

-oper have: Verbum = {s=\\ vf => "-" ; asp = Imperfective} ;

-

--- There are two common conjugations

--- (according to the number and the person of the subject)

--- patterns in the present tense in the indicative mood.

-

-param Conjugation = First | Second ;

-

---3 First conjugation (in Present) verbs :

-

-oper verbGulyat : Verbum = verbDecl Imperfective First "гуля" "ю" "гулял" "гуляй" "гулять";

-oper verbVkluchat : Verbum = verbDecl Imperfective First "включа" "ю" "включал" "включай" "включать";

-oper verbVukluchat : Verbum = verbDecl Imperfective First "выключа" "ю" "выключал" "выключай" "выключать";

-oper verbZhdat : Verbum = verbDecl Imperfective First "жд" "у" "ждал" "жди" "ждать" ;

-oper verbBegat : Verbum = verbDecl Imperfective First "бега" "ю" "бегал" "бегай" "бегать";

-oper verbPrinimat : Verbum = verbDecl Imperfective First "принима" "ю" "принимал" "принимай" "принимать"; 

-oper verbDokazuvat : Verbum = verbDecl Imperfective First "доказыва" "ю" "доказывал" "доказывай" "доказывать";

-oper verbOtpravlyat : Verbum = verbDecl Imperfective First "отправля" "ю" "отправлял" "отправляй" "отправлять";

-oper verbSlomat : Verbum = verbDecl Perfective First "слома" "ю" "сломал" "сломай" "сломать";

-oper verbByut : Verbum = verbDecl Perfective First "буд" "у" "был" "будь" "быть";

-

---3 Second conjugation (in Present) verbs :

-

-oper verbLubit : Verbum = verbDecl Imperfective Second "люб" "лю" "любил" "люби" "любить";

-oper verbGovorit : Verbum = verbDecl Imperfective Second "говор" "ю" "говорил" "говори" "говорить";

-
oper verbBolet_2 : Verbum = verbDecl Imperfective Second "бол" "ю" "болел" "боли" "болеть";

-oper verbPoranit : Verbum = verbDecl Perfective Second "поран" "ю" "поранил" "порань" "поранить";

-

--- To reduces the redundancies in the definitions

--- we introduce some intermediate types,

--- so that the full type can be described as a combination

--- of the intermediate types. For example "AspectVoice"

--- is a type for defining a pattern for a particular

--- aspect and voice.

-

-oper AspectVoice: Type = { s : VerbConj => Str ;  asp: Aspect } ;     

-

--- "PresentVerb" takes care of the present  tense conjugation.

-

-param PresentVF = PRF Number Person ;

-oper PresentVerb : Type = PresentVF => Str ;

-

-oper presentConj2: Str -> Str -> PresentVerb = \del, sgP1End ->

-  table {

-    PRF Sg P1 => del+ sgP1End ;

-    PRF Sg P2 => del+ "ишь" ;

-    PRF Sg P3 => del+ "ит" ;

-    PRF Pl P1 => del+ "им" ;


-    PRF Pl P2 => del+ "ите'" ;

-    PRF Pl P3 => del+ "ят"   

-  };

-oper presentConj1: Str -> Str -> PresentVerb = \del, sgP1End ->

-  table {

-    PRF Sg P1 => del+ sgP1End ;

-    PRF Sg P2 => del+ "ешь" ;

-    PRF Sg P3 => del+ "ет" ;

-    PRF Pl P1 => del+ "ем" ;


-    PRF Pl P2 => del+ "ете'" ;

-    PRF Pl P3 => del+ sgP1End + "т"   

-  };

-

--- "PastVerb" takes care of the past tense conjugation.

-

-param PastVF = PSF GenNum ;

-oper PastVerb : Type = PastVF => Str ;

-oper pastConj: Str -> PastVerb = \del ->

-  table {

-    PSF  (ASg Masc) => del ;

-    PSF  (ASg Fem)  => del +"а" ;

-    PSF  (ASg Neut)  => del+"о" ;

-    PSF  APl => del+ "и" 

-  };

-

--- "verbDecl" sorts out verbs according to the aspect and voice parameters.

--- It produces the full conjugation table for a verb entry

-

-oper verbDecl: Aspect -> Conjugation -> Str -> Str -> Str -> Str ->Str -> Verbum = 

-   \a, c, del, sgP1End, sgMascPast, imperSgP2, inf -> case a of 

-{  Perfective  =>  case c of  {

-     First =>    mkVerb (perfectiveActivePattern inf imperSgP2 (presentConj1 del sgP1End) (pastConj sgMascPast))  (pastConj sgMascPast);

-     Second =>    mkVerb (perfectiveActivePattern inf imperSgP2 (presentConj2 del sgP1End) (pastConj sgMascPast)) (pastConj sgMascPast)

-} ;

-   Imperfective  => case c of { 

-     First => mkVerb (imperfectiveActivePattern inf imperSgP2 (presentConj1 del sgP1End) (pastConj sgMascPast))  (pastConj sgMascPast);

-    Second => mkVerb (imperfectiveActivePattern inf imperSgP2 (presentConj2 del sgP1End) (pastConj sgMascPast)) (pastConj sgMascPast)

-   } 

-};

-

--- "mkVerb" produce the passive forms from 

--- the active forms using the "mkPassive" method.

--- Passive is expressed in Russian by so called reflexive verbs,

--- which are formed from the active form by suffixation.

-

-
oper mkVerb : AspectVoice -> PastVerb -> Verbum = \av1, pv ->

- { s =   table { 

-      VFORM Act vf => av1.s !vf;

-      VFORM Pass vf => (mkPassive av1 pv ).s ! vf 

-   } ;

-   asp = av1.asp

-};

-

-  vowels : Strs = strs {

-    "а" ; "е" ; "ё" ; "и" ; "о" ; "у" ; 

-    "ы" ; "э" ; "ю" ; "я" 

-    } ; 

-

-oper mkPassive: AspectVoice -> PastVerb -> AspectVoice =  \av, pv ->

-  { s =    table {

-    VINF  => av.s ! VINF + "ся";

-    VIMP  Sg P1 =>  av.s ! (VIMP  Sg P1) +"сь" ;

-    VIMP  Pl  P1 => av.s ! (VIMP  Pl  P1) +"ся";


-    VIMP  Sg P2 => av.s ! (VIMP  Sg P2 ) +"сь";

-    VIMP  Pl  P2 => av.s! (VIMP  Pl P2) +"сь";

-    VIMP  Sg P3 => av.s ! (VIMP Sg P3)  +"ся";


-    VIMP  Pl  P3 => av.s ! (VIMP Pl P3) +"ся";


-    VSUB (ASg Masc) => pv !  (PSF (ASg Masc)) + "ся"+[" бы"];

-    VSUB (ASg Fem) => pv  ! (PSF (ASg Fem)) + "сь"+[" бы"];

-    VSUB (ASg Neut)  => pv ! (PSF (ASg Neut)) + "сь"+[" бы"];

-    VSUB APl  => pv ! (PSF APl) + "сь"+[" бы"] ;

-    VIND (VPresent Sg P1)  => 

-     --           case av.asp of { Imperfective =>

-                       av.s ! (VIND (VPresent Sg P1)) + "сь" ;

-     --                  Perfective = > nonExist

-     --            }  ;

-    VIND (VPresent Sg P2) => av.s ! (VIND (VPresent Sg P2))+ "ся" ;


-    VIND (VPresent Sg P3) => av.s ! (VIND (VPresent Sg P3))+ "ся" ;

-    VIND (VPresent Pl P1) =>  av.s !( VIND (VPresent Pl P1)) + "ся" ;

-    VIND (VPresent Pl P2) => av.s !( VIND (VPresent Pl P2)) + "сь'" ;

-    VIND (VPresent Pl P3) => av.s !( VIND (VPresent Pl P3)) + "ся" ;

-    VIND (VFuture Sg P1) => av.s ! (VIND (VFuture Sg P1)) + "сь";

-    VIND (VFuture Sg P2) => av.s! (VIND (VFuture  Sg P2) )+ "ся";

-    VIND (VFuture Sg P3) => av.s! (VIND (VFuture  Sg P3)) + "ся";

-    VIND (VFuture Pl P1) => av.s! (VIND (VFuture  Pl P1) )+ "ся";


-    VIND (VFuture Pl P2) => av.s! (VIND (VFuture  Pl P2) )+ "сь";

-    VIND (VFuture Pl P3) => av.s! (VIND (VFuture  Pl P3)) + "ся";

-    VIND (VPast  (ASg Masc)) => av.s ! (VIND (VPast  (ASg Masc) )) + "ся";

-    VIND (VPast  (ASg Fem))  => av.s ! (VIND (VPast  (ASg Fem) )) + "сь";

-    VIND (VPast  (ASg Neut))  => av.s ! (VIND (VPast  (ASg Neut)) ) + "сь";

-    VIND (VPast  APl) => av.s ! (VIND (VPast  APl)) + "сь"

-  } ;

-  asp = av.asp

-};

-

--- Generation the imperfective active pattern given

--- a number of basic conjugation forms.

-

-oper 

-  imperfectiveActivePattern : Str -> Str -> PresentVerb -> PastVerb -> AspectVoice = 

-     \inf, imper, presentFuture, past -> { s=  table {

-    VINF  => inf ;

-    VIMP Sg P1 => ["давайте "]+ inf ;

-    VIMP Pl P1 => ["давайте "] + inf ;

-    VIMP Sg P2 => imper ;

-    VIMP Pl P2 => imper+"те" ;

-    VIMP Sg P3 => ["пускай "]  + presentFuture ! (PRF Sg P3) ;

-    VIMP Pl P3 => ["пускай "] + presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P3) ;

-    VSUB (ASg Masc) => past ! (PSF (ASg Masc)) +[" бы"];

-    VSUB (ASg Fem) => past ! (PSF (ASg Fem)) +[" бы"];


-

-    VSUB (ASg Neut)  => past ! (PSF (ASg Neut) )+[" бы"];

-    VSUB APl  => past ! (PSF APl) +[" бы"];


-    VIND (VPresent Sg P1) => presentFuture ! ( PRF Sg P1);

-    VIND (VPresent Sg P2) => presentFuture! (PRF Sg P2) ;

-    VIND (VPresent Sg P3) => presentFuture ! (PRF Sg P3) ;

-    VIND (VPresent Pl P1) => presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P1);


-    VIND (VPresent Pl P2) => presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P2);

-    VIND (VPresent Pl P3) => presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P3);

-    VIND (VFuture Sg P1) => ["буду "] + presentFuture ! (PRF Sg P1) ;

-    VIND (VFuture Sg P2) => ["будешь"] + presentFuture ! (PRF Sg P2) ;

-    VIND (VFuture Sg P3) => ["будет "] + presentFuture ! (PRF Sg P3) ;

-    VIND (VFuture Pl P1) => ["будем "] + presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P1) ;


-    VIND (VFuture Pl P2) => ["будете "] + presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P2) ;

-    VIND (VFuture Pl P3) => ["будут "] + presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P3) ;


-    

-    VIND (VPast     (ASg Masc)) => past ! (PSF (ASg Masc)) ;

-    VIND (VPast  (ASg Fem))  => past ! (PSF (ASg Fem) ) ;

-    VIND (VPast  (ASg Neut) ) => past ! (PSF (ASg Neut))  ;

-    VIND (VPast  APl) => past ! (PSF APl)

-  } ;

-  asp = Imperfective 

-} ;

-

- oper perfectiveActivePattern: Str -> Str -> PresentVerb -> PastVerb -> AspectVoice = 

-     \inf, imper, presentFuture, past -> { s=  table {

-    VINF  => inf ;

-    VIMP Sg P1 => ["давайте "]+ presentFuture ! (PRF Sg P1);

-    VIMP Pl P1 => ["давайте "] + presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P1);

-    VIMP Sg P2 => imper ;

-    VIMP Pl P2 => imper+"те" ;

-    VIMP Sg P3 => ["пускай "]  + presentFuture ! (PRF Sg P3) ;

-    VIMP Pl P3 => ["пускай "] + presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P3) ;

-    VSUB (ASg Masc) => past ! (PSF (ASg Masc)) +[" бы"];

-    VSUB (ASg Fem) => past ! (PSF (ASg Fem)) +[" бы"];


-

-    VSUB (ASg Neut)  => past ! (PSF (ASg Neut) )+[" бы"];

-    VSUB APl  => past ! (PSF APl) +[" бы"];


-    VIND (VPresent Sg P1) => [] ;

-    VIND (VPresent Sg P2) => [] ;

-    VIND (VPresent Sg P3) => [] ;

-    VIND (VPresent Pl P1) => nonExist ;

-    VIND (VPresent Pl P2) => nonExist ;

-    VIND (VPresent Pl P3) => [] ;

-    VIND (VFuture Sg P1) => presentFuture ! (PRF Sg P1) ;

-    VIND (VFuture Sg P2) => presentFuture ! (PRF Sg P2) ;

-    VIND (VFuture Sg P3) => presentFuture ! (PRF Sg P3) ;

-    VIND (VFuture Pl P1) => presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P1) ;


-    VIND (VFuture Pl P2) => presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P2) ;

-    VIND (VFuture Pl P3) => presentFuture ! (PRF Pl P3) ;

-    VIND (VPast  (ASg Masc)) => past ! (PSF (ASg Masc)) ;

-    VIND (VPast  (ASg Fem))  => past ! (PSF (ASg Fem) ) ;

-    VIND (VPast  (ASg Neut) ) => past ! (PSF (ASg Neut))  ;

-    VIND (VPast  APl) => past ! (PSF APl)

-  } ;

-  asp = Perfective 

-} ; 

-

---2 Proper names are a simple kind of noun phrases. 

-

-  ProperName : Type = {s :  Case => Str ; g : Gender ; anim : Animacy} ;

-

-  mkProperNameMasc : Str -> Animacy -> ProperName = \ivan, anim -> 

-       { s =  table { Nom => ivan ; 

-                      Gen => ivan + "а";

-                      Dat => ivan + "у";

-                      Acc => case anim of 

-                             { Animate => ivan + "а"; 

-                               Inanimate => ivan

-                             };

-                      Inst => ivan + "ом";

-                      Prepos => ivan + "е" } ; 

-         g = Masc;  anim = anim };

-

-  mkProperNameFem : Str -> Animacy -> ProperName = \masha, anim -> 

-       { s = table { Nom => masha + "а"; 

-                     Gen => masha + "и";

-                     Dat => masha + "е";

-                     Acc => masha + "у";

-                     Inst => masha + "ей";

-                     Prepos => masha + "е" } ;

-          g = Fem ; anim = anim };

-   };

-

diff --git a/grammars/resource/russian/Paradigms.gf b/grammars/resource/russian/Paradigms.gf
deleted file mode 100644
index d574e4793..000000000
--- a/grammars/resource/russian/Paradigms.gf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,362 +0,0 @@
---# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude 

-

---1 Russian Lexical Paradigms

---

--- Aarne Ranta, Janna Khegai 2003

---

--- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar 

--- for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming

--- expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.

--- 

--- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are

--- accessed through the resource syntax API, $resource.Abs.gf$. 

---

---

--- The following files are presupposed:

-

-resource Paradigms = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, Syntax, Russian in {

- 

-flags  coding=utf8 ;

-

---2 Parameters 

---

--- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.

-

-oper

-  masculine : Gender ;

-  feminine  : Gender ;

-  neuter    : Gender ;

-

--- To abstract over case names, we define the following.

-

-  nominative    : Case ;

-  genitive      : Case ;

-  dative        : Case ;

-  accusative    : Case ; 

-  instructive   : Case ;

-  prepositional : Case ;

-

--- In some (written in English) textbooks accusative case 

--- is put on the second place. However, we follow the case order 

--- standard for Russian textbooks.

-

--- To abstract over number names, we define the following.

-

-  singular : Number ;

-  plural   : Number ;

-

---2 Nouns

-

--- Best case: indeclinabe nouns: "кофе", "пальто", "ВУЗ".

- 

-   mkIndeclinableNoun: Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> N ; 

-

--- Worst case - give six singular forms:

--- Nominative, Genetive, Dative, Accusative, Instructive and Prepositional;

--- corresponding six plural forms and the gender.

--- May be the number of forms needed can be reduced, 

--- but this requires a separate investigation.

--- Animacy parameter (determining whether the Accusative form is equal 

--- to the Nominative or the Genetive one) is actually of no help, 

--- since there are a lot of exceptions and the gain is just one form less.

-

-  mkN  : (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> Animacy -> N ; 

-

-     -- мужчина, мужчины, мужчине, мужчину, мужчиной, мужчине

-     -- мужчины, мужчин, мужчинам, мужчин, мужчинами, мужчинах

-

-

--- Here are some common patterns. The list is far from complete.

-

--- Feminine patterns.

-

-  nMashina   : Str -> N ;    -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-а", Inst -"машин-ой"

-  nEdinica   : Str -> N ;    -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-а", Inst -"единиц-ей"

-  nZhenchina : Str -> N ;    -- feminine, animate, ending with "-a"

-  nNoga      : Str -> N ;    -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "г_к_х-a"

-  nMalyariya  : Str -> N ;    -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-ия"   

-  nTetya     : Str -> N ;    -- feminine, animate, ending with "-я"   

-  nBol       : Str -> N ;    -- feminine, inanimate, ending with "-ь"(soft sign)     

-

--- Neuter patterns. 

-

-  nObezbolivauchee : Str -> N ;   -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-ee" 

-  nProizvedenie : Str -> N ;   -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-e" 

-  nChislo : Str -> N ;   -- neutral, inanimate, ending with "-o" 

-

--- Masculine patterns. 

-

-  nStomatolog : Str -> N ;    -- masculine, animate, ending with consonant

-                              

-                              -- the next two differ only in 

-                              -- plural nominative (= accusative) form(s) :

-  nAdres     : Str -> N ;     -- адрес-а

-  nTelefon   : Str -> N ;     -- телефон-ы

-                              -- masculine, inanimate, ending with consonant

-

-  nNol       : Str -> N ;    -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ь" (soft sign)

-  nUroven    : Str -> N ;    -- masculine, inanimate, ending with "-ень"

-

--- Nouns used as functions need a preposition. The most common is with Genitive.

-

-  mkFun  : N -> Preposition -> Case -> Fun ;

-  funGen : N -> Fun ;

-

--- Proper names.

-

-  mkPN  : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> PN ;          -- "Иван", "Маша"

-

--- On the top level, it is maybe $CN$ that is used rather than $N$, and

--- $NP$ rather than $PN$.

-

-  mkCN  : N -> CN ;

-  mkNP  : Str -> Gender -> Animacy -> NP ;

-

-

---2 Adjectives

-

--- Non-comparison (only positive degree) one-place adjectives need 28 (4 by 7)

--- forms in the worst case:

-

-

---                        Masculine  | Feminine | Neutral | Plural

---  Nominative

---  Genitive

---  Dative

---  Accusative Inanimate

---  Accusative Animate

---  Instructive

---  Prepositional

-

-

--- Notice that 4 short forms, which exist for some adjectives are not included 

--- in the current description, otherwise there would be 32 forms for 

--- positive degree.

-

--- mkAdj1 : ( : Str) -> Adj1 ;

-

--- Invariable adjective is a special case.

-

-   adjInvar : Str -> Adj1 ;          -- khaki, mini, hindi, netto

-

--- Some regular patterns depending on the ending.

-

-   adj1Staruyj : Str -> Adj1 ;             -- ending with "-ый"

-   adj1Malenkij : Str -> Adj1 ;            -- endign with "-ий"

-   adj1Molodoj : Str -> Adj1 ;             -- ending with "-ой", 

-                                           -- plural - молод-ые"

-   adj1Kakoj_Nibud : Str -> Str -> Adj1 ;  -- ending with "-ой", 

-                                           -- plural - "как-ие"

-

--- Two-place adjectives need a preposition and a case as extra arguments.

-

-   mkAdj2 : Adj1 -> Str -> Case -> Adj2 ;  -- "делим на"

-

--- Comparison adjectives need a positive adjective 

--- (28 forms without short forms). 

--- Taking only one comparative form (non-syntaxic) and 

--- only one superlative form (syntaxic) we can produce the

--- comparison adjective with only one extra argument -

--- non-syntaxic comparative form.

--- Syntaxic forms are based on the positive forms.

-

-

-   mkAdjDeg : Adj1 -> Str -> AdjDeg ;

-

--- On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is

--- just to use a one-place adjective. 

-

-   ap : Adj1  -> IsPostfixAdj -> AP ;

-

-

---2 Verbs

---

--- In our lexicon description ("Verbum") there are 62 forms: 

--- 2 (Voice) by { 1 (infinitive) + [2(number) by 3 (person)](imperative) + 

--- [ [2(Number) by 3(Person)](present) + [2(Number) by 3(Person)](future) + 

--- 4(GenNum)(past) ](indicative)+ 4 (GenNum) (subjunctive) } 

--- Participles (Present and Past) and Gerund forms are not included, 

--- since they fuction more like Adjectives and Adverbs correspondingly

--- rather than verbs. Aspect regarded as an inherent parameter of a verb.

--- Notice, that some forms are never used for some verbs. Actually, 

--- the majority of verbs do not have many of the forms.

-

--- The worst case need 6 forms of the present tense in indicative mood

--- ("я бегу", "ты бежишь", "он бежит", "мы бежим", "вы бежите", "они бегут"),

--- a past form (singular, masculine: "я бежал"), an imperative form 

--- (singular, second person: "беги"), an infinitive ("бежать").

--- Inherent aspect should also be specified.

-

-   mkVerbum : Aspect -> (_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Verbum ;

-

--- Common conjugation patterns are two conjugations: 

---  first - verbs ending with "-ать/-ять" and second - "-ить/-еть".

--- Instead of 6 present forms of the worst case, we only need

--- a present stem and one ending (singular, first person):

--- "я люб-лю", "я жд-у", etc. To determine where the border

--- between stem and ending lies it is sufficient to compare 

--- first person from with second person form:

--- "я люб-лю", "ты люб-ишь". Stems shoud be the same.

--- So the definition for verb "любить"  looks like:

--- mkRegVerb Imperfective Second "люб" "лю" "любил" "люби" "любить";

-

-   mkRegVerb :Aspect -> Conjugation -> (_,_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Verbum ; 

-

--- For writing an application grammar one usualy doesn't need

--- the whole inflection table, since each verb is used in 

--- a particular context that determines some of the parameters

--- (Tense and Voice while Aspect is fixed from the beginning) for certain usage. 

--- The "V" type, that have these parameters fixed. 

--- We can extract the "V" from the lexicon.

-

-   mkV: Verbum -> Voice -> Tense -> V ;

-   mkPresentV: Verbum -> Voice -> V ;

-

-

--- Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object. Notice that

--- a particle can be included in a $V$.

-

-   mkTV     : V   -> Str -> Case -> TV ;   -- "войти в дом"; "в", accusative

-   tvDir    : V -> TV ;                    -- "видеть", "любить"

-                               

--- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are

--- hidden from the document.

---.

-

-

-  masculine = Masc ;

-  feminine  = Fem ;

-  neuter = Neut ;

-  nominative = Nom ;

-  accusative = Acc ;

-  dative = Dat ;

-  genitive = Gen ;

-  instructive = Inst ;

-  prepositional = Prepos ;

-  singular = Sg ;

-  plural = Pl ;

-

--- Noun definitions

-

-  mkIndeclinableNoun = \s,g, anim ->

-   {

-     s = table { SF _ _ => s } ;

-     g = g ;

-     anim = anim 

-   } ;

-

-

-  mkN =  \nomSg, genSg, datSg, accSg, instSg, preposSg,

-          nomPl, genPl, datPl, accPl, instPl, preposPl, g, anim ->

-   {

-     s = table { 

-           SF Sg Nom => nomSg ;

-           SF Sg Gen => genSg ;

-           SF Sg Dat => datSg ;

-           SF Sg Acc => accSg ;

-           SF Sg Inst => instSg ;

-           SF Sg Prepos => preposSg ;

-           SF Pl Nom => nomPl ;

-           SF Pl Gen => genPl ;

-           SF Pl Dat => datPl ;

-           SF Pl Acc => accPl ;

-           SF Pl Inst => instPl ;

-           SF Pl Prepos => preposPl      

-     } ;                           

-     g = g ;

-     anim = anim

-   }  ;

-

-  nMashina   = \s -> aEndInanimateDecl s;

-  nEdinica   = \s -> ej_aEndInanimateDecl s;

-  nZhenchina = \s -> (aEndAnimateDecl s) ** { g = Fem } ; 

-  nNoga      = \s -> aEndG_K_KH_Decl s ;    

-  nMalyariya  = \s -> i_yaEndDecl s ;

-  nTetya     = \s -> (yaEndAnimateDecl s) ** {g = Fem}  ;

-  nBol       = \s -> softSignEndDeclFem  s ;

-

--- Neuter patterns. 

-

-  nObezbolivauchee = \s -> eeEndInAnimateDecl s ;

-  nProizvedenie = \s -> eEndInAnimateDecl s ;

-  nChislo = \s -> oEndInAnimateDecl s ;

-

-

--- Masculine patterns. 

-

-  nStomatolog = \s -> nullEndAnimateDecl s ; 

-                              

-  nAdres     = \s -> nullEndInAnimateDecl2 s ; 

-  nTelefon   = \s -> nullEndInAnimateDecl1 s ; 

-

-  nNol       = \s -> softSignEndDeclMasc s ;

-  nUroven    = \s -> EN_softSignEndDeclMasc s ;

-

--- mkFun     defined in syntax.RusU

--- funGen    defined in syntax.RusU 

-

-  mkPN = \ivan, g, anim -> 

-    case g of { 

-       Masc => mkProperNameMasc ivan anim ; 

-       _ => mkProperNameFem ivan anim

-    } ;

-  mkCN = UseN ;

-  mkNP = \x,y,z -> UsePN (mkPN x y z) ;

-

--- Adjective definitions

-

-  adjInvar = \s -> { s = \\af => s };

-

-  adj1Staruyj = uy_j_EndDecl  ;       

-  adj1Malenkij = ij_EndK_G_KH_Decl ;       

-  adj1Molodoj = uy_oj_EndDecl ;        

-  adj1Kakoj_Nibud = i_oj_EndDecl ; 

-

-  mkAdj2 = \a,p,c -> a ** {s2 = p ; c = c} ;

-

-  -- mkAdjDeg defined in morpho.RusU

-

-  ap = \a,p -> a ** { p = p } ;

-

--- Verb definitions 

-

-   mkVerbum = \asp, sgP1, sgP2, sgP3, plP1, plP2, plP3, 

-     sgMascPast, imperSgP2, inf -> case asp of { 

-       Perfective  =>  

-         mkVerb (perfectiveActivePattern inf imperSgP2 

-         (presentConj sgP1 sgP2 sgP3 plP1 plP2 plP3) (pastConj sgMascPast))

-         (pastConj sgMascPast);

-       Imperfective  =>  

-         mkVerb (imperfectiveActivePattern inf imperSgP2 

-         (presentConj sgP1 sgP2 sgP3 plP1 plP2 plP3) (pastConj sgMascPast))

-         (pastConj sgMascPast)

-     }; 

-

-   oper presentConj: (_,_,_,_,_,_: Str) -> PresentVerb = 

-     \sgP1, sgP2, sgP3, plP1, plP2, plP3 ->

-     table {

-       PRF Sg P1 => sgP1 ;

-       PRF Sg P2 => sgP2 ;

-       PRF Sg P3 => sgP3 ;

-       PRF Pl P1 => plP1 ;

-       PRF Pl P2 => plP2 ;

-       PRF Pl P3 => plP3   

-     };

-

-

-   mkRegVerb = verbDecl ;                  -- defined in morpho.RusU.gf

-

-   mkV = extVerb ;                         -- defined in types.RusU.gf

-

-   mkPresentV = \aller, vox -> 

-    { s = table { 

-       VFin gn p => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VIND (VPresent (numGNum gn) p)) ;

-       VImper n p => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VIMP n p) ;

-       VInf => aller.s ! VFORM vox VINF ;

-       VSubj gn => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VSUB gn)

-       }; t = Present ; a = aller.asp ; v = vox } ;

-

-   mkTV = mkTransVerb ;                    -- defined in syntax.RusU.gf

-   tvDir = mkDirectVerb;                   -- defined in syntax.RusU.gf

-

-} ;

diff --git a/grammars/resource/russian/Predication.gf b/grammars/resource/russian/Predication.gf
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fab240c4..000000000
--- a/grammars/resource/russian/Predication.gf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
--- predication library, built on resource grammar. AR 2002--2003

-

--- Users of the library should *not* look into this file, but only into

--- $predication.Types.gf$.

-

-resource Predication = open Russian in {

-

-

-oper

-  predV1 = \F, x -> PredVP x (PosV F) ;

-  predV2 = \F, x, y -> PredVP x (PosTV F y) ;

-  predVColl = \F, x, y -> PredVP (conjNP x y) (PosV F) ;

-  predA1 = \F, x -> PredVP x (PosA F) ;

-  predA2 = \F, x, y -> PredVP x (PosA (ComplAdj F y)) ;

-  predAComp = \F, x, y -> PredVP x (PosA (ComparAdjP F y)) ;

-  predAColl = \F, x, y -> PredVP (conjNP x y) (PosA F) ;

-  predN1 = \F, x -> PredVP x (PosCN (UseN F)) ;

-  predN2 = \F, x, y -> PredVP x (PosCN (AppFun F y)) ;

-  predNColl = \F, x, y -> PredVP (conjNP x y) (PosCN (UseN F)) ;

-

-  appFun1 = \f, x -> DefOneNP (AppFun f x) ;

-  appFunColl = \f, x, y -> DefOneNP (AppFun f (conjNP x y)) ;

-

-  appFam1 = \F, x -> AppFun F x ;

-  appFamColl = \F, x, y -> AppFun F (conjNP x y) ;

-

-  conjS = \A, B -> ConjS AndConj (TwoS A B) ;

-  disjS = \A, B -> ConjS OrConj (TwoS A B) ;

-  implS = \A, B -> SubjS IfSubj A B ;

-

-  constrTyp1 = \F, A -> AppFun F (IndefManyNP A) ;

-

-  conjNP = \x, y -> ConjNP AndConj (TwoNP x y) ;

-

-};

diff --git a/grammars/resource/russian/ResRus.gf b/grammars/resource/russian/ResRus.gf
deleted file mode 100644
index cc998c4aa..000000000
--- a/grammars/resource/russian/ResRus.gf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,241 +0,0 @@
---# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude

-

---1 The Top-Level Russian Resource Grammar

---

--- Janna Khegai 2003

--- on the basis of code for other languages by Aarne Ranta

---

--- This is the Russian concrete syntax of the multilingual resource

--- grammar. Most of the work is done in the file $syntax.RusU.gf$.

--- However, for the purpose of documentation, we make here explicit the

--- linearization types of each category, so that their structures and

--- dependencies can be seen.

--- Another substantial part is the linearization rules of some

--- structural words.

---

--- The users of the resource grammar should not look at this file for the

--- linearization rules, which are in fact hidden in the document version.

--- They should use $resource.Abs.gf$ to access the syntactic rules.

--- This file can be consulted in those, hopefully rare, occasions in which

--- one has to know how the syntactic categories are

--- implemented. The parameter types are defined in $types.RusU.gf$.

-

-concrete ResRus of ResAbs = open Prelude, Syntax in {

-flags 

- coding=utf8 ;

-  startcat=Phr ; 

-  lexer=text ;

-  unlexer=text ;

-

-lincat 

-

-  N      = CommNoun ; 

-      -- = {s : SubstForm => Str ; g : Gender ; anim : Animacy } ;

-  CN     = CommNounPhrase ; 

-      -- = {s : Number => Case => Str; g : Gender; anim : Animacy} ;  

-  NP     = NounPhrase ;

-      -- = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; p : Person ;

-      --     g: Gender ; anim : Animacy ;  pron: Bool} ;     

-  PN     = ProperName ;

-      -- = {s :  Case => Str ; g : Gender ; anim : Animacy} ;

-  Adj1   = Adjective ;

-      -- = {s : AdjForm => Str} ;

-  Det    = Determiner ;

-      -- = Adjective ** { n: Number; c : Case } ;

-  Adj2   = AdjCompl ;

-      -- = Adjective ** Complement ;

-  AdjDeg = AdjDegr ;

-      -- = {s : Degree => AdjForm => Str} ;

-  AP     = AdjPhrase ; 

-      -- = Adjective ** {p : IsPostfixAdj} ; 

-  Fun    = Function ;  

-      -- = CommNounPhrase ** Complement ;

- Fun2   = Function ** {s3 : Preposition; c2: Case} ;

-

-  V      = Verb ; 

-      -- = {s : VF => Str ; t: Tense ; a : Aspect ; v: Voice} ;

-  VP     = VerbPhrase ; 

-      -- = Verb ** {s2 : Str ; s3 : Gender => Number => Str ;

-      --            negBefore: Bool} ;

-  TV     = TransVerb ; 

-      -- = Verb ** {s2 : Preposition ; c: Case } ; 

- V3     = TransVerb ** {s4 : Preposition; c2: Case} ;

-  VS     = SentenceVerb ;

-      -- = Verb ;

-  AdV    = Adverb ;

-      -- = {s : Str} ;

-

-  S      = Sentence ; 

-      -- = {s : Str} ;

-  Slash  = SentenceSlashNounPhrase ; 

-      -- = Sentence ** Complement ;

-  

-  RP     = RelPron ;

-      -- = {s : GenNum => Case => Animacy => Str} ;

-  RC     = RelClause ;

-      -- = RelPron ;

-

-  IP     = IntPron ;

-      -- = NounPhrase ;

-  Qu     = Question ;

-      -- = {s : QuestForm => Str} ;

-  Imp    = Imperative ;

-      -- = { s: Gender => Number => Str } ;

-  Phr    = Utterance ;

-      -- = {s : Str} ;

- Text   = {s : Str} ;

-

-  Conj   = Conjunction ;

-      -- = {s : Str ; n : Number} ;

-  ConjD  = ConjunctionDistr ;

-      -- = {s1,s2 : Str ; n : Number} ;

-

-  ListS  = ListSentence ;

-      -- = {s1,s2 : Mode => Str} ;

-  ListAP = ListAdjPhrase ;

-      -- = {s1,s2 : AdjForm => Str ; p : Bool} ;

-  ListNP = ListNounPhrase ;

-      -- = { s1,s2 : PronForm => Str ; g: Gender ; anim : Animacy ;

-      --     n : Number ; p : Person ;  pron : Bool } ;

-

---.

-lin 

-  UsePN = nameNounPhrase ;

-  ComplAdj = complAdj ;

-  PredVP = predVerbPhrase ;

-  PosTV = complTransVerb True ;

-  NegTV = complTransVerb False ;

-  AdjP1 = adj2adjPhrase ; 

-  ModAdj = modCommNounPhrase ;

-  PosA = predAdjective True ;

-  NegA = predAdjective False ;

-

-  UseN  = noun2CommNounPhrase ;

-  ModGenOne = npGenDet Sg ;

-  ModGenMany = npGenDet Pl ;

-  UseFun = funAsCommNounPhrase ;

-  AppFun = appFunComm ;

-  PositAdjP = positAdjPhrase ;

-  ComparAdjP = comparAdjPhrase ;

-  SuperlNP = superlNounPhrase ;

-

-  DetNP = detNounPhrase ;

-  IndefOneNP = indefNounPhrase Sg ;

-  IndefManyNP = indefNounPhrase Pl ;

-  DefOneNP = defNounPhrase Sg ;

-  DefManyNP = defNounPhrase Pl ;

-

-  PosV = predVerb True ;

-  NegV = predVerb False ;

-  PosCN = predCommNoun True ;

-  NegCN = predCommNoun False ;

-  PosNP = predNounPhrase True ;

-  NegNP = predNounPhrase False ;

-  PosVS = complSentVerb True ;

-  NegVS = complSentVerb False ;

-

-  AdvVP = adVerbPhrase ;

-  LocNP = locativeNounPhrase ;

-  AdvCN = advCommNounPhrase ;

--- AdvAP = advAdjPhrase ;

-

-  PosSlashTV = slashTransVerb True ;

-  NegSlashTV = slashTransVerb False ;

-

-  IdRP = identRelPron ;

-  FunRP = funRelPron ;

-  RelVP = relVerbPhrase ;

-  RelSlash = relSlash ;

-  ModRC = modRelClause ;

-  RelSuch = relSuch ;

-

-  WhoOne = intPronKto Sg ;

-  WhoMany = intPronKto Pl ;

-  WhatOne = intPronChto Sg ;

-  WhatMany = intPronChto Pl ;

-  FunIP = funIntPron ;

-  NounIPOne = nounIntPron Sg ;

-  NounIPMany = nounIntPron Pl ;

-

-  QuestVP = questVerbPhrase ;

-  IntVP = intVerbPhrase ;

-  IntSlash = intSlash ;

-  QuestAdv = questAdverbial ;

-

-  ImperVP = imperVerbPhrase ;

-

-  IndicPhrase = indicUtt ;

-  QuestPhrase = interrogUtt ;

-  ImperOne = imperUtterance Masc Sg ;

-  ImperMany = imperUtterance Masc Pl ;

- --AdvS = advSentence ;

-

-  TwoS = twoSentence ;

-  ConsS = consSentence ;

-  ConjS = conjunctSentence ;

-  ConjDS = conjunctDistrSentence ;

-

-  TwoAP = twoAdjPhrase ;

-  ConsAP = consAdjPhrase ;

-  ConjAP = conjunctAdjPhrase ;

-  ConjDAP = conjunctDistrAdjPhrase ;

-

-  TwoNP = twoNounPhrase ;

-  ConsNP = consNounPhrase ;

-  ConjNP = conjunctNounPhrase ;

-  ConjDNP = conjunctDistrNounPhrase ;

-

-  SubjS = subjunctSentence ;

-  SubjImper = subjunctImperative ;

-  SubjQu = subjunctQuestion ;

-

-  PhrNP = useNounPhrase ;

-  PhrOneCN = useCommonNounPhrase Sg ;

-  PhrManyCN = useCommonNounPhrase Pl ;

-  PhrIP ip = postfixSS "?" ip ;

-  PhrIAdv ia = postfixSS "?" ia ;

- OnePhr p = p ;

- ConsPhr = cc2 ;

-

-

-  INP    = pron2NounPhrase pronYa Animate;

-  ThouNP = pron2NounPhrase pronTu Animate;

-  HeNP   = pron2NounPhrase pronOn Animate;

-  SheNP  = pron2NounPhrase pronOna Animate;

-  WeNP   = pron2NounPhrase pronMu Animate;

-  YeNP   = pron2NounPhrase pronVu Animate;

-  YouNP  = pron2NounPhrase pronVu Animate;

-  TheyNP = pron2NounPhrase pronOni Animate;

-

-  EveryDet = kazhdujDet ** {n = Sg ; c= Nom} ; 

-  AllDet   = vseDetPl ** {n = Pl;  c= Nom} ; 

-  WhichDet = kotorujDet ** {n = Sg; c= Nom} ;  -- a singular version only 

-  MostDet  = bolshinstvoDet ** {n = Pl; c= Gen} ;

-

-  HowIAdv = ss "как" ;

-  WhenIAdv = ss "когда" ;

-  WhereIAdv = ss "где" ;

-  WhyIAdv = ss "почему" ;

-

-  AndConj  = ss "и"  ** {n = Pl} ;

-  OrConj   = ss "или"  ** {n = Sg} ;

-  BothAnd  = sd2 "как" [", так"]  ** {n = Pl} ;

-  EitherOr = sd2 "либо" [", либо"]  ** {n = Sg} ;

-

--- In case of "neither..  no" expression double negation is not 

--- only possible, but also required in Russian.

--- There is no means of control for this however in the resource grammar.

-

-  NeitherNor = sd2 "ни" [", ни"]  ** {n = Sg} ;

-

-  IfSubj   = ss "если" ;

-  WhenSubj = ss "когда" ;

-

-  PhrYes = ss ["да ."] ;

-  PhrNo = ss ["нет ."] ;

-

-  VeryAdv = ss "очень" ;

-  TooAdv = ss "слишком" ;

-  OtherwiseAdv = ss "иначе" ;

-  ThereforeAdv = ss "следовательно" ;

-} ;

diff --git a/grammars/resource/russian/RestaurantRus.gf b/grammars/resource/russian/RestaurantRus.gf
deleted file mode 100644
index fa07e4afd..000000000
--- a/grammars/resource/russian/RestaurantRus.gf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
---# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude

-

-concrete RestaurantRus of Restaurant = 

-  DatabaseRus ** open Prelude,Paradigms in {

-flags coding=utf8 ;

-lin 

-  Restaurant = n2n restoran;

-  Bar = n2n bar ;

-  French = AdjP1 francuzskij ;

-  Italian = AdjP1 italyanskij ;

-  Indian = AdjP1 indijskij ;

-  Japanese = AdjP1 yaponskij ;

-

-  address = funGen adres ;

-  phone = funGen telefon ;

-  priceLevel = funGen (commNounPhrase2CommNoun(appFunComm urovenFun cenu)) ;

-

-  Cheap = deshevuj;

-  Expensive = dorogoj ;

-

-  WhoRecommend rest = mkSentSame (ss2 ["кто порекомендовал"] (rest.s ! Acc)) ;

-  WhoHellRecommend rest = 

-    mkSentSame (ss2 ["кто, черт возьми, порекомендовал"] (rest.s ! Acc)) ;

-

-  LucasCarton = mkProperNameMasc ["Лукас Картун"] Inanimate;

-

-oper 

-  urovenFun : Function = funGen uroven ;

-  cenu : NounPhrase = mkNounPhrase Pl (n2n cena) ;  

-};

diff --git a/grammars/resource/russian/Russian.gf b/grammars/resource/russian/Russian.gf
deleted file mode 100644
index 52265b556..000000000
--- a/grammars/resource/russian/Russian.gf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
---# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude
-
-resource Russian = reuse ResRus ;
diff --git a/grammars/resource/russian/Syntax.gf b/grammars/resource/russian/Syntax.gf
deleted file mode 100644
index 11b325bfc..000000000
--- a/grammars/resource/russian/Syntax.gf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,898 +0,0 @@
---1 A Small Russian Resource Syntax          

---

--- Aarne Ranta, Janna Khegai 2003

---

--- This resource grammar contains definitions needed to construct 

--- indicative, interrogative, and imperative sentences in Russian.

---

--- The following files are presupposed:

-resource Syntax = Morpho ** open Prelude, (CO = Coordination) in {

-flags  coding=utf8 ;

-  

---2 Common Nouns

---

---

---3 Common noun phrases

---

--- Complex common nouns ($Comm'NounPhrase$)  have in principle

--- the same parameters as simple ones.

-

-oper

-  CommNounPhrase: Type = {s : Number => Case => Str; g : Gender; anim : Animacy}  ;

-

-  noun2CommNounPhrase : CommNoun -> CommNounPhrase = \sb ->

-    {s = \\n,c => sb.s ! SF n c ; 

-     g = sb.g ; 

-     anim = sb.anim

-    } ;

-

-  commNounPhrase2CommNoun : CommNounPhrase -> CommNoun = \sb ->

-    {s = \\sf => sb.s ! (numSF sf) ! (caseSF sf) ; 

-     g = sb.g ; 

-     anim = sb.anim

-    } ;

-

-  n2n = noun2CommNounPhrase;

-  n2n2 = commNounPhrase2CommNoun ;

-

---2 Noun Phrases

---

-

-oper

-

-  NounPhrase : Type = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; 

-   p : Person ; g: Gender ; anim : Animacy ;  pron: Bool} ;

-

-  -- A function specific for Russian for setting the gender for 

-  -- personal pronouns in first and second person, singular :

-  setNPGender : Gender -> NounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \gen, pronI -> 

-    { s = pronI.s ; g = gen ; anim = pronI.anim ;

-      n = pronI.n ; nComp = pronI.nComp ; p = pronI.p ; pron = pronI.pron } ;  

-

-

-  mkNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,chelovek -> 

-    {s = \\cas => chelovek.s ! n ! (extCase cas) ;

-     n = n ; g = chelovek.g ; p = P3 ; pron =False ;

-     anim = chelovek.anim 

-    } ;

-  pron2NounPhrase : Pronoun -> Animacy -> NounPhrase = \ona, anim -> 

-    {s = ona.s ; n = ona.n ; g = pgen2gen ona.g ; 

-     pron = ona.pron; p = ona.p ; anim = anim } ;

-

-  nameNounPhrase : ProperName -> NounPhrase = 

-    \masha -> {s = \\c => masha.s ! (extCase c) ; 

-      p = P3; g = masha.g ; anim = masha.anim ; 

-      n = Sg; nComp = Sg; pron = False} ;

-

-

---2 Determiners

---

--- Determiners (only determinative pronouns in Russian) are inflected 

--- according to the gender of nouns they determine.

--- The determined noun has the case parameter specific for the determiner:

-

-  Determiner : Type = Adjective ** { n: Number; c : Case } ;

-

-  anyPlDet = kakojNibudDet ** {n = Pl;  c= Nom} ; 

-

-  detNounPhrase : Determiner -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \kazhduj, okhotnik -> 

-    {s = \\c => case kazhduj.c of {

-       Nom => 

-        kazhduj.s ! AF (extCase c) okhotnik.anim (gNum okhotnik.g kazhduj.n) ++ 

-         okhotnik.s ! kazhduj.n ! (extCase c) ; 

-       _ => 

-        kazhduj.s ! AF (extCase c) okhotnik.anim (gNum okhotnik.g kazhduj.n) ++ 

-         okhotnik.s ! kazhduj.n ! kazhduj.c };

-     n = kazhduj.n ; 

-     p = P3 ;

-     pron = False;

-     g = okhotnik.g ;

-     anim = okhotnik.anim 

-    } ;

-

-  indefNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,mashina -> 

-    {s = \\c =>  mashina.s ! n !  (extCase c) ;

-     n = n ; p = P3 ; g = mashina.g ; anim = mashina.anim ; 

-     pron = False

-    } ;

-

-  defNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \n,mashina -> 

-    { s = \\c => mashina.s ! n ! (extCase c) ; 

-     n = n ; p = P3 ; g = mashina.g ;anim = mashina.anim ;  pron = False } ;

-

--- Genitives of noun phrases can be used like determiners, 

--- to build noun phrases.

--- The number argument makes the difference between "мой дом" - "мои дома".

---

--- The variation like in "the car of John / John's car" in English is

--- not equally natural for proper names and pronouns and the rest of nouns.

--- Compare "дверца машины" and "машины дверца", while 

--- "Ванина мама" and "мама Вани" or "моя мама" and "мама моя".

--- Here we have to make a choice of a universal form, which will be

--- "моя мама" - "Вани мама" - "машины дверца", which sounds

--- the best for pronouns, a little worse for proper names and 

--- the worst for the rest of nouns. The reason is the fact that 

--- possession/genetive is more a human category and pronouns are 

--- used very often, so we try to suit this case in the first place.

-

-  npGenDet : Number -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = 

-    \n,masha,mashina -> 

-      {s = \\c => case masha.pron of 

-           { True =>  masha.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No (Poss (gNum mashina.g n))) ++ 

-                   mashina.s ! n ! (extCase c)  ;

-             False => masha.s ! (mkPronForm Gen No (Poss (gNum mashina.g n))) ++ 

-                   mashina.s ! n ! (extCase c)  

-           } ;

-       n = n ; p = P3 ;  g = mashina.g ; anim = mashina.anim ; pron = False

-      } ;

-

---2 Adjectives

---3 Simple adjectives

---

--- A special type of adjectives just having positive forms 

--- (for semantic reasons)  is useful, e.g. "русский".

- 

-oper 

-

-  extAdjective : AdjDegr -> Adjective = \adj ->

-    { s = \\af => adj.s ! Pos ! af } ;

-

-  -- Coercions between the compound gen-num type and gender and number:

-

-  gNum : Gender -> Number -> GenNum = \g,n -> 

-    case n of {Sg => case g of 

-                 { Fem => ASg Fem ;

-                   Masc => ASg Masc ;

-                   Neut => ASg Neut 

-                   -- _  => variants {ASg Masc ; ASg Fem}

-                   } ; Pl => APl} ;

-

-

-

---3 Adjective phrases

--- 

--- An adjective phrase may contain a complement, e.g. "моложе Риты".

--- Then it is used as postfix in modification, e.g. "человек, моложе Риты".

-

-  IsPostfixAdj = Bool ;

-

-  AdjPhrase : Type = Adjective ** {p : IsPostfixAdj} ;

-

--- Simple adjectives are not postfix:

-

-  adj2adjPhrase : Adjective -> AdjPhrase = \novuj -> novuj ** {p = False} ;

-

---3 Comparison adjectives

---

--- Each of the comparison forms has a characteristic use:

---

--- Positive forms are used alone, as adjectival phrases ("большой").

-

-  positAdjPhrase : AdjDegr -> AdjPhrase = \bolshoj -> 

-    adj2adjPhrase (extAdjective bolshoj) ;

-

--- Comparative forms are used with an object of comparison, as

--- adjectival phrases ("больше тебя").

-

-  comparAdjPhrase : AdjDegr -> NounPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \bolshoj, tu ->

-    {s = \\af => bolshoj.s ! Comp ! af ++ tu.s ! (mkPronForm Gen Yes NonPoss) ; 

-     p = True

-    } ;

-

--- Superlative forms are used with a modified noun, picking out the

--- maximal representative of a domain ("самый большой дом").

-

-  superlNounPhrase : AdjDegr -> CommNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \bolshoj, dom ->

-    {s = \\pf => bolshoj.s ! Super ! AF (extCase pf) dom.anim (gNum dom.g Sg) ++ 

-         dom.s  ! Sg ! (extCase pf) ; 

-     n = Sg ;

-     p = P3 ;

-     pron = False;

-     anim = dom.anim ;

-     g = dom.g

-    } ;

-

-

---3 Two-place adjectives

---

--- A two-place adjective is an adjective with a preposition used before

--- the complement. (Rem. $Complement =  {s2 : Preposition ; c : Case} $).

-

-  

-  AdjCompl = Adjective ** Complement ;

-

-  complAdj : AdjCompl -> NounPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \vlublen,tu ->

-    {s = \\af => vlublen.s ! af ++ vlublen.s2 ++ 

-          tu.s ! (mkPronForm vlublen.c No NonPoss) ;

-     p = True

-    } ;

-

---3 Complements

---

-

-  Complement =  {s2 : Preposition ; c : Case} ;

-

-  complement : Str -> Complement = \cherez ->

-    {s2 = cherez ; c = Nom} ;

-

-  complementDir : Complement = complement [] ;

-

-  complementCas : Case -> Complement = \c ->

-    {s2 = [] ; c = c} ;

-

---2 Individual-valued functions

-

--- An individual-valued function is a common noun together with the

--- preposition prefixed to its argument ("ключ от дома").

--- The situation is analogous to two-place adjectives and transitive verbs.

---

--- We allow the genitive construction to be used as a variant of

--- all function applications. It would definitely be too restrictive only

--- to allow it when the required case is genitive. We don't know if there

--- are counterexamples to the liberal choice we've made.

-

-  Function = CommNounPhrase ** Complement ;

-

-

--- The application of a function gives, in the first place, a common noun:

--- "ключ от дома". From this, other rules of the resource grammar 

--- give noun phrases, such as "ключи от дома", "ключи от дома

--- и от машины", and "ключ от дома и машины" (the

--- latter two corresponding to distributive and collective functions,

--- respectively). Semantics will eventually tell when each

--- of the readings is meaningful.

-

-  appFunComm : Function -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase = \mama,ivan -> 

-     {s = \\n, cas => 

-         mama.s ! n ! cas ++ mama.s2 ++ 

-         ivan.s ! (mkPronForm mama.c No (Poss (gNum mama.g n)));

-       g = mama.g ;

-       anim = mama.anim

-      } ;

-

--- It is possible to use a function word as a common noun; the semantics is

--- often existential or indexical.

-

-  funAsCommNounPhrase : Function -> CommNounPhrase = \x -> x ;

-

-  mkFun : CommNoun -> Preposition -> Case -> Function = \f,p,c ->

-    (n2n f) ** {s2 = p ; c = c} ;

-

--- The following is an aggregate corresponding to the original function application

--- producing "детство Ивана" and "Иваново детство". It does not appear in the

--- resource abstract syntax any longer.

--- Both versions return "детсво Ивана" although "Иваново детство"

--- must also be included 

--- Such possesive form is only possible with proper names in Russian :

-

-  appFun : Bool -> Function -> NounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \coll,detstvo, ivan -> 

-    let {n = ivan.n ; nf = if_then_else Number coll Sg n} in 

-    variants {

-      defNounPhrase nf (appFunComm detstvo ivan) ; -- detstvoIvana

-      npGenDet nf ivan detstvo

-      } ;

-

-

--- The commonest cases are functions with Genitive.

-

-  funGen : CommNoun -> Function = \urovenCen -> 

-    mkFun urovenCen [] Gen ;

-

---3 Modification of common nouns

---

--- The two main functions of adjective are in predication ("Иван - молод")

--- and in modification ("молодой человек"). Predication will be defined

--- later, in the chapter on verbs.

-

-  modCommNounPhrase : AdjPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase = 

-    \khoroshij,novayaMashina ->

-    {s = \\n, c => 

-         khoroshij.s ! AF c novayaMashina.anim (gNum novayaMashina.g n) ++ 

-         novayaMashina.s ! n ! c ;

-         g = novayaMashina.g ; 

-         anim = novayaMashina.anim

-     } ;                          

-

---2 Verbs

-

---3 Transitive verbs

---

--- Transitive verbs are verbs with a preposition for the complement,

--- in analogy with two-place adjectives and functions.

--- One might prefer to use the term "2-place verb", since

--- "transitive" traditionally means that the inherent preposition is empty

--- and the case is accusative. 

--- Such a verb is one with a *direct object*.

--- Note: Direct verb phrases where the Genitive case is also possible 

--- ("купить хлеба", "не читать газет") are overlooked in mkDirectVerb

--- and can be expressed via more a general rule mkTransVerb.

-

-  TransVerb : Type = Verb ** {s2 : Preposition ; c: Case } ; 

-

-  complementOfTransVerb : TransVerb -> Complement = \v -> {s2 = v.s2 ; c = v.c} ;

-  verbOfTransVerb       : TransVerb -> Verb   = \v -> 

-    {s = v.s; t = v.t; a = v.a ; w = v.w } ;

-

-  mkTransVerb : Verb -> Preposition  -> Case -> TransVerb = \v,p,cas -> 

-    v ** {s2 = p ; c = cas } ;

-

-  mkDirectVerb : Verb -> TransVerb = \v -> 

-    mkTransVerb v nullPrep Acc;

-

-  nullPrep : Preposition = [] ;

-

--- The rule for using transitive verbs is the complementization rule:

-

-  complTransVerb : Bool -> TransVerb -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,se,tu ->

-    {s = se.s ; a = se.a ; t = se.t ; w = se.w ; s2 = negation b ;

-     s3 = \\_,_ => se.s2 ++ tu.s ! (mkPronForm se.c No NonPoss) ; 

-     negBefore = True } ;

-

---3 Verb phrases

---

--- Verb phrases are discontinuous: the parts of a verb phrase are

--- (s) an inflected verb, (s2) verb adverbials (such as negation), and

--- (s3) complement. This discontinuity is needed in sentence formation

--- to account for word order variations.

-

-  VerbPhrase : Type = Verb ** {s2 : Str ; s3 : Gender => Number => Str ;

-    negBefore: Bool} ;

-

--- A simple verb can be made into a verb phrase with an empty complement.

--- There are two versions, depending on if we want to negate the verb.

-

-  predVerb : Bool -> Verb -> VerbPhrase = \b,vidit -> 

-    vidit ** {

-     s2 = negation b ; 

-     s3 = \\_,_ => [] ;

-     negBefore = True

-     } ;

-

-  negation : Bool -> Str = \b -> if_then_else Str b [] "не" ; 

-

--- Sometimes we want to extract the verb part of a verb phrase.

-

-  verbOfPhrase : VerbPhrase -> Verb = \v -> 

-    {s = v.s; t = v.t ; a = v.a ; w =v.w} ;

-

-

--- Verb phrases can also be formed from adjectives ("- молод"),

--- common nouns ("- человек"), and noun phrases ("- самый молодой").

--- The third rule is overgenerating: "- каждый человек" has to be ruled out

--- on semantic grounds.

--- Note: in some case we can even omit a dash "-"  :

--- "Я думаю, что это хорошая машина".

-

-  predAdjective : Bool -> Adjective -> VerbPhrase = \b,zloj ->

-    { s= \\_ => "-" ;        

-      t = Present ; 

-      a = Imperfective ;

-      w = Act ;

-      s2 = negation b ; 

-      s3 = \\g,n => case n of {

-          Sg => zloj.s ! AF Nom Animate (ASg g) ;

-          Pl => zloj.s ! AF Nom Animate APl  

-          } ;

-     negBefore = False

-    } ;

-

-  predCommNoun : Bool -> CommNounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,chelovek ->

-   {  s= \\_ => "-" ;        

-      t = Present ; 

-      a = Imperfective ;

-      w = Act ;

-      s2 = negation b ;

-      s3 = \\_,n => (indefNounPhrase n chelovek ).s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss) ;

-      negBefore = False

-     } ;

-

-  predNounPhrase : Bool -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase = \b,masha ->

-    { s= \\_ => "-" ;        

-      t = Present ; 

-      a = Imperfective ;

-      w = Act ;

-      s2 = negation b ;

-      s3 = \\_,_ => masha.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss) ;

-      negBefore = False

-    } ;

-

-  -- A function specific for Russian :

-  predNeedShortAdjective: Bool -> NounPhrase -> CommNounPhrase -> Sentence = 

-     \ b, Jag, Dig -> { s =

-    let {

-      mne  = Jag.s ! (mkPronForm Dat No NonPoss) ; 

-      nuzhen  = need.s ! AF Nom Inanimate (gNum Dig.g Sg)  ;

-      doctor = Dig.s ! Sg ! Nom ;

-      ne = negation b

-    } in

-       mne ++ ne ++ nuzhen ++ doctor 

-    } ;

-

---2 Adverbials

---

-  adVerbPhrase : VerbPhrase -> Adverb -> VerbPhrase = \poet, khorosho ->

-    {s = \\vf => khorosho.s ++ poet.s ! vf ; s2 = poet.s2; s3 = poet.s3;

-     a = poet.a; w = poet.w; t = poet.t ; negBefore = poet.negBefore } ;

-                   

--- Adverbials are typically generated by prefixing prepositions.

--- The rule for creating locative noun phrases by the preposition "в"

--- is a little shaky: "в России" but "на острове".

-

-  locativeNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> Adverb = \ivan ->

-    {s = "в" ++ ivan.s ! (mkPronForm Prepos Yes NonPoss) } ;

-

--- This is a source of the "man with a telescope" ambiguity, and may produce

--- strange things, like "машины всегда".

--- Semantics will have to make finer distinctions among adverbials.

-

-  advCommNounPhrase : CommNounPhrase -> Adverb -> CommNounPhrase = \chelovek,uTelevizora ->

-    {s = \\n,c => chelovek.s ! n ! c ++ uTelevizora.s ;

-     g = chelovek.g ;

-     anim = chelovek.anim 

-    } ;

-

-

---2 Sentences

---

--- We do not introduce the word order parameter for sentences in Russian

--- although there exist several word orders, but they are too specific

--- to capture on the level we work here. 

-

-oper

-   Sentence : Type = { s : Str } ;

-

--- This is the traditional $S -> NP VP$ rule. 

-

-    predVerbPhrase : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Sentence = 

-    \Ya, tebyaNeVizhu -> { s =

-       let 

-       { ya = Ya.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss);

-         ne = tebyaNeVizhu.s2;

-         vizhu = tebyaNeVizhu.s ! VFin (gNum Ya.g Ya.n) Ya.p;

-         tebya = tebyaNeVizhu.s3 ! Ya.g ! Ya.n 

-       }

-       in

-       if_then_else Str tebyaNeVizhu.negBefore  

-        (ya ++ ne ++ vizhu ++ tebya)

-        (ya ++ vizhu ++ ne ++ tebya)

-       

-    } ;

-

-  -- A function specific for Russian: 

-  U_predTransVerb : Bool -> TransVerb -> NounPhrase -> NounPhrase -> Sentence = 

-    \b,Ser,Jag,Dig -> { s =

-    let {

-      menya  =  Jag.s ! (mkPronForm Gen Yes NonPoss) ; 

-      bolit  = Ser.s ! VFin (gNum Dig.g Dig.n) Dig.p ;

-      golova = Dig.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss) ;

-      ne = negation b

-    } in

-       "у" ++ menya ++ ne ++ bolit  ++ golova 

-    } ;

-

-

--- This is a macro for simultaneous predication and complementation.

-

-  predTransVerb : Bool -> TransVerb -> NounPhrase -> NounPhrase -> Sentence = 

-    \b,vizhu,ya,tu -> predVerbPhrase ya (complTransVerb b vizhu tu) ;

- 

---3 Sentence-complement verbs

---

--- Sentence-complement verbs take sentences as complements.

-

-  SentenceVerb : Type = Verb ;

-

--- To generate "сказал, что Иван гуляет" / "не сказал, что Иван гуляет":

-

-  complSentVerb : Bool -> SentenceVerb -> Sentence -> VerbPhrase = 

-    \b,vidit,tuUlubaeshsya ->

-    {s = vidit.s ; s2 = negation b ; s3 = \\_,_ => [", что"] ++ 

-     tuUlubaeshsya.s ;

-     t = vidit.t ; w = vidit.w ; a = vidit.a ; negBefore = True } ;

-

-

---2 Sentences missing noun phrases

---

--- This is one instance of Gazdar's *slash categories*, corresponding to his

--- $S/NP$.

--- We cannot have - nor would we want to have - a productive slash-category former.

--- Perhaps a handful more will be needed.

---

--- Notice that the slash category has the same relation to sentences as

--- transitive verbs have to verbs: it's like a *sentence taking a complement*.

-

-  SentenceSlashNounPhrase = Sentence ** Complement ;

-

-  slashTransVerb : Bool -> NounPhrase -> TransVerb -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase = 

-    \b,ivan,lubit ->

-    predVerbPhrase ivan (predVerb b (verbOfTransVerb lubit)) ** 

-    complementOfTransVerb lubit ;

-

-

---2 Coordination

---

--- Coordination is to some extent orthogonal to the rest of syntax, and

--- has been treated in a generic way in the module $CO$ in the file

--- $coordination.gf$. The overall structure is independent of category,

--- but there can be differences in parameter dependencies.

---

---3 Conjunctions

---

--- Coordinated phrases are built by using conjunctions, which are either

--- simple ("и", "или") or distributed ("как - так", "либо - либо").

---

--- The conjunction has an inherent number, which is used when conjoining

--- noun phrases: "Иван и Маша поют" vs. "Иван или Маша поет"; in the

--- case of "или", the result is however plural if any of the disjuncts is.

-

-  Conjunction = CO.Conjunction ** {n : Number} ;

-  ConjunctionDistr = CO.ConjunctionDistr ** {n : Number} ;

-

---2 Relative pronouns and relative clauses

---

-

-oper

-  identRelPron : RelPron = { s  = \\gn, c, anim => 

-     kotorujDet.s ! (AF c anim gn )} ;

-

-  funRelPron : Function -> RelPron -> RelPron = \mama, kotoruj -> 

-    {s = \\gn,c, anim => let {nu = numGNum gn} in

-           mama.s ! nu ! c ++  

-           mama.s2 ++ kotoruj.s !  gn ! mama.c ! anim

-    } ;

-

--- Relative clauses can be formed from both verb phrases ("видит Машу") and

--- slash expressions ("я вижу"). 

-

-  RelClause : Type = RelPron ;

-

-  relVerbPhrase : RelPron -> VerbPhrase -> RelClause = \kotoruj, gulyaet ->

-    { s = \\gn, c, anim =>  let { nu = numGNum gn } in

-      kotoruj.s ! gn ! c ! anim ++ gulyaet.s2 ++ gulyaet.s ! VFin gn P3 ++ 

-       gulyaet.s3 ! genGNum gn ! nu

-    } ;

-

-  relSlash : RelPron -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase -> RelClause = 

-   \kotoruj, yaVizhu ->

-    {s = \\gn, _ , anim => yaVizhu.s2 ++ kotoruj.s ! gn ! yaVizhu.c ! anim 

-         ++ yaVizhu.s 

-    } ;

-

--- A 'degenerate' relative clause is the one often used in mathematics, e.g.

--- "число x, такое что x - четное".

-

-  relSuch : Sentence -> RelClause = \A ->

-    {s = \\gn,c, anim => takoj.s ! AF c anim gn ++ "что" ++ A.s } ;

-

--- The main use of relative clauses is to modify common nouns.

--- The result is a common noun, out of which noun phrases can be formed

--- by determiners. A comma is used before the relative clause.

-

-  modRelClause : CommNounPhrase -> RelClause -> CommNounPhrase = 

-    \chelovek,kotorujSmeetsya ->

-    { s = \\n,c => chelovek.s ! n ! c ++ "," ++ 

-           kotorujSmeetsya.s ! gNum chelovek.g n ! Nom ! chelovek.anim;

-      g = chelovek.g ;

-      anim = chelovek.anim

-    } ;

-

-

---2 Interrogative pronouns

---

--- If relative pronouns are adjective-like, interrogative pronouns are

--- noun-phrase-like. Actually we can use the very same type!

-

-  IntPron : Type = NounPhrase ; 

-

--- In analogy with relative pronouns, we have a rule for applying a function

--- to a relative pronoun to create a new one. We can reuse the rule applying

--- functions to noun phrases!

-

-  funIntPron : Function -> IntPron -> IntPron = 

-    appFun False ; 

-

--- There is a variety of simple interrogative pronouns:

--- "какая машина", "кто", "что".

-

-  nounIntPron : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> IntPron = \n, x ->

-    detNounPhrase (kakojDet ** {n = n;  c= Nom}) x ;

-

-  intPronKto : Number -> IntPron = \num -> 

-  { s = table {

-    PF Nom _ _ => "кто"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ _ => "кого" ;

-    PF Dat _  _ => "кому" ; 

-    PF Acc _ _ => "кого" ; 

-    PF Inst _ _ => "кем" ;

-    PF Prepos _ _ => ["о ком"] 

-    } ;

-    g = Masc ;

-    anim = Animate ;

-    n = num ;

-    p = P3  ;

-    pron = False

-  } ;

- 

-

-

-  intPronChto : Number -> IntPron = \num -> 

-  { s = table {

-    PF Nom _ _ => "что"  ; 

-    PF Gen _ _ => "чего" ;

-    PF Dat _ _ => "чему" ; 

-    PF Acc _ _ => "что" ; 

-    PF Inst _ _ => "чем" ;

-    PF Prepos _ _=> ["о чем"] 

-    } ;

-    g = Neut ;

-    anim = Inanimate ;

-    n = num ;

-    p = P3  ;

-    pron = False

-  } ;

-

-

---2 Utterances

-

--- By utterances we mean whole phrases, such as 

--- 'can be used as moves in a language game': indicatives, questions, imperative,

--- and one-word utterances. The rules are far from complete.

---

--- N.B. we have not included rules for texts, which we find we cannot say much

--- about on this level. In semantically rich GF grammars, texts, dialogues, etc, 

--- will of course play an important role as categories not reducible to utterances.

--- An example is proof texts, whose semantics show a dependence between premises

--- and conclusions. Another example is intersentential anaphora.

-

-  Utterance = SS ;

-

-  indicUtt : Sentence -> Utterance = \x -> postfixSS "." (defaultSentence x) ;

-  interrogUtt : Question -> Utterance = \x -> postfixSS "?" (defaultQuestion x) ;

-

---2 Questions

---

--- Questions are either direct ("Ты счастлив?") 

--- or indirect ("Потом он спросил счастлив ли ты").

-

-param 

-  QuestForm = DirQ | IndirQ ;

-

-oper

-  Question = SS1 QuestForm ;

-

---3 Yes-no questions 

---

--- Yes-no questions are used both independently ("Ты взял мяч?")

--- and after interrogative adverbials ("Почему ты взял мяч?").

-

--- Note: The particle "ли" can also be used in direct questions:

--- Видел ли ты что-нибудь подобное?

--- but we are not considering this case.

-

-  questVerbPhrase : NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Question = 

-  \tu,spish -> 

-    let { vu = tu.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss); 

-         spish = spish.s ! VFin (gNum tu.g tu.n) tu.p 

-              ++ spish.s2 ++ spish.s3 ! tu.g ! tu.n } in

-     { s = table {

-       DirQ   =>  vu ++ spish  ;

-       IndirQ => spish ++ "ли" ++ vu 

-      }

-    } ;

-

---3 Wh-questions

---

--- Wh-questions are of two kinds: ones that are like $NP - VP$ sentences,

--- others that are like $S/NP - NP$ sentences.

-

-  intVerbPhrase : IntPron -> VerbPhrase -> Question = \kto,spit ->

-    {s = table { _  => (predVerbPhrase kto spit).s }

-    } ;

-

-  intSlash : IntPron -> SentenceSlashNounPhrase -> Question = \Kto, yaGovoru ->

-    let {  kom = Kto.s ! (mkPronForm yaGovoru.c No NonPoss) ; o = yaGovoru.s2 } in

-    {s = table {  _ => o ++ kom ++ yaGovoru.s  } 

-    } ;

-

---3 Interrogative adverbials

---

--- These adverbials will be defined in the lexicon: they include

--- "когда", "где", "как", "почему", etc, which are all invariant one-word

--- expressions. In addition, they can be formed by adding prepositions

--- to interrogative pronouns, in the same way as adverbials are formed

--- from noun phrases. N.B. we rely on record subtyping when ignoring the

--- position component.

-

-  IntAdverb = SS ;

-

--- A question adverbial can be applied to anything, and whether this makes

--- sense is a semantic question.

-

-  questAdverbial : IntAdverb -> NounPhrase -> VerbPhrase -> Question = 

-    \kak, tu, pozhivaesh ->

-    {s = \\q => kak.s ++ tu.s ! (mkPronForm Nom No NonPoss) ++ 

-       pozhivaesh.s2 ++ pozhivaesh.s ! VFin (gNum tu.g tu.n) tu.p ++ 

-       pozhivaesh.s3 ! tu.g ! tu.n } ; 

- 

---2 Imperatives

---

--- We only consider second-person imperatives. 

-

-  Imperative: Type = { s: Gender => Number => Str } ;

-

-  imperVerbPhrase : VerbPhrase -> Imperative = \budGotov -> 

-    {s = \\g, n => budGotov.s ! VImper n P2 ++ budGotov.s2 ++ budGotov.s3 ! g ! n} ;  

-

-  imperUtterance : Gender -> Number -> Imperative -> Utterance = \g,n,I ->

-    ss (I.s ! g ! n ++ "!") ;

-

---3 Coordinating sentences

---

--- We need a category of lists of sentences. It is a discontinuous

--- category, the parts corresponding to 'init' and 'last' segments

--- (rather than 'head' and 'tail', because we have to keep track of the slot between

--- the last two elements of the list). A list has at least two elements.

-

-  ListSentence : Type = SD2 ;

-

-  twoSentence : (_,_ : Sentence) -> ListSentence = CO.twoSS ;

-

-  consSentence : ListSentence -> Sentence -> ListSentence =

-    CO.consSS CO.comma ;

-

--- To coordinate a list of sentences by a simple conjunction, we place

--- it between the last two elements; commas are put in the other slots,

--- e.g. "ты куришь, вы пьете и я ем".

-

-  conjunctSentence : Conjunction -> ListSentence -> Sentence = \c,xs ->

-    ss (CO.conjunctX c xs) ;

-

--- To coordinate a list of sentences by a distributed conjunction, we place

--- the first part (e.g. "как") in front of the first element, the second

--- part ("так и") between the last two elements, and commas in the other slots.

--- For sentences this is really not used.

-

-  conjunctDistrSentence : ConjunctionDistr -> ListSentence -> Sentence = 

-    \c,xs ->

-    ss (CO.conjunctDistrX c xs) ;

-

---3 Coordinating adjective phrases

---

--- The structure is the same as for sentences. The result is a prefix adjective

--- if and only if all elements are prefix.

-

-  ListAdjPhrase : Type = 

-    {s1,s2 : AdjForm => Str ; p : Bool} ;

-

-  twoAdjPhrase : (_,_ : AdjPhrase) -> ListAdjPhrase = \x,y ->

-    CO.twoTable AdjForm x y ** {p = andB x.p y.p} ;

-

-  consAdjPhrase : ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase -> ListAdjPhrase =  \xs,x ->

-    CO.consTable AdjForm CO.comma xs x ** {p = andB xs.p x.p} ;

-

-  conjunctAdjPhrase : Conjunction -> ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \c,xs ->

-    CO.conjunctTable AdjForm c xs ** {p = xs.p} ;

-

-  conjunctDistrAdjPhrase : ConjunctionDistr -> ListAdjPhrase -> AdjPhrase = \c,xs ->

-    CO.conjunctDistrTable AdjForm c xs ** {p = xs.p} ;

-

-

---3 Coordinating noun phrases

---

--- The structure is the same as for sentences. The result is either always plural

--- or plural if any of the components is, depending on the conjunction.

-

-  ListNounPhrase : Type = { s1,s2 : PronForm => Str ; g: Gender ; 

-                   anim : Animacy ; n : Number ; p : Person ;  pron : Bool } ;

-

-  twoNounPhrase : (_,_ : NounPhrase) -> ListNounPhrase = \x,y ->

-    CO.twoTable PronForm x y ** {n = conjNumber x.n y.n ; 

-       g = conjGender x.g y.g ; p = conjPerson x.p y.p ;

-       pron = conjPron x.pron y.pron ; anim = conjAnim x.anim y.anim } ;

-

-  consNounPhrase : ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase -> ListNounPhrase =  \xs,x ->

-    CO.consTable PronForm CO.comma xs x ** 

-       {n = conjNumber xs.n x.n ; g = conjGender x.g xs.g ;

-          anim = conjAnim x.anim xs.anim ;

-          p = conjPerson xs.p x.p; pron = conjPron xs.pron x.pron} ;

-

-  conjunctNounPhrase : Conjunction -> ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = \c,xs ->

-    CO.conjunctTable PronForm c xs ** {n = conjNumber c.n xs.n ;

-      anim = xs.anim ;

-       p = xs.p; g = xs.g ; pron = xs.pron} ;

-

-  conjunctDistrNounPhrase : ConjunctionDistr -> ListNounPhrase -> NounPhrase = 

-    \c,xs ->

-    CO.conjunctDistrTable PronForm c xs ** {n = conjNumber c.n xs.n ; 

-      p = xs.p ; pron = xs.pron ; anim = xs.anim ; 

-       g = xs.g } ;

-

--- We have to define a calculus of numbers of persons. For numbers,

--- it is like the conjunction with $Pl$ corresponding to $False$.

-

-  conjNumber : Number -> Number -> Number = \m,n -> case <m,n> of {

-    <Sg,Sg> => Sg ;

-    _ => Pl 

-    } ;

-

--- For persons, we let the latter argument win ("либо ты, либо я пойду"

--- but "либо я, либо ты пойдешь"). This is not quite clear.

-

-  conjPerson : Person -> Person -> Person = \_,p -> 

-    p ;

-

--- For pron, we let the latter argument win - "Маша или моя мама" (Nominative case)

--- but - "моей или Машина мама" (Genetive case) both corresponds to 

--- "Masha's or my mother"), which is actually not exactly correct, since

--- different cases should be used - "Машина или моя мама".

-

-  conjPron : Bool -> Bool -> Bool = \_,p -> 

-    p ;

-

--- For gender in a similar manner as for person:

--- Needed for adjective predicates like:

--- "Маша или Оля - красивая", "Антон или Олег - красивый",

--- "Маша или Олег - красивый".

--- The later is not totally correct, but there is no correct way to say that.

-

-  conjGender : Gender -> Gender -> Gender = \_,m -> m ; 

-

-  conjAnim : Animacy -> Animacy -> Animacy = \_,m -> m ; 

-

---2 Subjunction

---

--- Subjunctions ("когда", "если", etc) 

--- are a different way to combine sentences than conjunctions.

--- The main clause can be a sentence, an imperative, or a question,

--- but the subjoined clause must be a sentence.

---

--- There are uniformly two variant word orders, e.g. 

--- "если ты закуришь, я рассержусь"

--- and "я рассержусь, если ты закуришь".

-

-  Subjunction = SS ;

-

-  subjunctSentence : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Sentence -> Sentence = 

-    \if, A, B -> 

-    ss (subjunctVariants if A.s B.s) ;

-

-  subjunctImperative : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Imperative -> Imperative = 

-    \if, A, B -> 

-    {s = \\g,n => subjunctVariants if A.s (B.s ! g ! n)} ;

-

-  subjunctQuestion : Subjunction -> Sentence -> Question -> Question = 

-    \if, A, B ->

-    {s = \\q => subjunctVariants if A.s (B.s ! q)} ;

-

-  subjunctVariants : Subjunction -> Str -> Str -> Str = \if,A,B ->

-    variants {if.s ++ A ++ "," ++ B ; B ++ "," ++ if.s ++ A} ;

-

---2 One-word utterances

--- 

--- An utterance can consist of one phrase of almost any category, 

--- the limiting case being one-word utterances. These

--- utterances are often (but not always) in what can be called the

--- default form of a category, e.g. the nominative.

--- This list is far from exhaustive.

-

-  useNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> Utterance = \masha ->

-    postfixSS "." (defaultNounPhrase masha) ;

-

-  useCommonNounPhrase : Number -> CommNounPhrase -> Utterance = \n,mashina -> 

-    useNounPhrase (indefNounPhrase n mashina) ;

-

-  useRegularName : Gender -> SS -> NounPhrase = \g, masha -> 

-    nameNounPhrase (case g of { Masc => mkProperNameMasc masha.s Animate;

-        _ => mkProperNameFem masha.s Animate }) ;

-

--- Here are some default forms.

-

-  defaultNounPhrase : NounPhrase -> SS = \masha -> 

-    ss (masha.s ! PF Nom No NonPoss) ;

-

-  defaultQuestion : Question -> SS = \ktoTu ->

-    ss (ktoTu.s ! DirQ) ;

-

-  defaultSentence : Sentence -> Utterance = \x -> 

-    x ;

-};

diff --git a/grammars/resource/russian/TestRus.gf b/grammars/resource/russian/TestRus.gf
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a160afbe..000000000
--- a/grammars/resource/russian/TestRus.gf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
--- use this path to read the grammar from the same directory

---# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude

-

-concrete TestRus of TestAbs = ResRus ** open Syntax in {

-

-flags 

-  coding=utf8 ;

-  startcat=Phr ; lexer=text ; parser=chart ; unlexer=text ;

-

--- a random sample from the lexicon

-

-lin

-  Big = bolshoj ;

-  Small = malenkij ;

-  Old = staruj ;

-  Young = molodoj ;

-

-  --Connection = cnNoHum (nounReg "connection") ** {s2 = "from" ; s3 = "to"} ;  Fun2

- -- American = adj1Malenkij "американск" ;

- -- Finnish = adj1Malenkij "финск" ;

- -- Married = adjInvar "замужем" ** {s2 = "за"; c = instructive} ;

-  --Give = mkDitransVerb (verbNoPart (mkVerb "give" "gave" "given")) [] [] ;  V3

-  --Prefer = mkDitransVerb (mkVerb "prefer" "preferred" "preferred")) [] "to" ; V3

-

-  Man = muzhchina ;

-  Woman = zhenchina ;

-  Car = mashina ;

-  House = dom ;

-  Light = svet ;

-  Walk = extVerb verbGulyat Act Present ;

-  Run = extVerb verbBegat Act Present ;

-  Love = mkDirectVerb (extVerb verbLubit Act Present ) ;

-  Send = mkDirectVerb (extVerb verbOtpravlyat Act Present ) ;

-  Wait = mkDirectVerb (extVerb verbZhdat Act Present );

-  Say = extVerb verbGovorit Act Present ; --- works in present tense...

-  Prove = extVerb verbDokazuvat Act Present ;

-  SwitchOn = mkDirectVerb (extVerb verbVkluchat Act Present ) ;

-  SwitchOff = mkDirectVerb (extVerb verbVukluchat Act Present ) ;

-

-  Mother = funGen mama ;

-  Uncle = funGen dyadya ;

-

-  Always = vsegda ;

-  Well = chorosho ;

-

-  John = mkProperNameMasc "Иван" Animate ;

-  Mary = mkProperNameFem "Маш" Animate ;

-};

diff --git a/grammars/resource/russian/Types.gf b/grammars/resource/russian/Types.gf
deleted file mode 100644
index b9da5f4e3..000000000
--- a/grammars/resource/russian/Types.gf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,288 +0,0 @@
---1 Russian Word Classes and Morphological Parameters

---

---  Aarne Ranta, Janna Khegai 2003

---

--- This is a resource module for Russian morphology, defining the

--- morphological parameters and word classes of Russian. It is aimed

--- to be complete w.r.t. the description of word forms.

--- However, it does not include those parameters that are not needed for

--- analysing individual words: such parameters are defined in syntax modules.

---

-

-resource Types = open Prelude in {

-

-flags  coding=utf8 ;

-

---2 Enumerated parameter types 

---

--- These types are the ones found in school grammars.

--- Their parameter values are atomic.

-

-param

-  Gender     = Masc | Fem | Neut ;

-  Number     = Sg | Pl ;

-  Case       = Nom | Gen | Dat | Acc | Inst | Prepos ;

-  Voice        = Act | Pass ;

-  Aspect     = Imperfective | Perfective ;

-  Tense      = Present | Past ;

-  Degree     = Pos | Comp | Super ;

-  Person     = P1 | P2 | P3 ;

-  AfterPrep  = Yes | No ; 

-  Possessive = NonPoss | Poss GenNum ;

-  Animacy    = Animate | Inanimate ;

-

--- A number of Russian nouns have common gender. They can

--- denote both males and females: "умница" (a clever person), "инженер" (an engineer).

--- We overlook this phenomenon for now.

-

--- The AfterPrep parameter is introduced in order to describe

--- the variations of the third person personal pronoun forms

--- depending on whether they come after a preposition or not. 

-

--- The Possessive parameter is introduced in order to describe

--- the possessives of personal pronouns, which are used in the 

--- Genetive constructions like "мама моя" (my mother) instead of 

--- "мама меня" (the mother of mine). 

-

---2 Word classes and hierarchical parameter types

---

--- Real parameter types (i.e. ones on which words and phrases depend) 

--- are mostly hierarchical. The alternative would be cross-products of

--- simple parameters, but this would usually overgenerate.

-

--- However, we use the cross-products in complex cases 

--- (for example, aspect and tense parameter in the verb description)

--- where the relationship between the parameters are non-trivial

--- even though we aware that some combinations do not exist

--- (for example, present perfective does not exist, but removing 

--- this combination would lead to having different descriptions 

--- for perfective and imperfective verbs, which we do not want for the 

--- sake of uniformity).

-

---3 Nouns

---

--- Common nouns decline according to number and case.

--- For the sake of shorter description these parameters are 

--- combined in the type SubstForm.

-

-

-param SubstForm = SF Number Case ;

-

--- Substantives moreover have an inherent gender. 

-

-oper 

-   CommNoun : Type = {s : SubstForm => Str ; g : Gender ; anim : Animacy } ;

-   numSF: SubstForm -> Number = \sf -> case sf of 

-    {

-      SF Sg _ => Sg ;

-      _       => Pl

-    } ;

-   

-   caseSF: SubstForm -> Case = \sf -> case sf of 

-    {

-      SF _ Nom => Nom ;

-      SF _ Gen => Gen ;

-      SF _ Dat => Dat ;

-      SF _ Inst => Inst ;

-      SF _ Acc => Acc ;

-      SF _ Prepos => Prepos 

-    } ;

-

---

---3 Pronouns

---

-

-oper

-  Pronoun  : Type = { s : PronForm => Str ; n : Number ; 

-   p : Person ; g: PronGen ; pron: Bool} ;

-

-param  PronForm = PF Case AfterPrep Possessive;

-

--- Gender is not morphologically determined for first

---  and second person pronouns.

-

-  PronGen = PGen Gender | PNoGen ;

-

--- The following coercion is useful:

-

-oper

-  pgen2gen : PronGen -> Gender = \p -> case p of {

-    PGen g => g ;

-    PNoGen => variants {Masc ; Fem} --- the best we can do for ya, tu

-    } ;

-

-oper

-  extCase: PronForm -> Case = \pf -> case pf of 

-   { PF Nom _ _ => Nom ;

-     PF Gen _ _ => Gen ;

-     PF Dat _ _ => Dat ;

-     PF Inst _ _ => Inst ;

-     PF Acc _ _ => Acc ;

-     PF Prepos _ _ => Prepos 

-    } ;

-

-  mkPronForm: Case -> AfterPrep -> Possessive -> PronForm = 

-    \c,n,p -> PF c n p ;

-

---3 Adjectives

---

--- Adjectives is a very complex class. 

--- The major division is between the comparison degrees.

-

-param

-  AdjForm = AF Case Animacy GenNum ;

-

--- Declination forms depend on Case, Animacy , Gender: 

--- "большие дома" - "больших домов" (big houses - big houses'), 

--- Animacy plays role only in the Accusative case:

--- "я люблю большие дома"-"я люблю больших мужчин"

--- (I love big houses - I love big men);

--- and on Number: "большой дом" - "большие дома"

--- (a big house - big houses).

--- The plural never makes a gender distinction.

-

-  GenNum = ASg Gender | APl ;

-

-oper numGNum : GenNum -> Number = \gn ->

-   case gn of { APl => Pl ; _ => Sg } ;

-

-oper genGNum : GenNum -> Gender = \gn ->

-   case gn of { ASg Fem => Fem; _ => Masc } ;

-

-oper numAF: AdjForm -> Number = \af ->

-   case af of { AF _ _  gn => (numGNum gn) } ;

-

-oper caseAF: AdjForm -> Case = \af ->

-   case af of { AF c _ _ => c } ;

-

--- The Degree parameter should also be more complex, since most Russian

--- adjectives have two comparative forms: 

--- attributive (syntactic (compound), declinable) - 

--- "более высокий" (corresponds to "more high")

--- and predicative (indeclinable)- "выше" (higher) and more than one 

--- superlative forms: "самый высокий" (corresponds to "the most high") - 

--- "наивысший" (the highest). 

-

--- Even one more parameter independent of the degree can be added,

--- since Russian adjectives in the positive degree also have two forms: 

--- long  (attributive and predicative) - "высокий" (high) and short (predicative) - "высок" 

--- although this parameter will not be exactly orthogonal to the 

--- degree parameter. 

--- Short form has no case declension, so in principle

--- it can be considered as an additional case.

-

--- Note: although the predicative usage of the long 

--- form is perfectly grammatical, it can have a slightly different meaning

--- compared to the short form. 

--- For example: "он - больной"  (long, predicative) vs. 

--- "он - болен" (short, predicative). 

-

-oper 

-  AdjDegr : Type = {s : Degree => AdjForm => Str} ;

-

--- Adjective type includes both non-degree adjective classes:

--- possesive ("мамин"[mother's], "лисий" [fox'es]) 

--- and relative ("русский" [Russian]) adjectives.

-

-  Adjective : Type = {s : AdjForm => Str} ;

-

-

---3 Verbs

-

--- Mood is the main verb classification parameter.

--- The verb mood can be infinitive, subjunctive, imperative, and indicative.

-

--- Note: subjunctive mood is analytical, i.e. formed from the past form of the

--- indicative mood plus the particle "бы". That is why they have the same GenNum 

--- parameter. We choose to keep the "redundant" form in order to indicate 

--- the presence of the subjunctive mood in Russian verbs. 

-

--- Aspect and Voice parameters are present in every mood, so Voice is put

--- before the mood parameter in verb form description the hierachy.

--- Moreover Aspect is regarded as an inherent parameter of a verb entry.

--- The primary reason for that is that one imperfective form can have several

--- perfective forms: "ломать" - "с-ломать" - "по-ломать" (to break).

--- Besides, the perfective form could be formed from imperfective 

--- by prefixation, but also by taking a completely different stem:

--- "говорить"-"сказать" (to say). In the later case it is even natural to 

--- regard them as different verb entries.

--- Another reason is that looking at the Aspect as an inherent verb parameter

--- seem to be customary in other similar projects:

--- http://starling.rinet.ru/morph.htm

-

--- Note: Of course, the whole inflection table has many redundancies

--- in a sense that many verbs do not have all grammatically possible

--- forms. For example, passive does not exist for the verb 

--- "любить" (to love), but exists for the verb "ломать" (to break).

-

--- Depending on the tense verbs conjugate according to combinations

--- of gender, person and number of the verb objects. 

--- Participles (Present and Past) and Gerund forms are not included in the

--- current description. This is the verb type used in the lexicon:

-

-oper Verbum : Type = { s: VerbForm => Str ; asp : Aspect };

-

-param

-

-  VerbForm = VFORM Voice VerbConj ;

-  VerbConj =  VIND VTense | VIMP Number Person | VINF | VSUB GenNum ;

-  VTense   = VPresent Number Person | VPast GenNum | VFuture Number Person ;

-

--- For writing an application grammar one usually doesn't need

--- the whole inflection table, since each verb is used in 

--- a particular context that determines some of the parameters

--- (Tense and Voice while Aspect is fixed from the beginning) for certain usage. 

--- So we define the "Verb" type, that have these parameters fixed. 

--- The conjugation parameters left (Gender, Number, Person)

--- are combined in the "VF" type:

-

-param VF =

-   VFin  GenNum Person | VImper Number Person | VInf | VSubj GenNum;

-

-oper 

-  Verb : Type = {s : VF => Str ; t: Tense ; a : Aspect ; w: Voice} ;

-

-  extVerb : Verbum -> Voice -> Tense -> Verb = \aller, vox, t -> 

-    { s = table { 

-       VFin gn p => case t of { 

-           Present => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VIND (VPresent (numGNum gn) p)) ;

-           Past =>   aller.s ! VFORM vox (VIND (VPast gn)) 

-           } ; 

-       VImper n p => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VIMP n p) ;

-       VInf => aller.s ! VFORM vox VINF ;

-       VSubj gn => aller.s ! VFORM vox (VSUB gn)

-       }; t = t ; a = aller.asp ; w = vox } ;

-

-

---3 Other open classes

---

--- Proper names and adverbs are the remaining open classes.

-

-oper 

-  PNm    : Type = {s : Case => Str ; g : Gender} ;

-

--- Adverbials are not inflected (we ignore comparison, and treat

--- compared adverbials as separate expressions; this could be done another way).

-

-  Adverb : Type = SS ;

-

-

---3 Closed classes

---

--- The rest of the Russian word classes are closed, i.e. not extensible by new

--- lexical entries. Thus we don't have to know how to build them, but only

--- how to use them, i.e. which parameters they have.

---

-

---3 Relative pronouns

---

--- Relative pronouns are inflected in

--- gender, number, and case just like adjectives.

-

-  RelPron : Type = {s : GenNum => Case => Animacy => Str} ;

-

- 

---3 Prepositions are just strings.

-

-  Preposition = Str ;

-};